The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 21 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer Disease Centers, 2005–2010
Open accessAbstract
The neuropathologic examination is considered to provide the gold standard for Alzheimer disease (AD). To determine the accuracy of currently used clinical diagnostic methods, clinical and neuropathologic data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, which gathers information from the network of National Institute on Aging (NIA)-sponsored Alzheimer Disease Centers (ADCs), were collected as part of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set (UDS) between 2005 and 2010. A database search initially included all 1198 subjects with at least one UDS clinical assessment and who had died and been autopsied; 279 were excluded as being not demented or because critical data fields were missing. The final subject number was 919. Sensitivity and specificity were determined based on "probable" and "possible" AD levels of clinical confidence and 4 levels of neuropathologic confidence based on varying neuritic plaque densities and Braak neurofibrillary stages. Sensitivity ranged from 70.9% to 87.3%; specificity ranged from 44.3% to 70.8%. Sensitivity was generally increased with more permissive clinical criteria and specificity was increased with more restrictive criteria, whereas the opposite was true for neuropathologic criteria. When a clinical diagnosis was not confirmed by minimum levels of AD histopathology, the most frequent primary neuropathologic diagnoses were tangle-only dementia or argyrophilic grain disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease and hippocampal sclerosis. When dementia was not clinically diagnosed as AD, 39% of these cases met or exceeded minimum threshold levels of AD histopathology. Neurologists of the NIA-ADCs had higher predictive accuracy when they diagnosed AD in subjects with dementia than when they diagnosed dementing diseases other than AD. The misdiagnosis rate should be considered when estimating subject numbers for AD studies, including clinical trials and epidemiologic studies.
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Claims the paper makes
25 Own result · 11 Partly supported · 10 Own interpretation · 10 No basis given · 8 No full text of the sources · 4 Sources not found · 3 Own method · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the last diagnostic accuracy studies utilizing a complete ADC dataset were performed in 1998 and 1999 (4, 23)”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subjects section describes a diagnostic study using patients from 26 Alzheimer's disease centers, and the Results report diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The Results also say complete information was available for only 2,188 of 3,177 patients. This 1998 paper does not establish that its dataset was complete or that the last such studies were performed in 1998 and 1999. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Because of 25 possible combinations of CERAD neuritic plaque density and Braak neurofibrillary stage, NIA-Reagan provides instructions for classification of only 3 (32, 38).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes three NIA-Reagan likelihood categories and says off-diagonal plaque–tangle pairings are not clearly addressed. It does not support the count of 25 possible combinations: it describes four CERAD tiers and Braak stages 0–VI. The three categories also cover ranges of Braak stages, rather than just three individual combinations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that phenotype is not rigidly linked to etiology and may be moldable to a large extent by an individual's genetic and epigenetic background and/or total environmental exposure.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory passage following the Abstract conclusion says GRN-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration is clinically heterogeneous even among relatives with the same mutation, and identifies nonmendelian genetic risk factors. This supports the suggestion that phenotype is not rigidly determined by the causal mutation, but the paper does not establish a large effect of epigenetic background or environmental exposure. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Larner, 2009, Genotype-phenotype relationships of presenilin-1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease: An update, J Alzheimer Dis source
- Partly supportedcites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Comment section (page unavailable) reports marked clinical heterogeneity among family members likely to share a single disease-causing mutation, supporting the point that this disease’s phenotype is not fixed by its apparent etiology. The paper does not attribute that variation to genetic or epigenetic background or environmental exposure, nor establish how extensively those factors mold phenotype. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [47] Wszolek, 2009, Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), Orphanet J Rare Dis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Genetic counseling sections (pages not supplied) report that the FTDP-17 phenotype can vary even among people with the same mutation, supporting the point that phenotype is not rigidly determined by etiology. Unresolved questions suggests that genetic modifiers and environmental factors may influence its expression, but does not mention epigenetic background, total environmental exposure, or influence 'to a large extent.' (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Correlation studies between molecular genetics and neuropathology also indicate that for several autosomal dominant dementias, the presenting clinical phenotype may vary widely, from various dementia subtypes to parkinsonism to motor neuron disease-like, even among individuals with the same causative mutation (44-47).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [44] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory passage following the Abstract conclusion (page unavailable) says GRN-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration is clinically heterogeneous even among family members with the same mutation. The Results report dementia and parkinsonian diagnoses, but describe motor neuron disease as uncommon and concomitant, not a typical presenting phenotype. This paper addresses GRN-associated disease, so it does not by itself establish the claim across several autosomal dominant dementias. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Larner, 2009, Genotype-phenotype relationships of presenilin-1 mutations in Alzheimer's disease: An update, J Alzheimer Dis source
- Partly supportedcites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Clinical features) and Comment describe markedly different presentations—including FTD, ALS and Parkinsonism—within one family with autosomal dominant FTD/ALS. But the Genetics section identifies a shared chromosome 9p21 haplotype, not a causative mutation, and the paper does not establish this pattern across several autosomal dominant dementias. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [47] Wszolek, 2009, Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), Orphanet J Rare Dis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says FTDP-17 phenotypes vary even within families carrying the same mutation. The Clinical description (Phenotype-genotype correlations; Symptoms and signs) describes dementia-predominant and parkinsonism-predominant presentations and motor neuron dysfunction. The paper addresses FTDP-17, not several autosomal dominant dementias, and does not establish motor neuron disease-like illness as a presenting phenotype. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The new NIA criteria use the same combination of NPs and Braak stage as the minimum lesion density necessary for attributing the cause of dementia to AD (39, 40).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [39] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Classification section defines moderate or frequent neuritic plaques and Braak stages III–VI as scores used by the new criteria. But it requires a third measure, Aβ plaque score, to classify AD neuropathologic change; the Reporting section says an intermediate or high overall level, rather than the stated two-measure combination alone, is an adequate explanation of dementia. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [40] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Classification section says the new criteria use Braak stage and neuritic-plaque score, but also require an Aβ-plaque score as part of the ABC score. The Reporting section says intermediate or high AD neuropathologic change can adequately explain dementia; the passages do not establish moderate or frequent neuritic plaques plus Braak stage III–VI as the minimum sufficient combination. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When optimizing for sensitivity and specificity, the best result was 70.9% sensitivity and 70.8% specificity. This was achieved when the clinical diagnosis was defined as probable AD and the neuropathological diagnosis as moderate or frequent neuritic plaques with Braak stage III-VI.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Diagnostic Classification Comparison
