The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 21 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer Disease Centers, 2005–2010
Open accessAbstract
The neuropathologic examination is considered to provide the gold standard for Alzheimer disease (AD). To determine the accuracy of currently used clinical diagnostic methods, clinical and neuropathologic data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, which gathers information from the network of National Institute on Aging (NIA)-sponsored Alzheimer Disease Centers (ADCs), were collected as part of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set (UDS) between 2005 and 2010. A database search initially included all 1198 subjects with at least one UDS clinical assessment and who had died and been autopsied; 279 were excluded as being not demented or because critical data fields were missing. The final subject number was 919. Sensitivity and specificity were determined based on "probable" and "possible" AD levels of clinical confidence and 4 levels of neuropathologic confidence based on varying neuritic plaque densities and Braak neurofibrillary stages. Sensitivity ranged from 70.9% to 87.3%; specificity ranged from 44.3% to 70.8%. Sensitivity was generally increased with more permissive clinical criteria and specificity was increased with more restrictive criteria, whereas the opposite was true for neuropathologic criteria. When a clinical diagnosis was not confirmed by minimum levels of AD histopathology, the most frequent primary neuropathologic diagnoses were tangle-only dementia or argyrophilic grain disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease and hippocampal sclerosis. When dementia was not clinically diagnosed as AD, 39% of these cases met or exceeded minimum threshold levels of AD histopathology. Neurologists of the NIA-ADCs had higher predictive accuracy when they diagnosed AD in subjects with dementia than when they diagnosed dementing diseases other than AD. The misdiagnosis rate should be considered when estimating subject numbers for AD studies, including clinical trials and epidemiologic studies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
25 Own result · 11 Partly supported · 10 Own interpretation · 10 No basis given · 8 No full text of the sources · 4 Sources not found · 3 Own method · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the last diagnostic accuracy studies utilizing a complete ADC dataset were performed in 1998 and 1999 (4, 23)”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subjects section describes a diagnostic study using patients from 26 Alzheimer's disease centers, and the Results report diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The Results also say complete information was available for only 2,188 of 3,177 patients. This 1998 paper does not establish that its dataset was complete or that the last such studies were performed in 1998 and 1999. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Because of 25 possible combinations of CERAD neuritic plaque density and Braak neurofibrillary stage, NIA-Reagan provides instructions for classification of only 3 (32, 38).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes three NIA-Reagan likelihood categories and says off-diagonal plaque–tangle pairings are not clearly addressed. It does not support the count of 25 possible combinations: it describes four CERAD tiers and Braak stages 0–VI. The three categories also cover ranges of Braak stages, rather than just three individual combinations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that phenotype is not rigidly linked to etiology and may be moldable to a large extent by an individual's genetic and epigenetic background and/or total environmental exposure.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory passage following the Abstract conclusion says GRN-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration is clinically heterogeneous even among relatives with the same mutation, and identifies nonmendelian genetic risk factors. This supports the suggestion that phenotype is not rigidly determined by the causal mutation, but the paper does not establish a large effect of epigenetic background or environmental exposure. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Larner, 2009, Genotype-phenotype relationships of presenilin-1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease: An update, J Alzheimer Dis source
- Partly supportedcites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Comment section (page unavailable) reports marked clinical heterogeneity among family members likely to share a single disease-causing mutation, supporting the point that this disease’s phenotype is not fixed by its apparent etiology. The paper does not attribute that variation to genetic or epigenetic background or environmental exposure, nor establish how extensively those factors mold phenotype. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [47] Wszolek, 2009, Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), Orphanet J Rare Dis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Genetic counseling sections (pages not supplied) report that the FTDP-17 phenotype can vary even among people with the same mutation, supporting the point that phenotype is not rigidly determined by etiology. Unresolved questions suggests that genetic modifiers and environmental factors may influence its expression, but does not mention epigenetic background, total environmental exposure, or influence 'to a large extent.' (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Correlation studies between molecular genetics and neuropathology also indicate that for several autosomal dominant dementias, the presenting clinical phenotype may vary widely, from various dementia subtypes to parkinsonism to motor neuron disease-like, even among individuals with the same causative mutation (44-47).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory passage following the Abstract conclusion (page unavailable) says GRN-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration is clinically heterogeneous even among family members with the same mutation. The Results report dementia and parkinsonian diagnoses, but describe motor neuron disease as uncommon and concomitant, not a typical presenting phenotype. This paper addresses GRN-associated disease, so it does not by itself establish the claim across several autosomal dominant dementias. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Larner, 2009, Genotype-phenotype relationships of presenilin-1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease: An update, J Alzheimer Dis source
- Partly supportedcites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Clinical features) and Comment describe markedly different presentations—including FTD, ALS and Parkinsonism—within one family with autosomal dominant FTD/ALS. But the Genetics section identifies a shared chromosome 9p21 haplotype, not a causative mutation, and the paper does not establish this pattern across several autosomal dominant dementias. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [47] Wszolek, 2009, Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), Orphanet J Rare Dis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says FTDP-17 phenotypes vary even within families carrying the same mutation. The Clinical description (Phenotype-genotype correlations; Symptoms and signs) describes dementia-predominant and parkinsonism-predominant presentations and motor neuron dysfunction. The paper addresses FTDP-17, not several autosomal dominant dementias, and does not establish motor neuron disease-like illness as a presenting phenotype. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The new NIA criteria use the same combination of NPs and Braak stage as the minimum lesion density necessary for attributing the cause of dementia to AD (39, 40).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [39] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Classification section defines moderate or frequent neuritic plaques and Braak stages III–VI as scores used by the new criteria. But it requires a third measure, Aβ plaque score, to classify AD neuropathologic change; the Reporting section says an intermediate or high overall level, rather than the stated two-measure combination alone, is an adequate explanation of dementia. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [40] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Classification section says the new criteria use Braak stage and neuritic-plaque score, but also require an Aβ-plaque score as part of the ABC score. The Reporting section says intermediate or high AD neuropathologic change can adequately explain dementia; the passages do not establish moderate or frequent neuritic plaques plus Braak stage III–VI as the minimum sufficient combination. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When optimizing for sensitivity and specificity, the best result was 70.9% sensitivity and 70.8% specificity. This was achieved when the clinical diagnosis was defined as probable AD and the neuropathological diagnosis as moderate or frequent neuritic plaques with Braak stage III-VI.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Diagnostic Classification Comparison