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median scores for neuritic plaque density and Braak stage were significantly different, with progressively lower scores moving from probable AD through possible AD and not AD groups.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“here, we found that when non-demented controls were not included, 33% of subjects were not classifiable.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 107 cases met a minimum histopathological threshold for AD, i.e. neuritic plaque density of moderate or frequent in combination with any Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage between III and VI, inclusive, despite their negative clinical diagnoses.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plainn = 107- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurologists of the NIA-ADCs had higher predictive accuracy when they diagnosed AD in demented subjects than when they diagnosed dementing diseases other than AD.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“However, one study has reported no evident selection bias between autopsied and non-autopsied subjects among an incident community-diagnosed dementia series, suggesting that dementia case composition may not be substantially different in different settings (48).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The shortcomings of the NIA-Reagan criteria have been recognized and a revised set of criteria are currently in press (39, 40).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] source
The Abstract identifies the NIA-Reagan criteria as the 1997 criteria and says advances in knowledge prompted an update. The “Revised Neuropathologic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease” section explains a limitation of those criteria and presents revised criteria; the Summary states that the committee’s goal was to update them. This supports the substance of the claim, though the paper does not establish the citing document’s time-specific phrase “currently in press.” (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [40] source
The Introduction identifies the 1997 NIA-Reagan guidelines as the criteria being updated and revised, and the Abstract describes major revisions to the previous criteria. The References list the revised neuropathologic guidelines as “in press” (reference 29). Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In a recent multivariate analysis, approximately two-thirds of the variation in cognitive ability of elderly subjects was accounted for by variation in CERAD neuritic plaque density and Braak stage (41).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [41] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (page not provided) says that more than two-thirds of MMSE-score variability in the elderly autopsy cohort was associated with Alzheimer-type pathology, specifically neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. It does not attribute that figure to CERAD neuritic plaque density and Braak stage as the two measures in the claim; the Discussion describes its findings as compatible with Braak staging. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“There is also relatively close agreement with the last 2 prior assessments of diagnostic accuracy using the total NIA-ADC dataset: Mayeux et al estimated a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 55% (4) and Tsuang et al reported a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 50% (23).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] source
The Results report 93% sensitivity and 55% specificity for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, matching the figures attributed to Mayeux et al. The Subjects section describes patients referred to 26 Alzheimer’s disease centers. The separate figures attributed to Tsuang et al. are not part of this citation’s claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Due to the idiosyncratic assignment of these categories from case to case (32), we instead stratified by all relevant combinations of the deterministic histopathological scores, consisting of the CERAD-defined neuritic plaque density score (29) and the Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage (33).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Materials and Methods > Analysis Strategy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report relatively low consistency in NIA-Reagan category assignments for cases outside the guidelines, supporting the concern behind the citing authors’ choice. But they also report high consistency for cases that match the guidelines, so the source does not support describing assignments as idiosyncratic across cases generally. The decision to stratify by CERAD and Braak scores is the citing authors’ own method, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“because measures of all biomarkers studied to date have considerable overlap with those found other types of dementia (as well the cognitively normal elderly population), it remains difficult to determine whether or not cognitive impairment is due to AD or another more dominant and concurrent process.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section ‘Biomarker abnormalities precede clinical symptoms’ (page not provided) reports amyloid-biomarker abnormalities in 20–40% of cognitively normal elderly people, and ‘AD clinical features and pathological changes’ notes that dementia in older patients often has multiple underlying pathologies. The ‘Biomarkers of neurodegeneration’ section also says CSF tau is not specific to AD. These passages support diagnostic ambiguity, but not the broader assertion that all biomarkers studied have considerable overlap with both other dementias and cognitively normal elderly people. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the revision of the 1997 criteria, combinations of plaque and tangle pathologies considered sufficient to cause dementia and qualify for the neuropathological diagnosis of AD are explicitly stated (40, 41).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [40] source
The Classification section defines an ABC score combining amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuritic plaques. The Reporting section states that, in individuals with cognitive impairment, intermediate or high levels are an adequate explanation for dementia and warrant a final diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Could not verifycites [41] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Neuropathology section describes how the study counted plaques and tangles, but does not state what combinations qualify for an AD diagnosis or are sufficient to cause dementia. Searches for the 1997 criteria, their revision, and diagnostic thresholds found no passage addressing that claim in our copy; the other relevant matches were in the References section. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“New clinical diagnostic consensus criteria have now been finalized under the auspices of the NIA and Alzheimer's Association (52), with novel features including recognition of a preclinical stage of AD and the incorporation of imaging and laboratory-based cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Amyloid staging may be of immediate clinical diagnostic utility when used to guide amyloid imaging as the progression of amyloid plaques beyond the cortex appears to be a useful marker of higher Braak tangle stage and of the presence of dementia (49, 50).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Thal, 2002, Phases of A beta-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD, Neurology source
- Partly supportedcites [50] Beach, 2012, Striatal amyloid plaque density predicts Braak neurofibrillary stage and clinicopathological Alzheimer's disease: Implications for amyloid imaging, J Alzheimer Dis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most frequent primary neuropathological diagnoses in these cases were frontotemporal lobar degeneration (60 cases), followed by Lewy body disease (39 cases), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (20 cases) and progressive supranuclear palsy (18 cases).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plainn = 164- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean age of the “not AD” group was significantly lower than that of the probable or possible AD groups (72.8, 81.2 and 83.2 years, respectively).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity ranged from 70.9% to 87.3%; specificity ranged from 44.3% to 70.8%.”
- Also stated in: § Diagnostic Classification Comparison · plain
“Sensitivity ranged from 70.9% to 87.3% and specificity ranged from 44.3% to 70.8%.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“We found that sensitivity for AD diagnosis ranged from 70.9% to 87.3% whereas specificity ranged from 44.3% to 70.8%.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Diagnostic Classification Comparison · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PPV for the clinical diagnosis of AD ranged from 46.0% to 83.3%, with the best result achieved when the clinical diagnosis was defined by probable AD and the neuropathological diagnosis as moderate or frequent neuritic plaques with Braak stage III-VI (the prevalence of subjects at or above this histopathological threshold was 67.2%).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Diagnostic Classification Comparison
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the set of minimum neuropathological criteria that are perhaps most commonly used to define AD (i.e. CERAD neuritic plaque density of ‘moderate” or “frequent” and Braak stage III-VI), the sensitivity and specificity of the clinical diagnosis of “probable AD” were each approximately 71%, whereas for “combined “probable” and possible AD” sensitivity was about 83% with specificity about 55%.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensitivity was generally increased with more permissive clinical criteria and specificity was increased with more restrictive criteria, whereas the opposite was true for neuropathological criteria.”
- Also stated in: § Diagnostic Classification Comparison · plain
“In general, sensitivity was increased with more permissive clinical criteria and specificity was increased with more restrictive clinical criteria, whereas the opposite was true for neuropathological criteria.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Diagnostic Classification Comparison · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 526 subjects diagnosed as clinically probable AD, 438 were confirmed as neuropathological AD, as defined above, and 88 did not meet neuropathological criteria.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plainn = 526- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small number of cases received primary neuropathological diagnoses of progressive supranuclear palsy (3 cases), corticobasal degeneration (2 cases) and neuroaxonal dystrophy/Hallervorden-Spatz-like disease (2 cases); there were several other miscellaneous neuropathological diagnoses (1 case each) (Table 4).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When a clinical diagnosis was not confirmed by minimum levels of AD histopathology, the most frequent primary neuropathological diagnoses were tangle-only dementia or argyrophilic grain disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, cerebrovascular”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many cases had contributing neuropathological diagnoses in addition to their primary diagnosis; the most frequent contributing diagnoses were similar to the most frequent primary diagnoses.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Analysis of Mismatched Clinical and Neuropathological Diagnoses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While not formally analyzed here, we did note a high rate of multiple neuropathological diagnoses in demented subjects whereas clinicians rarely assign more than one diagnosis.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The excluded subjects significantly differed from the 919 included subjects in terms of age, gender distribution and AD-related histopathological scores, but not in the mean interval last clinical assessment and death.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plainn = 919- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“there have been several changes in neuropathological diagnostic criteria, including the “Khachaturian criteria” of 1985 (27), the “Tierney” criteria of 1988 (28), The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) criteria in 1991 (29), and the National Institute on Aging (NIA)-Reagan criteria in 1997 (30).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The neuropathological examination is considered to provide the gold standard for Alzheimer disease (AD).”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
“it is generally accepted that histological examination is the best indicator of AD diagnosis.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted
In the paper
“For the neuropathological diagnosis of AD, the NIA-Reagan criteria (30) are the most current guidelines”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Materials and Methods > Analysis Strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most studies, sensitivity is relatively high while specificity is low and many studies have reported only sensitivity or positive predictive value, which has led to a false impression that the clinical diagnosis of AD is extremely accurate.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, with an estimated response rate to a trial medication of 50%, a 20% misdiagnosis rate would lower the actual response rate to 40% (if non-AD dementia subjects do not respond to the medication), which would require an approximate doubling of subject recruitment to maintain statistical power.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the clinical diagnosis of AD often is validated by neuropathological examination, a clinical diagnosis of a non-AD dementia is often not verified by neuropathology.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is important, for current research and clinical usage, to obtain more appropriate figures.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because many studies have reported only sensitivity or positive predictive value, a general impression has arisen that the clinical diagnosis of AD is extremely accurate.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The data analyzed in this study have been collected as part of the NACC Uniform Data Set (UDS) since 2005 (31) and thus represent the most current research practices.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 3 groups did not significantly differ in the mean interval between last clinical assessment and death.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sensitivity estimates have ranged between 41% and 100% (median of 87%), while specificity has ranged between 37% and 100% (median of 58%).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 2-25
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a large fraction of subjects are not classifiable by NIA-Reagan criteria and the neuropathologist is left to make an arbitrary assignment.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gender distribution was generally skewed towards more males but did not significantly differ among groups.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Results > Subject Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These, however, do not give entirely specific guidelines for making the diagnosis, but rather set probability levels, given threshold levels of histopathological severity (CERAD neuritic plaque density and Braak neurofibrillary stage) for when dementia may be due to AD.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, even a modest level of diagnostic misclassification could have a significant effect on clinical trial calculations for minimum subject number and thus should be considered in clinical trial planning.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent examination of NACC data, Nelson et al estimated that 18% of subjects with dementia fell outside of the NIA-Reagan guidelines (34);”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely that, just as some subjects with 90% coronary artery stenosis suffer myocardial infarctions and some do not, individual subjects will vary in their ability to withstand a given lesion density (perhaps due to “cognitive reserve”), differences in genetic background or differences in environmental exposures.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For selecting subjects for clinical trials, the relatively high sensitivity is somewhat reassuring because it means that a relatively small percentage of non-AD subjects will be included in clinical trials.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because ADCs are tertiary referral centers, diagnostic accuracy rates may differ from those that may be achieved in secondary or primary care settings.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients with a more complex clinical syndrome are more likely to be referred to a tertiary care center.
- Rests on an assumption: The greater level of neurological expertise at tertiary care centers contributes to more accurate diagnoses.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus there are “low,” “intermediate” and “high” probability designations for classifying autopsy subjects although definitive recommendations on which of these 3 levels should be attained to justify the conclusion that dementia is due primarily to AD have not been defined.”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although neuropathological consensus criteria for AD have changed several times over the last 3 decades, the clinical criteria have remained virtually unchanged since the NINCDS-ADRDA-sponsored criteria published in 1984 (6).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] McKeel, 2004, Neuropathologic criteria for diagnosing Alzheimer disease in persons with pure dementia of Alzheimer type, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“AD has generally been attributed to be the neuropathological cause in between 65% and 75% of dementia cases (42, 43).”
§ Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Centers, 2005–2010 > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Biopsy has long been contraindicated for AD due to a high risk/benefit ratio.
“For many disorders this is possible during life through biopsy but biopsy has long been contraindicated for AD due to a high risk/benefit ratio.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The consensus of expert opinion has required that the clinically documented presence of dementia be part of the definition of AD.
“Indeed, until the present time the consensus of expert opinion has required that the clinically documented presence of dementia be part of the definition of AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It has been the common practice for both clinical and neuropathological diagnostic definitions of AD to require the presence of dementia.
“Subjects without dementia were excluded because it has been the common practice for both clinical and neuropathological diagnostic definitions of AD to require the presence of dementia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Non-demented subjects are not generally classified as AD.
“Therefore, non-demented subjects are not generally classified as AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The available body of knowledge does not allow neuropathologists to be dogmatic about exactly how much plaque and tangle pathology is necessary to cause dementia.
“We feel that our approach here has been cautious as the available body of knowledge does not allow neuropathologists to be dogmatic about exactly how much plaque and tangle pathology is necessary to cause dementia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The clinical methods for diagnosing AD have not changed substantially since the introduction of NINDS-ADRDA criteria in 1984.