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median scores for neuritic plaque density and Braak stage were significantly different, with progressively lower scores moving from probable AD through possible AD and not AD groups.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“here, we found that when non-demented controls were not included, 33% of subjects were not classifiable.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 107 cases met a minimum histopathological threshold for AD, i.e. neuritic plaque density of moderate or frequent in combination with any Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage between III and VI, inclusive, despite their negative clinical diagnoses.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plainn = 107- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurologists of the NIA-ADCs had higher predictive accuracy when they diagnosed AD in demented subjects than when they diagnosed dementing diseases other than AD.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“However, one study has reported no evident selection bias between autopsied and non-autopsied subjects among an incident community-diagnosed dementia series, suggesting that dementia case composition may not be substantially different in different settings (48).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The shortcomings of the NIA-Reagan criteria have been recognized and a revised set of criteria are currently in press (39, 40).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
The Abstract identifies the NIA-Reagan criteria as the 1997 criteria and says advances in knowledge prompted an update. The “Revised Neuropathologic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease” section explains a limitation of those criteria and presents revised criteria; the Summary states that the committee’s goal was to update them. This supports the substance of the claim, though the paper does not establish the citing document’s time-specific phrase “currently in press.” (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [40] source
The Introduction identifies the 1997 NIA-Reagan guidelines as the criteria being updated and revised, and the Abstract describes major revisions to the previous criteria. The References list the revised neuropathologic guidelines as “in press” (reference 29). Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In a recent multivariate analysis, approximately two-thirds of the variation in cognitive ability of elderly subjects was accounted for by variation in CERAD neuritic plaque density and Braak stage (41).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [41] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (page not provided) says that more than two-thirds of MMSE-score variability in the elderly autopsy cohort was associated with Alzheimer-type pathology, specifically neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. It does not attribute that figure to CERAD neuritic plaque density and Braak stage as the two measures in the claim; the Discussion describes its findings as compatible with Braak staging. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“There is also relatively close agreement with the last 2 prior assessments of diagnostic accuracy using the total NIA-ADC dataset: Mayeux et al estimated a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 55% (4) and Tsuang et al reported a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 50% (23).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] source
The Results report 93% sensitivity and 55% specificity for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, matching the figures attributed to Mayeux et al. The Subjects section describes patients referred to 26 Alzheimer’s disease centers. The separate figures attributed to Tsuang et al. are not part of this citation’s claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Due to the idiosyncratic assignment of these categories from case to case (32), we instead stratified by all relevant combinations of the deterministic histopathological scores, consisting of the CERAD-defined neuritic plaque density score (29) and the Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage (33).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Materials and Methods > Analysis Strategy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report relatively low consistency in NIA-Reagan category assignments for cases outside the guidelines, supporting the concern behind the citing authors’ choice. But they also report high consistency for cases that match the guidelines, so the source does not support describing assignments as idiosyncratic across cases generally. The decision to stratify by CERAD and Braak scores is the citing authors’ own method, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“because measures of all biomarkers studied to date have considerable overlap with those found other types of dementia (as well the cognitively normal elderly population), it remains difficult to determine whether or not cognitive impairment is due to AD or another more dominant and concurrent process.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section ‘Biomarker abnormalities precede clinical symptoms’ (page not provided) reports amyloid-biomarker abnormalities in 20–40% of cognitively normal elderly people, and ‘AD clinical features and pathological changes’ notes that dementia in older patients often has multiple underlying pathologies. The ‘Biomarkers of neurodegeneration’ section also says CSF tau is not specific to AD. These passages support diagnostic ambiguity, but not the broader assertion that all biomarkers studied have considerable overlap with both other dementias and cognitively normal elderly people. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the revision of the 1997 criteria, combinations of plaque and tangle pathologies considered sufficient to cause dementia and qualify for the neuropathological diagnosis of AD are explicitly stated (40, 41).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [40] source
The Classification section defines an ABC score combining amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuritic plaques. The Reporting section states that, in individuals with cognitive impairment, intermediate or high levels are an adequate explanation for dementia and warrant a final diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Could not verifycites [41] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Neuropathology section describes how the study counted plaques and tangles, but does not state what combinations qualify for an AD diagnosis or are sufficient to cause dementia. Searches for the 1997 criteria, their revision, and diagnostic thresholds found no passage addressing that claim in our copy; the other relevant matches were in the References section. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“New clinical diagnostic consensus criteria have now been finalized under the auspices of the NIA and Alzheimer's Association (52), with novel features including recognition of a preclinical stage of AD and the incorporation of imaging and laboratory-based cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Amyloid staging may be of immediate clinical diagnostic utility when used to guide amyloid imaging as the progression of amyloid plaques beyond the cortex appears to be a useful marker of higher Braak tangle stage and of the presence of dementia (49, 50).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Thal, 2002, Phases of A beta-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD, Neurology source
- Partly supportedcites [50] Beach, 2012, Striatal amyloid plaque density predicts Braak neurofibrillary stage and clinicopathological Alzheimer's disease: Implications for amyloid imaging, J Alzheimer Dis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most frequent primary neuropathological diagnoses in these cases were frontotemporal lobar degeneration (60 cases), followed by Lewy body disease (39 cases), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (20 cases) and progressive supranuclear palsy (18 cases).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plainn = 164- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean age of the “not AD” group was significantly lower than that of the probable or possible AD groups (72.8, 81.2 and 83.2 years, respectively).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity ranged from 70.9% to 87.3%; specificity ranged from 44.3% to 70.8%.”
- Also stated in: § Diagnostic Classification Comparison · plain
“Sensitivity ranged from 70.9% to 87.3% and specificity ranged from 44.3% to 70.8%.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“We found that sensitivity for AD diagnosis ranged from 70.9% to 87.3% whereas specificity ranged from 44.3% to 70.8%.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Diagnostic Classification Comparison · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PPV for the clinical diagnosis of AD ranged from 46.0% to 83.3%, with the best result achieved when the clinical diagnosis was defined by probable AD and the neuropathological diagnosis as moderate or frequent neuritic plaques with Braak stage III-VI (the prevalence of subjects at or above this histopathological threshold was 67.2%).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Diagnostic Classification Comparison
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the set of minimum neuropathological criteria that are perhaps most commonly used to define AD (i.e. CERAD neuritic plaque density of ‘moderate” or “frequent” and Braak stage III-VI), the sensitivity and specificity of the clinical diagnosis of “probable AD” were each approximately 71%, whereas for “combined “probable” and possible AD” sensitivity was about 83% with specificity about 55%.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity was generally increased with more permissive clinical criteria and specificity was increased with more restrictive criteria, whereas the opposite was true for neuropathological criteria.”