“whereas the clinical methods for diagnosing AD have not changed substantially since the introduction of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINDS-ADRDA) criteria in 1984 (26)”
The paper relies on this without support.
A large fraction of cognitively unimpaired elderly possesses sparse neuritic plaques and/or Braak stages 0-II.
“Lowering the lesion density threshold further (e.g. allowing sparse neuritic plaques and/or Braak stages 0-II) seemed counterintuitive because a large fraction of cognitively unimpaired elderly possesses such attributes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients with a more complex clinical syndrome are more likely to be referred to a tertiary care center.
“For example, patients with a more complex clinical syndrome are more likely to be referred to a tertiary care center.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The greater level of neurological expertise at tertiary care centers contributes to more accurate diagnoses.
“On the other hand, the greater level of neurological expertise at these centers would presumably contribute to more accurate diagnoses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Large reported autopsy series are only done in tertiary care settings.
“Because large reported autopsy series are only done in tertiary care settings, it is not possible to know for certain whether such differences exist.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while physicians struggle with accurate and reliable diagnostics even when multimodality is present, as proven by histopathological correlation42.”
From Fusion of medical imaging and electronic health records using deep learning: a systematic review and implementation guidelines (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“common causes of dementias outside of AD such as vascular dementia (VD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) widen the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions and contribute to variability in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity12.”
From Multimodal deep learning for Alzheimer's disease dementia assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Beach et al (6) found that sensitivity ranged from 70.9% to 87.3% and specificity from 44.3% to 70.8%.”
From Concordance of Clinical Alzheimer Diagnosis and Neuropathological Features at Autopsy (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · cited 3×
“For the clinical diagnosis of AD, NINDSADRDA criteria (26) were stratified by considering ‘‘probable AD’’ alone as well as ‘‘probable’’ plus ‘‘possible AD.”
MethodInfluentialNeuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123 · cited 1×
“’’ Because of the idiosyncratic assignment of these categories from case to case (32), we instead stratified all relevant combinations of the deterministic histopathologic scores, consisting of the CERAD-defined neuritic plaque density score (29) and the Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage (33).”
BackgroundSperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., Iwatsubo, T., Jack, C. R., Kaye, J., Montine, T. J., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003 · Cited by 7,155 · cited 1×
“New clinical diagnostic consensus criteria have now been finalized under the auspices of the NIA and Alzheimer’s Association (52), with novel features including recognition of a preclinical stage of AD and the incorporation of imaging and laboratory-based cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.”
BackgroundMirra, S. S., Heyman, A., McKeel, D., Sumi, S. M., Crain, B. J., Brownlee, L. M., Vogel, F. S., Hughes, J. P., Belle, G. V., Berg, L., et al. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.4.479 · Cited by 4,961 · cited 2×
“’’ Because of the idiosyncratic assignment of these categories from case to case (32), we instead stratified all relevant combinations of the deterministic histopathologic scores, consisting of the CERAD-defined neuritic plaque density score (29) and the Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage (33).”
BackgroundHypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade
Jack, C. R., Knopman, D. S., Jagust, W. J., Shaw, L. M., Aisen, P. S., Weiner, M. W., Petersen, R. C., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70299-6 · Cited by 4,806 · cited 1×
“The emergence of new biomarkers may have a major impact on clinical diagnostic practice (1); however, because measures of all biomarkers studied to date have considerable overlap with those found in other types of dementia (as well the cognitively normal elderly population), it remains difficult to determine whether c…”
BackgroundPhases of Aβ-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD
Thal, D. R., Rüb, U., Orantes, M., & Braak, H. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.12.1791 · Cited by 3,490 · cited 1×
“Amyloid staging may be of immediate clinical diagnostic utility when used to guide amyloid imaging as the progression of amyloid plaques beyond the cortex appears to be a useful marker of higher Braak tangle stage and of the presence of dementia (49, 50).”
BackgroundHyman, B. T., Phelps, C. H., Beach, T. G., Bigio, E. H., Cairns, N. J., Carrillo, M. C., Dickson, D. W., Duyckaerts, C., Frosch, M. P., Masliah, E., et al. (2012) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007 · Cited by 3,092
Self-citationMontine, T. J., Phelps, C. H., Beach, T. G., Bigio, E. H., Cairns, N. J., Dickson, D. W., Duyckaerts, C., Frosch, M. P., Masliah, E., Mirra, S. S., et al. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3 · Cited by 2,894 · cited 3×
“The new NIA criteria use this same combination of NPs and Braak stage as the minimum lesion density necessary for attributing the cause of dementia to AD (39, 40).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDiagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
Khachaturian, Z. S. (1985) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1985.04060100083029 · Cited by 2,499
Practice parameter: Management of dementia (an evidence-based review) [RETIRED]
Doody, R. S., Stevens, J. E., Beck, C., Dubinsky, R., Kaye, J. A., Gwyther, L. P., Mohs, R. C., Thal, L. J., Whitehouse, P. J., DeKosky, S. T., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1154 · Cited by 1,708
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,108
Language patterns in Japanese patients with Alzheimer disease: A machine learning approach
Momota, Y., Liang, K., Horigome, T., Kitazawa, M., Eguchi, Y., Takamiya, A., Goto, A., Mimura, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13526 · Cited by 10
“1 – 4 The development of disease-modifying therapeutics has increased the importance of accurate diagnosis and follow-up evaluations.”
BackgroundThe Early‐Onset Alzheimer's Disease Whole‐Genome Sequencing Project: Study design and methodology
Ray, N. R., Ayodele, T., Jean‐Francois, M. N., Baez, P., Fernández, M. V., Bradley, J. L., Crane, P. K., Dalgard, C. L., Kuzma, A. B., Nicaretta, H. I., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13370 · Cited by 8
Taylor, J. A., Jaros, M. J., Chen, C., Harrison, J., & Hilt, D. C. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231456 · Cited by 8
“As has been shown [18], relying on a clinical diagnosis of AD is inexact and almost certainly led to significant heterogeneity in the trial population, as amyloid PET scans were not used as an inclusion criterion.”
MethodAga, V. M. (2024) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2024.11.003 · Cited by 9
Shaw, J. S., Huang, P. C., Rosenberg, P. B., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70039 · Cited by 7
Sun, Y., Chen, Y., Dong, L., Hu, D., Zhang, X., Jin, C., Zhou, R., Zhang, J., Dou, X., Wang, J., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-025-07228-9 · Cited by 6
“There is still a certain gap between their diagnostic accuracy [ 85 ].”