- Also stated in: § Diagnostic Classification Comparison · plain
“In general, sensitivity was increased with more permissive clinical criteria and specificity was increased with more restrictive clinical criteria, whereas the opposite was true for neuropathological criteria.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Diagnostic Classification Comparison · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 526 subjects diagnosed as clinically probable AD, 438 were confirmed as neuropathological AD, as defined above, and 88 did not meet neuropathological criteria.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plainn = 526- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small number of cases received primary neuropathological diagnoses of progressive supranuclear palsy (3 cases), corticobasal degeneration (2 cases) and neuroaxonal dystrophy/Hallervorden-Spatz-like disease (2 cases); there were several other miscellaneous neuropathological diagnoses (1 case each) (Table 4).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When a clinical diagnosis was not confirmed by minimum levels of AD histopathology, the most frequent primary neuropathological diagnoses were tangle-only dementia or argyrophilic grain disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, cerebrovascular”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many cases had contributing neuropathological diagnoses in addition to their primary diagnosis; the most frequent contributing diagnoses were similar to the most frequent primary diagnoses.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While not formally analyzed here, we did note a high rate of multiple neuropathological diagnoses in demented subjects whereas clinicians rarely assign more than one diagnosis.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The excluded subjects significantly differed from the 919 included subjects in terms of age, gender distribution and AD-related histopathological scores, but not in the mean interval last clinical assessment and death.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plainn = 919- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“there have been several changes in neuropathological diagnostic criteria, including the “Khachaturian criteria” of 1985 (27), the “Tierney” criteria of 1988 (28), The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) criteria in 1991 (29), and the National Institute on Aging (NIA)-Reagan criteria in 1997 (30).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The neuropathological examination is considered to provide the gold standard for Alzheimer disease (AD).”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
“it is generally accepted that histological examination is the best indicator of AD diagnosis.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
In the paper
“For the neuropathological diagnosis of AD, the NIA-Reagan criteria (30) are the most current guidelines”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Materials and Methods > Analysis Strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most studies, sensitivity is relatively high while specificity is low and many studies have reported only sensitivity or positive predictive value, which has led to a false impression that the clinical diagnosis of AD is extremely accurate.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, with an estimated response rate to a trial medication of 50%, a 20% misdiagnosis rate would lower the actual response rate to 40% (if non-AD dementia subjects do not respond to the medication), which would require an approximate doubling of subject recruitment to maintain statistical power.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the clinical diagnosis of AD often is validated by neuropathological examination, a clinical diagnosis of a non-AD dementia is often not verified by neuropathology.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is important, for current research and clinical usage, to obtain more appropriate figures.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because many studies have reported only sensitivity or positive predictive value, a general impression has arisen that the clinical diagnosis of AD is extremely accurate.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The data analyzed in this study have been collected as part of the NACC Uniform Data Set (UDS) since 2005 (31) and thus represent the most current research practices.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 3 groups did not significantly differ in the mean interval between last clinical assessment and death.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sensitivity estimates have ranged between 41% and 100% (median of 87%), while specificity has ranged between 37% and 100% (median of 58%).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 2-25
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a large fraction of subjects are not classifiable by NIA-Reagan criteria and the neuropathologist is left to make an arbitrary assignment.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gender distribution was generally skewed towards more males but did not significantly differ among groups.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These, however, do not give entirely specific guidelines for making the diagnosis, but rather set probability levels, given threshold levels of histopathological severity (CERAD neuritic plaque density and Braak neurofibrillary stage) for when dementia may be due to AD.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, even a modest level of diagnostic misclassification could have a significant effect on clinical trial calculations for minimum subject number and thus should be considered in clinical trial planning.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent examination of NACC data, Nelson et al estimated that 18% of subjects with dementia fell outside of the NIA-Reagan guidelines (34);”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely that, just as some subjects with 90% coronary artery stenosis suffer myocardial infarctions and some do not, individual subjects will vary in their ability to withstand a given lesion density (perhaps due to “cognitive reserve”), differences in genetic background or differences in environmental exposures.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For selecting subjects for clinical trials, the relatively high sensitivity is somewhat reassuring because it means that a relatively small percentage of non-AD subjects will be included in clinical trials.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because ADCs are tertiary referral centers, diagnostic accuracy rates may differ from those that may be achieved in secondary or primary care settings.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients with a more complex clinical syndrome are more likely to be referred to a tertiary care center.
- Rests on an assumption: The greater level of neurological expertise at tertiary care centers contributes to more accurate diagnoses.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus there are “low,” “intermediate” and “high” probability designations for classifying autopsy subjects although definitive recommendations on which of these 3 levels should be attained to justify the conclusion that dementia is due primarily to AD have not been defined.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although neuropathological consensus criteria for AD have changed several times over the last 3 decades, the clinical criteria have remained virtually unchanged since the NINCDS-ADRDA-sponsored criteria published in 1984 (6).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] McKeel, 2004, Neuropathologic criteria for diagnosing Alzheimer disease in persons with pure dementia of Alzheimer type, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“AD has generally been attributed to be the neuropathological cause in between 65% and 75% of dementia cases (42, 43).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Biopsy has long been contraindicated for AD due to a high risk/benefit ratio.
“For many disorders this is possible during life through biopsy but biopsy has long been contraindicated for AD due to a high risk/benefit ratio.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The consensus of expert opinion has required that the clinically documented presence of dementia be part of the definition of AD.
“Indeed, until the present time the consensus of expert opinion has required that the clinically documented presence of dementia be part of the definition of AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It has been the common practice for both clinical and neuropathological diagnostic definitions of AD to require the presence of dementia.
“Subjects without dementia were excluded because it has been the common practice for both clinical and neuropathological diagnostic definitions of AD to require the presence of dementia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Non-demented subjects are not generally classified as AD.
“Therefore, non-demented subjects are not generally classified as AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The available body of knowledge does not allow neuropathologists to be dogmatic about exactly how much plaque and tangle pathology is necessary to cause dementia.
“We feel that our approach here has been cautious as the available body of knowledge does not allow neuropathologists to be dogmatic about exactly how much plaque and tangle pathology is necessary to cause dementia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The clinical methods for diagnosing AD have not changed substantially since the introduction of NINDS-ADRDA criteria in 1984.
“whereas the clinical methods for diagnosing AD have not changed substantially since the introduction of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINDS-ADRDA) criteria in 1984 (26)”
The paper relies on this without support.
A large fraction of cognitively unimpaired elderly possesses sparse neuritic plaques and/or Braak stages 0-II.
“Lowering the lesion density threshold further (e.g. allowing sparse neuritic plaques and/or Braak stages 0-II) seemed counterintuitive because a large fraction of cognitively unimpaired elderly possesses such attributes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients with a more complex clinical syndrome are more likely to be referred to a tertiary care center.
“For example, patients with a more complex clinical syndrome are more likely to be referred to a tertiary care center.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The greater level of neurological expertise at tertiary care centers contributes to more accurate diagnoses.
“On the other hand, the greater level of neurological expertise at these centers would presumably contribute to more accurate diagnoses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Large reported autopsy series are only done in tertiary care settings.
“Because large reported autopsy series are only done in tertiary care settings, it is not possible to know for certain whether such differences exist.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while physicians struggle with accurate and reliable diagnostics even when multimodality is present, as proven by histopathological correlation42.”
From Fusion of medical imaging and electronic health records using deep learning: a systematic review and implementation guidelines (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“common causes of dementias outside of AD such as vascular dementia (VD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) widen the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions and contribute to variability in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity12.”
From Multimodal deep learning for Alzheimer's disease dementia assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Beach et al (6) found that sensitivity ranged from 70.9% to 87.3% and specificity from 44.3% to 70.8%.”
From Concordance of Clinical Alzheimer Diagnosis and Neuropathological Features at Autopsy (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · cited 3×
“For the clinical diagnosis of AD, NINDSADRDA criteria (26) were stratified by considering ‘‘probable AD’’ alone as well as ‘‘probable’’ plus ‘‘possible AD.”
MethodInfluentialNeuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123 · cited 1×
“’’ Because of the idiosyncratic assignment of these categories from case to case (32), we instead stratified all relevant combinations of the deterministic histopathologic scores, consisting of the CERAD-defined neuritic plaque density score (29) and the Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage (33).”
BackgroundSperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., Iwatsubo, T., Jack, C. R., Kaye, J., Montine, T. J., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003 · Cited by 7,155 · cited 1×
“New clinical diagnostic consensus criteria have now been finalized under the auspices of the NIA and Alzheimer’s Association (52), with novel features including recognition of a preclinical stage of AD and the incorporation of imaging and laboratory-based cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.”
BackgroundMirra, S. S., Heyman, A., McKeel, D., Sumi, S. M., Crain, B. J., Brownlee, L. M., Vogel, F. S., Hughes, J. P., Belle, G. V., Berg, L., et al. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.4.479 · Cited by 4,961 · cited 2×
“’’ Because of the idiosyncratic assignment of these categories from case to case (32), we instead stratified all relevant combinations of the deterministic histopathologic scores, consisting of the CERAD-defined neuritic plaque density score (29) and the Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage (33).”
BackgroundHypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade
Jack, C. R., Knopman, D. S., Jagust, W. J., Shaw, L. M., Aisen, P. S., Weiner, M. W., Petersen, R. C., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70299-6 · Cited by 4,806 · cited 1×
“The emergence of new biomarkers may have a major impact on clinical diagnostic practice (1); however, because measures of all biomarkers studied to date have considerable overlap with those found in other types of dementia (as well the cognitively normal elderly population), it remains difficult to determine whether c…”
BackgroundPhases of Aβ-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD
Thal, D. R., Rüb, U., Orantes, M., & Braak, H. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.12.1791 · Cited by 3,490 · cited 1×
“Amyloid staging may be of immediate clinical diagnostic utility when used to guide amyloid imaging as the progression of amyloid plaques beyond the cortex appears to be a useful marker of higher Braak tangle stage and of the presence of dementia (49, 50).”
BackgroundHyman, B. T., Phelps, C. H., Beach, T. G., Bigio, E. H., Cairns, N. J., Carrillo, M. C., Dickson, D. W., Duyckaerts, C., Frosch, M. P., Masliah, E., et al. (2012) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007 · Cited by 3,092
Self-citationMontine, T. J., Phelps, C. H., Beach, T. G., Bigio, E. H., Cairns, N. J., Dickson, D. W., Duyckaerts, C., Frosch, M. P., Masliah, E., Mirra, S. S., et al. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3 · Cited by 2,894 · cited 3×
“The new NIA criteria use this same combination of NPs and Braak stage as the minimum lesion density necessary for attributing the cause of dementia to AD (39, 40).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDiagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
Khachaturian, Z. S. (1985) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1985.04060100083029 · Cited by 2,499
Practice parameter: Management of dementia (an evidence-based review) [RETIRED]
Doody, R. S., Stevens, J. E., Beck, C., Dubinsky, R., Kaye, J. A., Gwyther, L. P., Mohs, R. C., Thal, L. J., Whitehouse, P. J., DeKosky, S. T., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1154 · Cited by 1,708
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,108
Rosende‐Roca, M., García‐Gutiérrez, F., Cantero‐Fortiz, Y., Alegret, M., Pytel, V., Cañabate, P., González‐Pérez, A., de Rojas, I., Vargas, L., Tartari, J. P., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01656-9 · Cited by 35
Fluid Biomarkers in Clinical Trials of Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutics
Ritter, A. R., & Cummings, J. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00186 · Cited by 29
“In a study looking at 919 autopsy-confirmed cases of AD that comprise the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) database, clinical diagnosis was 71–88% sensitive but only 44–71% specific in predicting AD pathology at autopsy (69).”
BackgroundTemporal association patterns and dynamics of amyloid-β and tau in Alzheimer’s disease
Initiative, A. D. N., Ower, A. K., Hadjichrysanthou, C., Gras, L. A., Goudsmit, J., Anderson, R. M., & de Wolf, F. (2017) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0326-z · Cited by 31
“To complicate this further, in a review of the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centre (NACC) database, researchers found that roughly 15% of subjects diagnosed with probable AD did not actually have AD-typical neuropathology [9], highlighting the need to specify between a biological or clinical endpoint.”
Race modifies default mode connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease
Misiura, M. B., Wu, J., Qiu, D., Howell, J. C., Parker, M. W., Turner, J. A., & Hu, W. T. (2020) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-020-0186-4 · Cited by 31
Dumurgier, J., Sabia, S., Zetterberg, H., Teunissen, C. E., Hanseeuw, B. J., Orellana, A., Schraen‐Maschke, S., Gabelle, A., Boada, M., Lebouvier, T., et al. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200735 · Cited by 30
Huseby, C. J., Delvaux, E., Brokaw, D. L., & Coleman, P. D. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12880 · Cited by 26
Clinical utility of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers measured by LUMIPULSE ® system
Nojima, H., Itō, S., Kushida, A., Abe, A., Motsuchi, W., Verbel, D., Vandijck, M. L. J., Jannes, G., Vandenbroucke, I., & Aoyagi, K. (2022) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51681 · Cited by 30
Crowell, V., Reyes, A., Zhou, S. Q., Vassilaki, M. E., Gsteiger, S., & Gustavsson, A. (2023) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-023-03353-w · Cited by 31
“3%) of 526 participants with clinically probable AD actually met neuropathologic criteria for AD [54].”
BackgroundNeuropathology, Neuroimaging, and Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease
Colvee-Martin, H., Parra, J. R., Gonzalez, G. A., Barker, W., & Duara, R. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14070704 · Cited by 32
“Clinical confirmation of the diagnosis by neuropathological diagnosis at autopsy was about 70 to 90% accurate [8].”
BackgroundEvaluating and treating neurobehavioral symptoms in professional American football players
Gardner, R. C., Possin, K. L., Hess, C. P., Huang, E. J., Grinberg, L. T., Nolan, A., Cohn‐Sheehy, B. I., Ghosh, P. M., Lanata, S., Merrilees, J. J., et al. (2015) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000000157 · Cited by 27
Tobacco Smoking and Dementia in a Kentucky Cohort: A Competing Risk Analysis
Abner, E. L., Nelson, P. T., Jicha, G. A., Cooper, G. E., Fardo, D. W., Schmitt, F. A., & Kryscio, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-181119 · Cited by 27
Lai, S. H., Tsoi, T., Tang, C. T., Hui, R. J. Y., Tan, K. K., Yeo, Y. W. S., & Kua, E. H. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2033-7 · Cited by 28
Zhang, Q., Du, Q., & Liu, G. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac37cc · Cited by 29
“Data from the samples used in this study included MRI scans, age, gender, MMSE, APoE4, and samples without any information were excluded.”