Development of acetophenone ligands as potential neuroimaging agents for cholinesterases
Jollymore, C. T., Pottie, I. R., Martin, E. V., Rosenberry, T. L., & Darvesh, S. (2016) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.048 · Cited by 7
Nazarian, A., & Kulminski, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190168 · Cited by 7
“Therefore, future analysis of large samples of histopathologically diagnosed AD cases and healthy controls may help to obtain more accurate estimates of AD heritability [44].”
Mathioudakis, L., Dimovasili, C., Bourbouli, M., Latsoudis, H., Kokosali, E., Gouna, G., Vogiatzi, E., Basta, M., Kapetanaki, S., Panagiotakis, S., et al. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.07.002 · Cited by 7
Re-Evaluation of Clinical Dementia Diagnoses with Pittsburgh Compound B Positron Emission Tomography
Gunnarsson, M. D., Lindau, M. P., Santillo, A. F., Wall, A., Engler, H., Lannfelt, L., Basun, H., & Kilander, L. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000356273 · Cited by 7
“Other dementia disorders such as argyrophilic grain disease and neurofibrillary tangle-predom-inant dementia cause 5–10% of dementia in high age but are not possible to diagnose ante mortem [46–48] .”
Massa, F., Farotti, L., Eusebi, P., Capello, E., Dottorini, M. E., Tranfaglia, C., Bauckneht, M., Morbelli, S. D., Nobili, F. M., & Parnetti, L. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190539 · Cited by 8
“…establish that in the remaining 35% of patients the second biomarker ‘was wrong’ because we know the clinical diagnosis carries in turn a considerable risk of errors [51], especially if we consider that here the final clinical diagnosis tells against the suggestion given by the second biomarker.”
Network-constrained technique to characterize pathology progression rate in Alzheimer’s disease
Powell, F., Tosun, D., Raj, A., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab144 · Cited by 7
“9,10 As a measure of disease progression, global brain volume is limited, as it ignores the highly specific spatial patterns of Alzheimer’s disease-related atrophy.”
[18F]THK-5351 PET Patterns in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease and Negative Amyloid PET Findings
Oh, M., Oh, J. S., Oh, S. J., Lee, S. J., Roh, J. H., Kim, W., Seo, H., Kang, J. M., Seo, S. W., Lee, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2022.18.4.437 · Cited by 8
“440 J Clin Neurol 2022;18(4):437-446 [18F]THK-5351 PET in Amyloid Negative AD JCN”
BackgroundInfluentialIncreased Risk of Autopsy-Proven Pneumonia with Sex, Season and Neurodegenerative DiseasePreprint
Beach, T. G., Russell, A., Sue, L. I., Intorcia, A. J., Glass, M. J., Walker, J. E., Arce, R. A., Nelson, C. M., Hidalgo, T., Chiarolanza, G., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.21249410 · Cited by 7
“Autopsies provide more accurate diagnoses for both pneumonia and neurodegenerative diseases [43,49-52,63-65].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPolsinelli, A. J., Johnson, S., Crouch, A., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14042 · Cited by 6
“32 Those rates are believed to be higher among EOAD.”
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease in Clinical Practice: Time to Incorporate Biomarkers?
Vyhnálek, M., Laczó, M., & Laczó, J. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240660 · Cited by 7
“8 Thelowdiagnosticaccuracyofstandarddiagnostic procedures may be due to challenges in interpreting memory impairment and hippocampal atrophy.”
BackgroundBlood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease—A guideline for clinical use
Shi, J., Ou, Q., & Chen, X. (2024) · Medicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.medp.2024.100057 · Cited by 8
Cohen, A. D., & Villemagne, V. L. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70291 · Cited by 7
“203 While clinical criteria, alongwithcurrentstructuralneuroimagingtechniques(CTorMRI),are sensitiveandspecificenoughfordiagnosingADinitsmidtolatestages, these methods primarily focus on relatively nonspecific features such as memory loss, functional decline, and brain atrophy, which appear later…”
Hyperspectral retinal imaging to detect Alzheimer’s disease in a memory clinic setting
Dallora, A. L., Alexander, J., Palesetti, P. P., Guénot, D., Selvander, M., Berglund, J. S., & Behrens, A. (2025) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-025-01887-4 · Cited by 9
Gaetani, L., Agnello, L., Pilotto, A., Benussi, A., Cagnin, A. C., Parnetti, L., Bozzali, M., Padovani, A., Ciaccio, M., the Italian Society of Neurology (SIN) Study Group on Biomarkers in Neurology, et al. (2026) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-026-08931-7 · Cited by 6
Ghouri, R., Öksüz, N., Taşdelen, B., & Özge, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1240093 · Cited by 7
“Conversely, LBD has been linked to a higher occurrence in women in some studies (10), while others report no gender-related differences (11).”
BackgroundHow will the emergence of lecanemab change dementia treatment?
Iwata, A. (2024) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.14945 · Cited by 7
Clinical significance of plasma candidate biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease
Lewczuk, P., Łukaszewicz‐Zając, M., Kornhuber, J., & Mroczko, B. (2024) · Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska · doi:10.5603/pjnns.100675 · Cited by 7
Sharma, S., Liu, J., Abramowitz, A., Geary, C. R., Johnston, K. C., Manning, C. A., Horn, J. D. V., Zhou, A., Anzalone, A. J., Loomba, J. J., et al. (2024) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooae076 · Cited by 6
Diagnostische Kriterien und Diagnose der Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ
Oedekoven, C., & Dodel, R. C. (2019) · Neurologie up2date · doi:10.1055/a-0803-4606 · Cited by 7
“[1] Beach TG, Monsell SE, Phillips LE et al.”
BackgroundSleep and future cognitive decline
Coulthard, E. J., & Blackman, J. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab315 · Cited by 6
“Even where sleep is recorded in clinical cohorts, Alzheimer’s disease is often not well characterized and relies on a clinical diagnosis of dementia, which is generally late and relatively inaccurate.(2) So, we often do not really know whether people already have early Alzheimer’s disease at the time of sleep recordin…”
BackgroundMRI-based Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease using Deep Learning with CycleGAN for Data Augmentation
Badr, A. B. S. H. (2022) · International journal of high school research · doi:10.36838/v4i2.1 · Cited by 6
Impact of amyloid PET in the clinical care of veterans in a tertiary memory disorders clinic
Vives‐Rodriguez, A., Schiloski, K. A., Marín, A., Wang, R. Z., Hajos, G. P., Powsner, R. A., DeCaro, R. E., Budson, A. E., & Turk, K. W. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12320 · Cited by 6
Perron, J., Scramstad, C., & Ko, J. H. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230633 · Cited by 6
“%) at best and suffers from numerous issues of replication between facilities, even for the oft-touted gold standard of autopsy [10–12].”