BackgroundInfluentialLoftus, J. R., Puri, S., & Meyers, S. P. (2023) · Insights into Imaging · doi:10.1186/s13244-022-01358-6 · Cited by 30
“Clinical diagnosis alone remains not entirely reliable with a median sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 58% [2].”
BackgroundAlzheimer's Disease and the “Valley of Death”: Not Enough Guidance from Human Brain Tissue?
Beach, T. G. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-129020 · Cited by 28
“According to a recent study of data from all National Institute on Aging AD Centers [59], the sensitivity of the clinical diagnosis of AD, as compared to new consensus autopsy criteria [60], may be about 80%.”
Self-citationLeko, M. B., Willumsen, N., Perković, M. N., Klepac, N., Borovečki, F., Hof, P. R., Sonicki, Z., Pivac, N., de Silva, R., & Šimić, G. (2018) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1128 · Cited by 27
Genes, pathways and risk prediction in Alzheimer’s disease
Hardy, J., & Escott-Price, V. (2019) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddz163 · Cited by 27
“While the reasons for the failure of the anti-amyloid clinical trials is likely to have been varied (2, 4), it is likely that one of the important confounds has been the poor diagnostic accuracy in those trials carried out without amyloid imaging or CSF assessment (34, 35).”
BackgroundSantangelo, R., Dell’Edera, A., Sala, A., Cecchetti, G., Masserini, F., Caso, F., Pinto, P., Leocani, L., Falautano, M., Passerini, G., et al. (2019) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205016666190725150836 · Cited by 27
Rodriguez, F. S., Jackson, J., Ware, C., Churchyard, R., Hanseeuw, B. J., & for the International Interdisciplinary Young Investigators Alzheimer’s & Dementia (https://iyialzheimer.wordpress.com/) (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-180070 · Cited by 31
“At the clinical stage, the focus is on symptomatology [33], which is easy to study independently.”
BackgroundEzzati, A., Abdulkadir, A., Jack, C. R., Thompson, P. M., Harvey, D. J., Truelove‐Hill, M., Sreepada, L. P., Davatzikos, C. A., Initiative, T. A. D. N., & Lipton, R. B. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12491 · Cited by 27
“While staging of AD based on clinical criteria and cognitive scores is not perfect, 23 we use them to define the outcome as ADNI usedthesediagnosesforstratifiedenrollmentofparticipants.”
Devi, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1213968 · Cited by 29
“Even in specialized memory disorder centers, before the advent of biomarkers, the positive predictive value on autopsy, of a clinical diagnosis of AD, ranged from 46% to 83% and one-third of patients in clinical trials did not have AD pathology (Beach et al., 2012).”
BackgroundImproved Diagnostic Multimodal Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Martínez‐Torteya, A., Treviño, V., & Tamez‐Peña, J. G. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/961314 · Cited by 29
Ramsey, C. M., Gnjidic, D., Agogo, G. O., Allore, H. G., & Moga, D. C. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2017.10.008 · Cited by 32
“Dementia diagnosis All participants in our study were deemed to have dementia if they met the standard criteria for dementia of the Alzheimer’s type or for other non-Alzheimer’s-related dementias based on comprehensive neuropsychiatric battery and cognitive assessment with a trained ADC clinician [37,42,43].”
MethodA short perspective on the long road to effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease
Reynolds, D. S. (2019) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14581 · Cited by 28
Post-Mortem MRI and Histopathology in Neurologic Disease: A Translational Approach
Jonkman, L. E., Kenkhuis, B., Geurts, J. J. G., & van de Berg, W. D. J. (2019) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-019-00342-3 · Cited by 27
Feng, X., Yang, J., Lipton, Z. C., Small, S. A., & Provenzano, F. A. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/456277 · Cited by 27
“…that although ante-and post-mortem concordance is generally found to be high, the availability of ground truth labels would improve our models [Beach et al., 2012]. probabilistic spatial distribution of different anatomical regions used in the brain lobe based classification experiment can be…”
BackgroundSNAP25 is a potential target for early stage Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
Wang, Q., Tao, S., Xing, L., Liu, J., Xu, C., Xu, X., Ding, H., Shen, Q., Yu, X., & Zheng, Y. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01360-8 · Cited by 29
“Meanwhile, several studies have found that LBs are deposited in the brains of AD patients [5, 6].”
BackgroundWang, M. J., Yi, S., Han, J.-Y., Park, Y. H., Jang, J., Chun, I. K., Giau, V. V., Bagyinszky, E., Lim, K., Kang, S. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160143 · Cited by 26
“The accuracy of an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis obtained by using purely clinical information is generally low to predict a neuropathological AD diagnosis [1].”
Wang, Y., Shi, Z., Zhang, N., Cai, L., Li, Y., Yang, H., Yao, S., Xing, X., Ji, Y., & Gao, S. (2018) · Molecular Imaging and Biology · doi:10.1007/s11307-018-1219-6 · Cited by 26
Rapidly Progressive Dementia in the Outpatient Clinic: More Than Prions
Day, G. S., Musiek, E. S., & Morris, J. C. (2018) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000276 · Cited by 26
Fluid Candidate Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Precision Medicine Approach
Prete, E. D., Beatino, M. F., Campese, N., Giampietri, L., Siciliano, G., Ceravolo, R., & Baldacci, F. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm10040221 · Cited by 29
Shi, L., Buckley, N. J., Bos, I., Engelborghs, S., Sleegers, K., Frisoni, G. B., Wallin, A., Lleó, A., Popp, J., Martínez‐Lage, P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.712545 · Cited by 28
Disentangling Alzheimer’s disease neurodegeneration from typical brain ageing using machine learning
Hwang, G., Abdulkadir, A., Erus, G., Habes, M., Pomponio, R., Shou, H., Doshi, J. J., Mamourian, E., Rashid, T., Bilgel, M., et al. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac117 · Cited by 31
“These efforts reflect the fact that diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based solely on cognitive symptoms is not sufficient and may cause significant false positive and false negative results.(18) In this context, we tested whether defining training samples based on biological markers such as amyloid and tau can improve…”
BackgroundIndependent study demonstrates amyloid probability score accurately indicates amyloid pathology
Fogelman, I., West, T., Braunstein, J. B., Verghese, P. B., Kirmess, K. M., Meyer, M. R., Contois, J. H., Shobin, E., Ferber, K. L., Gagnon, J., et al. (2023) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51763 · Cited by 25
Homogeneous case subgroups increase power in genetic association studies
Traylor, M., Markus, H. S., & Lewis, C. M. (2014) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.194 · Cited by 24
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease—From Brain Starch to Bench and Bedside
Pawlowski, M., Meuth, S., & Duning, T. (2017) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics7030042 · Cited by 25
“However, in comparison with neuropathological diagnosis, accuracy is limited with a sensitivity of 71–87% and a specificity of 44–71% [153,155].”
BackgroundHosseinpour-Mashkani, S. M., Bishop, D., Raoufi-Rad, N., Adlard, P. A., Shimoni, O., & Golzan, M. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12081144 · Cited by 25
“Nevertheless, they all suffer from common drawbacks, including high costs, limited accessibility, poor sensitivity, and specificity, [18] and the absence of standardization and scalability [19].”
BackgroundDo You Want to Hear the Bad News? The Value of Diagnostic Tests for Alzheimer’s Disease
Mühlbacher, A. C., Johnson, F. R., Yang, J., Happich, M., & Belger, M. A. (2016) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2015.10.011 · Cited by 25
“[5] reported in 2012 that concordance of clinical diagnosis and pathologic findings is still around 71% for both sensitivity and specificity in patients with a probable clinical AD diagnosis.”
BackgroundSchaffert, J., LoBue, C., White, C. L., Wilmoth, K., Didehbani, N., Lacritz, L., Nguyen, T. P., Peters, M. E., Fields, L. M., Li, C., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12049 · Cited by 29
Knowledge gaps in Alzheimer's disease immune biomarker research
Morgan, D., & Mielke, M. M. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12342 · Cited by 26
New Drug Design Avenues Targeting Alzheimer’s Disease by Pharmacoinformatics-Aided Tools
Arrué, L., Cigna-Méndez, A., Barbosa, T., Borrego-Muñoz, P., Struve-Villalobos, S., Oviedo, V., Martínez-García, C., Sepúlveda-Lara, A., Millán, N., Montesinos, J. C. E. M., et al. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14091914 · Cited by 28
Devi, G. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00015-6 · Cited by 27
Current Role for Biomarkers in Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia
Sheikh‐Bahaei, N., Sajjadi, S. A., & Pierce, A. L. (2017) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-017-0484-z · Cited by 28
for the EANM-EAN Task Force for the Prescription of FDG-PET for Dementing Neurodegenerative Disorders, Boccardi, M., Festari, C., Altomare, D., Gandolfo, F., Orini, S., Nobili, F. M., & Frisoni, G. B. (2018) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-018-4024-1 · Cited by 26
Pistollato, F., Bernasconi, C., McCarthy, J., Campia, I., Desaintes, C., Wittwehr, C., Deceuninck, P., & Whelan, M. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10071194 · Cited by 25
Blood Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Dementia: A Systematic Review
Santos, F., Cabreira, V., Rocha, S., & Massano, J. (2023) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887221141651 · Cited by 24
Wang, D., Honnorat, N., Toledo, J. B., Li, K., Charisis, S., Rashid, T., Nirmala, A. B., Brandigampala, S. R., Mojtabai, M., Seshadri, S. S., et al. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae388 · Cited by 26
“…clinical diagnosis faces multiple challenges regarding diagnostic accuracy, 30-32 where neuropathology is considered the diagnostic gold standard, 33-36 because neurodegenerative diseases are characterized histopathologically by the deposition of mis-folded proteins with different spreading…”
Epelbaum, S., Paquet, C., Hugon, J., Dumurgier, J., Wallon, D., Hannequin, D., Jonveaux, T., Besozzi, A., Pouponneau, S., Hommet, C., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029663 · Cited by 24
Sinclair, L. I., Kumar, A., Darreh‐Shori, T., & Love, S. (2019) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0519-7 · Cited by 24
Rostamzadeh, A., & Jessen, F. (2020) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-020-00907-y · Cited by 29
Seed amplification and RT-QuIC assays to investigate protein seed structures and strains
Standke, H. G., & Kraus, A. (2022) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-022-03595-z · Cited by 26
“For example, around 20–25% of AD cases and ~ 20% of PD cases were found to be misdiagnosed (Beach et al. 2012; Rizzo et al. 2016; Hansson 2021).”
BackgroundJonson, C., Levine, K. S., Lake, J., Hertslet, L., Jones, L., Patel, D., Kim, J., Bandrés‐Ciga, S., Terry, N. L., Mata, I. F., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13873 · Cited by 24
Factors influencing accuracy of cortical thickness in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Mahanand, B. S., Fischl, B. R., Salat, D. H., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23922 · Cited by 23
Lussier, F. Z., Benedet, A. L., Therriault, J., Pascoal, T. A., Tissot, C., Chamoun, M., Mathotaarachchi, S. S., Savard, M., Ashton, N. J., Karikari, T. K., et al. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab073 · Cited by 25
“As these pathological changes precede the appearance of clinical symptoms by many years,(3) these pathologies may play an important role in both research and clinical trials for the screening, diagnosis and progression monitoring of Alzheimer’s disease.(4) Currently, these biomarkers, i.”
BackgroundPoloni, K. M., & Ferrari, R. J. (2021) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106581 · Cited by 27
Llano, D. A., Devanarayan, P., & Devanarayan, V. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.07.015 · Cited by 23
Korologou‐Linden, R., Kalsi, J., Kafetsouli, D., Olawale, A., Wingfield, D., Mummery, D., Hayhoe, B. W. J., Robinson, O., Majeed, A., & Middleton, L. T. (2024) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2024.83 · Cited by 25
“Approximately 25%- 30% of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of AD are misdiagnosed when evaluated at specialised clinics and this is even higher in primary care (17–20).”
BackgroundYoung, V. M., Gates, S., Garcia, L. Y., & Salardini, A. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15182348 · Cited by 33
“While numerous studies report diagnostic accuracies exceeding 95%, seemingly revolutionary improvements over the 70–85% accuracy of traditional clinical assessments, these models consistently fail to maintain their performance in real-world clinical settings [3–5].”
Leinonen, V., Rinne, J. O., Wong, D. F., Wolk, D. A., Trojanowski, J. Q., Sherwin, P. F., Smith, A. P. L., Heurling, K., Su, M., & Grachev, I. D. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/2051-5960-2-46 · Cited by 24
“While diagnosis in living patients represents a significant advance, when applied by expert clinicians the 1984 clinical criteria are reported to have only approximately 80% positive predictive value (PPV) and 60% negative predictive value (NPV) for a pathology-confirmed diagnosis [3].”
Advances in PET Imaging of Degenerative, Cerebrovascular, and Traumatic Causes of Dementia
Eisenmenger, L. B., Huo, E. J., Hoffman, J. M., Minoshima, S., Matesan, M. C., Lewis, D. H., Lopresti, B. J., Mathis, C. A., Okonkwo, D. O., & Mountz, J. M. (2015) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2015.09.003 · Cited by 21
Abner, E. L., Schmitt, F. A., Nelson, P. T., Lou, W., Wan, L., Gauriglia, R., Dodge, H. H., Woltjer, R. L., Yu, L., Bennett, D. A., et al. (2015) · Observational Studies · doi:10.1353/obs.2015.0003 · Cited by 22
“, 2006) and Neuropathology Data Set (Beach et al., 2012) aggregate data from all ADCs and allow for examination of specific pathologies, collection of detailed longitudinal clinical data has been ongoing for less than 10 years as of this writing.”