Zhang, C., Lei, X., Ma, W., Long, J., Long, S., Chen, X., Luo, J., & Tao, Q. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230703 · Cited by 7
“The AD detection procedure is time-consuming, and mainly relies on the clinician’s expertise, resulting in a sensitivity ranging between 70.9% and 87.3%, and a specificity between 44.3% and 70.8% [6].”
InfluentialCouch, E., Zhang, W., Bélanger, E., Shepherd‐Banigan, M. E., DePasquale, N., Houtven, C. H. V., Gadbois, E. A., & Wetle, T. T. (2024) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2024.2371471 · Cited by 6
“However, amyloid scans have been criticized for lacking sensitivity, and elevated levels of amyloid can be found in cognitively healthy individuals and those with other neurological conditions (Beach et al., 2012; Jansen et al., 2015).”
Olsson, B., Schott, J. M., Blennow, K., & Zetterberg, H. (2017) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2017.1341311 · Cited by 7
Rubí, S., Noguera, A., Tarongí, S., Oporto, M., García, A., Vico, H., Espino, A., Picado, M. J., Mas, A., Peña, C., et al. (2018) · Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.remnie.2017.10.017 · Cited by 6
The Challenges of Diagnosis in Alzheimer’s Disease
Bogdanović, N. (2018) · touchREVIEWS in Neurology · doi:10.17925/usn.2018.14.1.15 · Cited by 6
“Postmortem studies, however, have indicated that current methods for the clinical diagnosis of AD are suboptimal.(1) Recent research has demonstrated the clinical utility of amyloid-beta positron emission tomography (PET) scans, which detect the presence of amyloid-beta plaques in the brain.”
ResultNeurotrophin Receptor p75 mRNA Level in Peripheral Blood Cells of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Xu, Y., Li, W., Wang, J., Zhu, C., Shen, Y., Shi, A., Zeng, G., Xu, Z., Zhou, X., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-019-00035-9 · Cited by 6
Genomics of Alzheimer’s disease
van de Weijer, M. P., Jansen, I. E., Verboven, A. H. A., Andreassen, O. A., & Posthuma, D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813176-3.00022-5 · Cited by 6
Hattori, N., Sherwin, P. F., & Farrar, G. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-190150 · Cited by 6
“guish AD from non-AD related dementias [6].”
MethodDiscovery of Diphenoxy Derivatives with Flexible Linkers as Ligands for β-Amyloid Plaques
Jia, J., Zhang, L., Song, J., Dai, J., & Cui, M. (2020) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00537 · Cited by 6
Kim, H., Cheong, E., Jo, S., Lee, S., Shim, W. H., Kang, D., Kwon, M., Kim, J. S., & Lee, J. (2021) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000457 · Cited by 6
Basic Concepts of Image Classification Algorithms Applied to Study Neurodegenerative Diseases
Dukart, J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00072-5 · Cited by 7
Leite, R. E. P., & Grinberg, L. T. (2015) · PROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS · doi:10.1002/prca.201400192 · Cited by 6
Performance of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer Disease in a Memory Clinic in Norway
Knapskog, A., Engedal, K., & Brækhus, A. (2015) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000126 · Cited by 6
Magnin, É., Dumurgier, J., Bouaziz-Amar, É., Bombois, S., Wallon, D., Gabelle, A., Lehmann, S., Blanc, F., Bousiges, O., Hannequin, D., et al. (2016) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2016.10.383 · Cited by 6
Orban, P., Tam, A., Urchs, S. G. W., Savard, M., Madjar, C., Badhwar, A., Dansereau, C. L., Vogel, J. W., Schmuel, A., Dagher, A., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/195164 · Cited by 6
“Between 30 and 50% of patients diagnosed with AD dementia in fact do not present Alzheimer’s pathology, depending on the level of neuropathological confidence (Beach et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodPoint prevalence of epilepsy in dementia: A “real‐world” estimate
Muroni, A., Floris, G., Borghero, G., Ardu, S., Pateri, M. I., Pilotto, S., Pisano, G., & Defazio, G. (2024) · Epileptic Disorders · doi:10.1002/epd2.20199 · Cited by 5
Lee, J., Kouznetsova, V. L., Kesari, S., & Tsigelny, I. F. (2025) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-024-01490-w · Cited by 5
“Numerous studies on the accuracy of clinical AD diagnostic practices have shown a sensitivity that ranges between 41% and 100%, with a median of 87% and specificity that ranges between 37% and 100%, with a median of 58% (Beach et al. 2012).”
Simon, K. E., Gruen, M. E., & Olby, N. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1685430 · Cited by 5
Rosado, A. M., Vizcarra, J. C., Sharma, S. R. R., Keene, C. D., White, C. L., Kim, A., Forrest, S. L., Kovács, G. G., Chuah, C., Flanagan, M. E., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70775 · Cited by 8
“182 These challenges persist despite advances in neuroimaging and expansion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-based biomarkers, which are helpful tools but still incapable of consistently diagnosing mixed or atypical dementias.”
Generalizable MRI normative modelling to detect age-inappropriate neurodegeneration
Parker, T. D., Bethlehem, R. A. I., Seidlitz, J., White, S. R., David, M., Kolanko, M., Bernstock, J. D., Dorfschmidt, L., Bourke, N., de Taurines, A. F. L. G., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-025-01872-x · Cited by 7
Perron, J., & Ko, J. H. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app122211463 · Cited by 5
Dementia and learning : The use of tablet computers in joint activities
Ingebrand, E. (2023) · Linköping studies in arts and science · doi:10.3384/9789180750714 · Cited by 5
Application of Artificial Intelligence Technique to Detect Alzheimer's Disease
Arul Prakash, A., Ponmaniraj, S., Rajan, G., V, & Divya, A. (2023) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control for Engineering and Business Systems (ICCEBS) · doi:10.1109/iccebs58601.2023.10448792 · Cited by 5
Lower Prevalence of Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease Among Healthy African Americans
Lah, J. J., Tian, G., Risk, B. B., Hanfelt, J., Wang, L., Zhao, L., Hales, C. M., Johnson, E. C. B., Elmor, M. B., Malakauskas, S., et al. (2024) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26960 · Cited by 5
“Patients undergoing lumbar puncture in the course of clinical evaluation consented to allow collection of extra CSF for research, and all prospectively collected clinic samples through August 2021 were included.”