BackgroundInfluentialOrtega, R. L., Dakterzada, F., Arias, A. M., Blasco, E., Naudí, A., Purroy, F. F., & Piñol‐Ripoll, G. (2019) · Current Aging Science · doi:10.2174/1874609812666190112095430 · Cited by 23
Global cognitive trajectory patterns in Alzheimer’s disease
Cohen, C. I., Reisberg, B., & Yaffee, R. (2022) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610222000047 · Cited by 22
“Nevertheless, results may be affected by environmental factors, medications, problematic behaviors, medical conditions, or unmeasured confounders.”
Giampietri, L., Belli, E., Beatino, M. F., Giannoni, S., Palermo, G., Campese, N., Tognoni, G., Siciliano, G., Ceravolo, R., Luca, C. D., et al. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12040796 · Cited by 22
“therapeutic window seems thus to lie between the asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic phases, where purely clinical diagnosis fails to reach enough accuracy [7,8].”
BackgroundKasuga, K., Kikuchi, M., Tsukie, T., Suzuki, K., Ihara, R., Iwata, A., Hara, N., Miyashita, A., Kuwano, R., Iwatsubo, T., et al. (2022) · BMJ Neurology Open · doi:10.1136/bmjno-2022-000321 · Cited by 24
Neuropathology‐based APOE genetic risk score better quantifies Alzheimer's risk
Deming, Y. K., Vasiljevic, E., Morrow, A. R., Miao, J., Hulle, C. V., Jonaitis, E. M., Ma, Y., Whitenack, V. M., Kollmorgen, G., Wild, N., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12990 · Cited by 22
“The robust prototype β-Amyloid(1-40) CSF immunoassay is for investigational use only and not commercially available.”
BackgroundMethodThe relationship of insulin resistance and diabetes to tau PET SUVR in middle-aged to older adults
Ennis, G. E., Betthauser, T. J., Koscik, R. L., Chin, N. A., Christian, B. T., Asthana, S., Johnson, S. C., & Bendlin, B. B. (2023) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01180-2 · Cited by 26
“Because the diagnosis of dementia in epidemiological studies has not been complemented for practical reasons by CSF or PET biomarkers of AD pathology, it is possible that some individuals with vascular dementia in these studies were misdiagnosed as having dementia due to AD or reflected the increased presentation of t…”
BackgroundHan, Y., Zeng, X., Hua, L., Quan, X., Chen, Y., Zhou, M., Chuang, Y. C., Li, Y., Wang, S., Shen, X., et al. (2024) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01717-5 · Cited by 23
“However, the traditional diagnostic approaches for NCDs, such as clinical and neuropsychological assessments, have limitations in terms of accuracy and reliability [30, 31].”
Convolutional neural network based data interpretable framework for Alzheimer’s treatment planning
Parvin, S., Nimmy, S. F., & Kamal, M. S. (2024) · Visual Computing for Industry Biomedicine and Art · doi:10.1186/s42492-024-00154-x · Cited by 25
“Examining brain tissue changes can aid in the most accurate AD diagnosis; however, collecting samples through biopsies poses high risks to patients [19–22].”
BackgroundIn vitro-differentiated neural cell cultures progress towards donor-identical brain tissue
Hjelm, B. E., Salhia, B., Kurdoglu, A. A., Szelinger, S., Reiman, R. A., Sue, L. I., Beach, T. G., Huentelman, M. J., & Craig, D. W. (2013) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt208 · Cited by 24
Self-citationWruck, W., Schröter, F., & Adjaye, J. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150733 · Cited by 23
“Furthermore, unsatisfying accuracy of diagnoses has been reported, e.g., in a large study 39% of clinically diagnosed non-AD dementia patients showed postmortem histopathology consistent with AD [17].”
Conflicting cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and progression to dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease
Alexopoulos, P., Werle, L., Roesler, J., Thierjung, N., Gleixner, L. S., Yakushev, I. Y., Laskaris, N., Wagenpfeil, S., Gourzis, P., Kurz, A., et al. (2016) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0220-z · Cited by 22
“Owing to the lack of histopathological verification, the main outcome measure was based purely on clinical diagnoses, which are not always confirmed at autopsy [54].”
Regional analysis and genetic association of nigrostriatal degeneration in Lewy body disease
Kasanuki, K., Heckman, M. G., Diehl, N. N., Murray, M. E., Koga, S., Soto, A. I., Ross, O. A., & Dickson, D. W. (2017) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27184 · Cited by 22
“A high proportion of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients also have LBs, but their contribution to the clinical syndrome is unclear.(2) The neuropathologic features of LB disorders include not only LBs but also Lewy neurites, axonal spheroids, and sparse glial inclusions,(3) all of which contain aggregates of a-synuclein.”
BackgroundRaj, A. (2021) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2020.0905 · Cited by 21
“…biomarkers (Ba et al., 2017; Tosun et al., 2016), the relationship between baseline and longitudinal progression is inconsistently described (Mattsson et al., 2009; Schindler et al., 2017), and the overall accuracy of clinical diagnosis based on cognitive metrics is low (Beach et al., 2012).”
Genetic analysis suggests high misassignment rates in clinical Alzheimer's cases and controls
Escott-Price, V., Baker, E., Shoai, M., Leonenko, G., Myers, A. J., Huentelman, M., & Hardy, J. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.002 · Cited by 18
“3%) reported in [Beach et al. 2012], was when the clinical diagnosis was defined as clinically probable or possible AD, and neuropathologic AD definition was defined as “frequent neuritic plaque density score” and Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage V or VI.”
BackgroundInfluentialWitte, M. M., Trzepacz, P. T., Case, M. G., Yu, P., Hochstetler, H. M., Quinlivan, M., Sundell, K. L., & Henley, D. B. (2014) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12120402 · Cited by 21
Cox regression model under dependent truncation
Rennert, L., & Xie, S. X. (2021) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/biom.13451 · Cited by 21
“One limitation of these studies is that they consisted of populations with clinically diagnosed AD subjects, which can be unreliable (Beach et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe effect of ApoE ε 4 on clinical and structural MRI markers in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease
Initiative, A. D. N., Zhang, C., Kong, M., Wei, H., Zhang, H., Ma, G., & Ba, M. (2020) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims.2020.01.14 · Cited by 21
“Furthermore, diagnoses of AD and MCI based on clinical criteria have limited sensitivity and specificity compared with autopsy (6).”
BackgroundHuseby, C. J., Delvaux, E., Brokaw, D. L., & Coleman, P. D. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12111592 · Cited by 22
“In addition to the expense, a recent study found AD has a misdiagnosis rate of about 1 in 4 even at established dementia centers [1].”
BackgroundChallenges associated with using extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in neurodegenerative disease
Couch, Y. (2023) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2023.2277373 · Cited by 23
“Even with a litany of tests, and care within specialized centers, it is estimated that > 20% of dementia patients are misdiagnosed when their pre-mortem and postmortem tests are compared [8].”
BackgroundManagement Impact of FDG-PET in Dementia: Results from a Tertiary Center Memory Clinic
Elias, A., Woodward, M., & Rowe, C. C. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-132729 · Cited by 21
“The accuracy of conventional diagnostic criteria for probable AD is limited with sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 70% compared to neuropathological diagnosis [5–7] and the criteria require the presence of dementia [5].”
Biomarker-Driven Therapeutic Management of Alzheimer’s Disease: Establishing the Foundations
Cummings, J. L., & Zhong, K. (2013) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.205 · Cited by 21
Alzheimer's disease: mimics and chameleons
Schott, J. M., & Warren, J. D. (2012) · Practical Neurology · doi:10.1136/practneurol-2012-000315 · Cited by 21
“7%) patients diagnosed with clinically probable AD had alternate diagnoses at postmortem; the vast majority (78/88, 89%) of these had other neurodegenerative diseases.(2)”
BackgroundRana, A. K., Sandu, A., Robertson, K. L., McNeil, C. J., Whalley, L. J., Staff, R. T., & Murray, A. D. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2016.11.007 · Cited by 20
Platero, C. A., & Tobar, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108698 · Cited by 21
“The clinical diagnosis of probable AD has an accuracy of 70–90% relative to pathological diagnosis (Beach et al., 2012).”
Jutkowitz, E., Kane, R. L., Dowd, B. E., Gaugler, J. E., MacLehose, R. F., & Kuntz, K. M. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx035 · Cited by 22
“Although diagnostic categories (eg, Alzheimer’s dementia) are provided in the data, we did not limit our analysis to a specific type of dementia because diagnosis is subject to misclassification (21,22).”
Mitolo, M., Lombardi, G., Manca, R., Nacmias, B., & Venneri, A. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12674-w · Cited by 20
Zannas, A. S., Doraiswamy, P. M., Shpanskaya, K. S., Murphy, K. R., Petrella, J. R., Burke, J. R., & Wong, T. Z. (2013) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2013.791867 · Cited by 20
“On the other hand, it was estimated that 10–30% of patients clinically diagnosed with possible or probable AD did not meet postmortem pathologic criteria for AD (Beach et al., 2012; Ranginwala, Hynan, Weiner, & White, 2008).”
BackgroundThe interest of amyloid PET imaging in the diagnosis of Alzheimerʼs disease
Vandenberghe, R. R., Adamczuk, K., & Laere, K. V. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000036 · Cited by 20
PET Neuroimaging in Dementia Conditions
Perani, D., Caminiti, S. P., Carli, G., & Tondo, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53168-3_9 · Cited by 20
Adhikari, S., Thapa, S., Singh, P., Huo, H., Bharathy, G. K., & Prasad, M. (2021) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534449 · Cited by 21
“Speech is indeed the most easily accessible data for analyzing the cognitive status of a person since other medical approaches can be uncomfortable to some extent [16].”
BackgroundDavid, M., & Malhotra, P. (2022) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51539 · Cited by 22
Bioinformatics tools and data resources for assay development of fluid protein biomarkers
Waury, K., Willemse, E. A. J., Vanmechelen, E., Zetterberg, H., Teunissen, C. E., & Abeln, S. (2022) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-022-00425-w · Cited by 20
“Novel and robust biomarkers are needed to allow an early and correct diagnosis, as identification based on clinical manifestation alone is still a challenging and lengthy process and often inaccurate, since dementia can develop due to multiple causes [7–9].”
BackgroundImplication of the cooking oil-peroxidation product “hydroxynonenal” for Alzheimer’s disease
Yamashima, T., Seike, T., Mochly‐Rosen, D., Chen, C., Kikuchi, M., & Mizukoshi, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1211141 · Cited by 20
“, some individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease do not have Aβ pathology, whereas those not meeting pathological criteria were clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (Beach et al., 2012).”
BackgroundXu, J., Gou, S., Huang, X., Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Gong, X., Xiong, J., Chi, H., & Yang, G. (2023) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/0115672050280894231214063023 · Cited by 21
Serrano, G. E., Sabbagh, M. N., Sue, L. I., Hidalgo, J. A., Schneider, J. A., Bedell, B. J., Deerlin, V. M. V., Suh, E. R., Akiyama, H., Joshi, A. D., et al. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-140162 · Cited by 21
“The amyloid scan was not available to the attending physicians because this was a blinded clinical trial but it is possible that, had it been available, clinicians might have considered AD in a differential diagnosis, as the syndrome of FTD may be present in subjects with pure AD pathology [4].”
Self-citationSeven-Tesla MRI and neuroimaging biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease
Ali, R., Goubran, M., Choudhri, O., & Zeineh, M. (2015) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/2015.9.focus15326 · Cited by 20
Son, H. J., Oh, J. S., Roh, J. H., Seo, S. W., Oh, M., Lee, S. J., Oh, S. J., & Kim, J. S. (2018) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-018-4125-x · Cited by 21
The Pathology of Rapid Cognitive Decline in Clinically Diagnosed Alzheimer’s Disease
Nance, C., Ritter, A. R., Miller, J. B., Lapin, B. R., & Banks, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190302 · Cited by 20
“Misdiagnosis rates of AD are high (20–40%), even in top dementia centers [13].”
BackgroundValidation of Optical Coherence Tomography Retinal Segmentation in Neurodegenerative Disease
Wong, B. M., Cheng, R., Mandelcorn, E. D., et al. (2019) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.8.5.6 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Beach, T. G., Monsell, S. E., Phillips, L. E., & Kukull, W.
- Affiliations
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beach, Thomas G.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 266-273
- ISSN
- 0022-3069 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-6578
- PMC
- PMC3331862
- OpenAlex
- W1974300727
- Semantic Scholar
- 59ed18597d0cb2e750fc7f3c928871aedf079d0a
- Cited by
- 1,103
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 36.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (P30 AG19610)
- Arizona Department of Health Services (P30 AG19610, U01 AG016976)
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (U01AG016976)
- Arizona Biomedical Research Commission (P30 AG19610)
- National Institute on Aging (U01AG016976, P30AG019610, U19AG010483)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, diagnostic accuracy, neuropathologic diagnosis, sensitivity and specificity, neuritic plaques, misdiagnosis, dementia, Lewy body disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, argyrophilic grain disease, hippocampal sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Databases, Factual, National Institute on Aging (U.S.)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-18, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-18 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