The impact of tau-PET in a selected memory clinic cohort: rationale and design of the TAP-TAU study
Vermeiren, M. R., Somsen, J. F., Luurtsema, G., Reesink, F. E., Verwey, N. A., Hempenius, L., Tolboom, N., Biessels, G. J., Biesbroek, J. M., Vernooij, M. W., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01588-4 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, as indicated by post-mortem data, the majority of individuals with pathologically defined AD have concomitant pathologies, in particular vascular, Lewy body and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathologies [4–9].”
BackgroundTOMM40 may mediate GFAP, neurofilament light Protein, pTau181, and brain morphometry in aging
Honea, R. A., Wilkins, H., Hunt, S. L., Kueck, P. J., Burns, J. M., Swerdlow, R. H., & Morris, J. K. (2024) · Aging Brain · doi:10.1016/j.nbas.2024.100134 · Cited by 5
Celebrating neuropathology's contributions to Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers
Fischer, D. L., Grinberg, L. T., Ahrendsen, J. T., Beach, T. G., Bieniek, K. F., Castellani, R. J., Chkheidze, R., Cobos, I., Cohen, M. L., Crary, J. F., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70734 · Cited by 6
“Ofnote,inthemostrecentconsensus-basedguidelinesdescribing ADNC, PART, and LATE-NC, the NACC data were used to bolster clinical–pathological concepts for a data-driven approach.”
InfluentialSelf-citationJoo, S. H., & Lee, C. U. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0104 · Cited by 5
The Use of Biomarkers for Prediction and Prevention of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
Mandel, S. A., & Korczyn, A. D. (2012) · Advances in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5866-7_6 · Cited by 6
“AD may share clinical features with many other dementing disorders including vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD) and others [3, 4].”
BackgroundApplied multimodal diagnostics in a case of presenile dementia
Schönecker, S., Brendel, M., Huber, M., Vollmar, C., Huppertz, H., Teipel, S. J., Okamura, N., Levin, J., Rominger, A., & Danek, A. (2016) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0647-7 · Cited by 5
Semah, F., Deberdt, W. G., & Ceccaldi, M. P. (2016) · Médecine Nucléaire · doi:10.1016/j.mednuc.2016.08.001 · Cited by 5
The Role of Neuroimaging in the Assessment of the Cognitively Impaired Elderly
Kollack‐Walker, S., Liu, C. Y., & Fleisher, A. (2017) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2017.01.010 · Cited by 6
Patient with frontal-variant syndrome in early-onset Alzheimer's disease
Cai, H., Ning, S., Li, W., Li, X., Xiao, S., & Sun, L. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2019-100173 · Cited by 6
Gupta, H., Beach, T. G., Mehta, S. H., Shill, H. A., Driver‐Dunckley, E. D., Sabbagh, M. N., Belden, C. M., Liebsack, C., Dugger, B. N., Serrano, G. E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200323 · Cited by 5
“Eventhoughclinical criteriahavebeenestablishedforantemortemdiagno-sisandfordistinguishingtheseconditionsfromeach other,thereremainssignificantmisdiagnosiswhen comparedtogold-standardpathologicconfirmation [2,3],andclinicalrecognitionofDLBisachievedin onlyaminorityofsubjects[4].”
Self-citationSensi, S. L., Russo, M., & Tiraboschi, P. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85538-9.00015-8 · Cited by 5
Ethical Issues of Primary and Secondary Dementia Prevention
Schürmann, J. M., & Trachsel, M. (2023) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000321 · Cited by 5
Exploring shared features in neurodegenerative diseases
Jain, A., Udine, E., & van Blitterswijk, M. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad337 · Cited by 5
AD and its comorbidities: An obstacle to develop a clinically efficient treatment?
Baker, J., & Schott, J. M. (2022) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03.001 · Cited by 5
Sha, S. J., & Rabinovici, G. D. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118797662.ch3 · Cited by 5
Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Dementia: New Opportunities and Challenges in the Big-Data Era
Nead, K. T. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2017.74.8806 · Cited by 5
Euesden, J., Ali, M., Robins, C., Surendran, P., Gormley, P., (ADNI), F. T. A. D. N. I., Pulford, D., & Cruchaga, C. (2025) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310977 · Cited by 3
The Evolution of Randomized Clinical Trial Designs to Assess Therapeutics in Alzheimer Disease
Aumont, É., Therriault, J., Kwan, A. T. H., Carello‐Collar, G., Arfaie, S., Hall, B. J., Ferrari‐Souza, J. P., Woo, M. S., Macedo, A. C., Tissot, C., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.29665 · Cited by 5
Borelli, W. V., Ferreira, P. C. L., Brum, W. S., Ferrari‐Souza, J. P., Carello‐Collar, G., Holz, M. R., Souza, V. T., Strelow, M. Z., Formoso, C., Chaves, M. L. F., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03192-w · Cited by 12
Classification of Alzheimer’s disease in a mixed clinical cohort using biofluid Raman spectroscopy
Devitt, G., Michopoulou, S. K., Kadalayil, L., Hanrahan, N., Prosser, A. M. J., Ghosh, B. C. P., Mudher, A. K., Kipps, C., & Mahajan, S. (2025) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-025-01879-4 · Cited by 6
“Reported accuracies of clinical AD diagnosis vary widely (4), in part due to diagnostic inaccuracies and patient heterogeneity.”
Incidence and Prevalence of Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Urso, D., Giannoni‐Luza, S., Giannelli, T., Brayne, C., Ray, N., & Logroscino, G. (2026) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2026.1206 · Cited by 5
Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology
Bruno, J. L., Shaw, J. S., Hosseini, S. M. H., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2026) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000218413 · Cited by 5
A Bayesian hierarchical change point model with parameter constraints
Li, H., Benitez, A. M., & Neelon, B. (2020) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280220948097 · Cited by 4
Therriault, J., Gauthier, S. G., & Rosa‐Neto, P. (2023) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2023.52 · Cited by 4
“The long preclinical phase of AD (12, 13), as well as difficulties in identifying AD based solely on clinical criteria (19, 20) have underscored the need for sensitive and specific in vivo biomarkers of AD pathophysiology.”
BackgroundComparing Lookback Periods to Ascertain Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
Kunicki, Z. J., Bayer, T. A., Jiang, L., Bozzay, M. L., Quinn, M. J., Vito, A. N. D., Emrani, S., Erqou, S. A., McGeary, J. E., Zullo, A. R., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/15333175231199566 · Cited by 5
Future of Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: Combination Therapy and Precision Medicine
Fillit, H. M., Nisenbaum, L. K., & Burstein, A. H. (2023) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2023.112 · Cited by 4
“Experience from postmortem studies suggests that 17% of patients with clinical AD do not have significant pathologic changes in the brain (14).”
BackgroundDastgheib, Z. A., Lithgow, B., & Moussavi, Z. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59122091 · Cited by 4
“Currently, brain autopsy is the only way to confirm dementia and its subtypes [8].”
BackgroundBae, J. B., Lee, S., Oh, H., Sung, J., Lee, D., Han, J. W., Kim, J. S., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. E., & Kim, K. W. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0052 · Cited by 4
MRI Diffusion Connectomics-Based Characterization of Progression in Alzheimer’s Disease
Mattie, D., Peña‐Castillo, L., Takahashi, E., & Levman, J. E. D. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14167001 · Cited by 4
Brain metabolic imaging-based model identifies cognitive stability in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease
Perron, J., Scramstad, C., & Ko, J. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02039-2 · Cited by 4
Jovalekic, A., Bullich, S., Catafau, A. M., & Santi, S. D. (2016) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt-2016-0026 · Cited by 4
Predicting Risk for Dementia: Is It Ready for the Clinic?
Johnson, S. C., & Asthana, S. (2019) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19050520 · Cited by 4
Wändell, P. E., Carlsson, A. C., Li, X., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2019) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.065 · Cited by 5
Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Roberts, A., Savundranayagam, M. Y., & Orange, J. B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74985-9_14 · Cited by 4
Dominke, C., Fischer, A. M., Grimmer, T., Diehl‐Schmid, J., & Jähn, T. (2022) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2022.2138255 · Cited by 4
“The accuracy of psychiatric DAT and DEP diagnosis have been found to be relatively high, justifying the use of psychiatric diagnoses as the outcome measures (Beach et al., 2012; Reed et al., 2018; Snowden et al., 2011; Sommerlad et al., 2018).”
BackgroundJourne‐Mallet, I., Gouju, J., Etcharry‐Bouyx, F., Chauviré, V., Guillet, V., Scherer‐Gagou, C., Prundean, A., Godard, S., Lecluse, A., Cassereau, J., et al. (2022) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.13138 · Cited by 4
Wang, W. (2023) · Asia Conference on Algorithms, Computing and Machine Learning (CACML) · doi:10.1145/3590003.3590061 · Cited by 4
“The traditional methods of AD diagnosis are generally subpar since the misdiagnosis rate can be as high as one in five [5], even for the most experienced clinicians.”
MethodMichalik, F., Xie, M., Eyting, M., Heß, S., Chung, S., & Geldsetzer, P. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.088262 · Cited by 4
Aβ Imaging in Aging, Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Conditions
Villemagne, V. L., Fodero‐Tavoletti, M. T., Yates, P. A., Masters, C. L., & Rowe, C. C. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54307-4_10 · Cited by 4
Frackowiak, R. S. J., Ailamaki, A., & Kherif, F. (2016) · Research and perspectives in neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28802-4_10 · Cited by 4
“The dementia syndrome is caused by a range of pathological mechanisms, a few of which are genetically determined, the vast majority of which are of unknown aetiology, to the extent that the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is wrong in the best centers about 30 % of the time, if post mortem features are used to de…”
BackgroundRefining the understanding of typical Alzheimer disease
Jessen, F. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0259-0 · Cited by 4
Chibhabha, F., Yaqi, Y., & Li, F. (2020) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2019-0119 · Cited by 4
A semiparametric method for estimating the progression of cognitive decline in dementia
Li, X., Bilen‐Green, C., Farahmand, K., & Langley, L. K. (2018) · IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering · doi:10.1080/24725579.2018.1455247 · Cited by 4
“A study by Beach et al. (2012) reported that the sensitivity in the diagnosis of AD ranged from 70.9% to 87.3%, and specificity ranged from 44.3% to 70.8% for NACC data.”
BackgroundInfluentialUrooj, S., SINGH, S. P., Malibari, A., Alrowais, F., & Kalathil, S. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11041574 · Cited by 4
“Among the existing literature, much variability has been noticed in the context of sensitivity and specificity [44].”
Diagnostic Accuracy of 10/66 Dementia Protocol in Fijian-Indian Elders Living in New Zealand
Martínez-Ruiz, A., Krishnamurthi, R., Dahiya, E. S., Rai-Bala, R., Naicker, S., Yates, S., Rodriguez, C. R., Cheung, G., Dudley, M. D., Kerse, N. M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094870 · Cited by 5
“However, a study at the National Institute on Aging Alzheimer’s Disease Centres found that the sensitivity and specificity of the clinical diagnosis may increase or decrease depending on how permissive or restrictive the clinical criteria is [67].”
BackgroundDAT SPECT Predicts Survival in Patients Assessed for Differential Diagnosis of Dementia
Frings, L., Henninger, F., Treppner, M., Köber, G., Boeker, M., & Meyer, P. T. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210062 · Cited by 4
“However, the clinical diagnosis of DLB [9] and dementia subtypes in general [10] is inaccurate.”
Rueda, A., & Luis Fernando Enríquez, S. (2018) · Biosalud · doi:10.17151/biosa.2018.17.2.5 · Cited by 10
“Las enfermedades neurodegenerativas se caracterizan por un deterioro progresivo y a menudo irreversible de las células del sistema nervioso central, dicho progresión termina en la generación de algún tipo de demencia, donde esta última se identifica esencialmente por un deterioro cognitivo que afecta diversos dominios…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Beach, T. G., Monsell, S. E., Phillips, L. E., & Kukull, W.
- Affiliations
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beach, Thomas G.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 266-273
- ISSN
- 0022-3069 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-6578
- PMC
- PMC3331862
- OpenAlex
- W1974300727
- Semantic Scholar
- 59ed18597d0cb2e750fc7f3c928871aedf079d0a
- Cited by
- 1,103
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 36.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (P30 AG19610)
- Arizona Department of Health Services (P30 AG19610, U01 AG016976)
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (U01AG016976)
- Arizona Biomedical Research Commission (P30 AG19610)
- National Institute on Aging (U01AG016976, P30AG019610, U19AG010483)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, diagnostic accuracy, neuropathologic diagnosis, sensitivity and specificity, neuritic plaques, misdiagnosis, dementia, Lewy body disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, argyrophilic grain disease, hippocampal sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Databases, Factual, National Institute on Aging (U.S.)
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