Hopelessness, Defeat, and Entrapment in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Their Association With Suicidal Behavior and Severity of Depression
Abstract
Research has shown an increased frequency of suicidal behaviors in those with PTSD, but few studies have investigated the factors that underlie the emergence of suicidal behavior in PTSD. Two theories of suicide, the Cry of Pain and the Schematic Appraisal Model of Suicide, propose that feelings of hopelessness, defeat, and entrapment are core components of suicidality. This study aimed to examine the association between suicidal behavior and hopelessness, defeat, and entrapment in trauma victims with and without a PTSD diagnosis. The results demonstrated that hopelessness, defeat, and entrapment were significantly positively associated with suicidal behavior in those with PTSD. Hopelessness and defeat were also significantly positively associated with suicidal behavior in trauma victims without PTSD. In those with PTSD, the relationship between suicidal behavior and hopelessness and entrapment remained significant after controlling for comorbid depression. The findings provide support for the contemporary theories of suicidality and have important clinical implications.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Elevated defeat, entrapment and suicidal behaviour have been found in individuals with trauma and a diagnosis of PTSD, relative to those with trauma but no PTSD diagnosis.
“Elevated defeat, entrapment and suicidal behaviour have also been found in individuals with trauma and a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), relative to those with trauma but no PTSD diagnosis [71]”
From The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Cites
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696 · see citing works
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147 · see citing works
The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037562 · Cited by 5,494 · see citing works
The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106 · Cited by 5,024 · see citing works
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445 · Cited by 2,709 · see citing works
Osman, A., Bagge, C. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Konick, L. C., Kopper, B. A., & Barrios, F. X. (2001) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/107319110100800409 · Cited by 2,276 · see citing works
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_179754 · Cited by 2,095 · see citing works
Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research
Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2001) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1029 · Cited by 1,903 · see citing works
Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60372-x · Cited by 1,671 · see citing works
GILBERT, P., & ALLAN, S. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798006710 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study
Davidson, J. R. T., Hughes, D., Blazer, D. G., & George, L. K. (1991) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700022352 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00088-7 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in nine countries
Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., CANINO, G. J., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H., Joyce, P. R., Karam, E. G., Lee, C.-Y., Lellouch, J., Lépine, J., et al. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007867 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Comorbidity, Impairment, and Suicidality in Subthreshold PTSD
Marshall, R. D., Olfson, M., Hellman, F., Blanco, C., Guardino, M., & Struening, E. L. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1467 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Risk factors for suicidality in Europe: Results from the ESEMED study
Bernal, M., Haro, J. M., Bernert, S., Brugha, T., de Graaf, R., Bruffaerts, R., Lépine, J. P., de Girolamo, G., Vilagut, G., Gasquet, I., et al. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.018 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., Stein, M. B., Afifi, T. O., Fleet, C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31803146d8 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Maintenance of intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A cognitive approach
Ehlers, A., & Steil, R. (1995) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246580001585x · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Development of an Instrument To Measure Hope
Miller, J. F., & Powers, M. J. (1988) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-198801000-00002 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
The role of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety, and suicide.
Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., & Tarrier, N. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0022935 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive-Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Suicide Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Tarrier, N., Taylor, K., & Gooding, P. (2008) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445507304728 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression, Hopelessness, and Suicidal Ideation in the Terminally Ill
Chochinov, H. M., Wilson, K. G., Enns, M., & Lander, S. (1998) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(98)71325-8 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans
Hendin, H., & Haas, A. P. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.5.586 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Nordentoft, M., Jeppesen, P., Abel, M.-B., Kassow, P. B., Petersen, L. K., Thorup, A. A. E., Krarup, G., Hemmingsen, R., & Jørgensen, P. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.181.43.s98 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Oquendo, M. A., Brent, D. A., Birmaher, B. B., Greenhill, L. L., Kolko, D. J., Stanley, B., Zelazny, J. M., Burke, A. K., Firinciogullari, S., Ellis, S. P., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.560 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Phillips, K. A., Coles, M. E., Menard, W. E., Yen, S., Fay, C., & Weisberg, R. B. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0607 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., & Tarrier, N. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.02.009 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationEhlers, A., Maercker, A., & Boos, A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.45 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior: A narrative review
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.001 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety disorders and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication
Cougle, J. R., Keough, M. E., Riccardi, C. J., & Sachs-Ericsson, N. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.12.004 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Psychological Vulnerability to Completed Suicide: A Review of Empirical Studies
Conner, K. R., Duberstein, P. R., Conwell, Y., Seidlitz, L., & Caine, E. D. (2001) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.31.4.367.22048 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Predicting response to exposure treatment in PTSD: The role of mental defeat and alienation
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Dunmore, E., Jaycox, L. H., Meadows, E. A., & Foa, E. B. (1998) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024448511504 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Further Suicidal Behavior Among Medically Serious Suicide Attempters
Beautrais, A. L. (2004) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.34.1.1.27772 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Oquendo, M. A., Friend, J. M., Halberstam, B., Brodsky, B. S., Burke, A. K., Grunebaum, M. F., Malone, K. M., & Mann, J. J. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.580 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Johnson, J., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2008) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608307x244996 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in assault survivors
KLEIM, B., EHLERS, A., & GLUCKSMAN, E. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001006 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Wilcox, H. C., Storr, C. L., & Breslau, N. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.557 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Hopelessness, depression, substance disorder, and suicidality
Kuo, W.-H., Gallo, J. J., & Eaton, W. H. (2004) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0775-z · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Suicide risk in civilian PTSD patients: Predictors of suicidal ideation, planning and attempts
Tarrier, N., & Gregg, L. (2004) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0799-4 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationDeterminants and Outcomes of Serious Attempted Suicide: A Nationwide Study in Finland, 1996-2003
Haukka, J. K., Suominen, K. H., Partonen, T., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn017 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Further Validity and Reliability Evidence for Beck Hopelessness Scale Scores in a Nonclinical Sample
Steed, L. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640121971121 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Maia, D. B., Marmar, C. R., Metzler, T., Nóbrega, A., Berger, W., Mendlowicz, M. V., Coutinho, E. S. F., & Figueira, I. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.004 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Mazza, J. J., & Reynolds, W. M. (1998) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1998.tb00972.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Johnson, J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., Taylor, P. J., Pratt, D., & Tarrier, N. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.013 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationRasmussen, S. A., Fraser, L., Gotz, M., MacHale, S., Mackie, R., Masterton, G., McConachie, S., & O'Connor, R. C. (2010) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466509x415735 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Suicidal Behavior as a Cry of Pain: Test of a Psychological Model
O'Conno, R. C. (2003) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/713848941 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., Johnson, J., Pratt, D., & Tarrier, N. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.015 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationCompleted suicide in schizophrenia: Evidence from a case-control study
Pompili, M., Lester, D., Grispini, A., Innamorati, M., Calandro, F., Iliceto, P., Pisa, E. D., Tatarelli, R., & Girardi, P. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.018 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Risk factors for suicide attempts among African American women
Kaslow, N., Thompson, M. P., Meadows, L. A., Chance, S., Puett, R., Hollins, L., Jessee, S., & Kellermann, A. (2000) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:1 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Hopelessness: The role of depression, future directed thinking and cognitive vulnerability
O’Connor, R. C., Connery, H., & Cheyne, W. M. (2000) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/713690188 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Psychology and suicidal behaviour: elaborating the entrapment model
Williams, J. M., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., & Duggan, D. S. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198529767.003.0005 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Bolton, C. A., Gooding, P. A., Kapur, N., Barrowclough, C., & Tarrier, N. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationLeiner, A. S., Compton, M. T., Houry, D., & Kaslow, N. J. (2008) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9174-7 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Hopelessness, stress, and perfectionism: The moderating effects of future thinking
O’Connor, R. C., O'Connor, D. B., O'Connor, S. M., Smallwood, J., & Miles, J. N. V. (2004) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930441000067 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Comorbidity of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidality in Vietnam Veterans
Kramer, T. L., Lindy, J. D., Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., & Leonard, A. C. (1994) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1994.tb00663.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Test-retest reliability of the hopelessness scale and its items in a university population
Holden, R. R., & Fekken, G. C. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198801)44:1 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Risk of non-fatal suicide ideation and behaviour in recent onset schizophrenia
Tarrier, N., Barrowclough, C., Andrews, B., & Gregg, L. (2004) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0828-3 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationAppraisals and Suicidality: The Mediating Role of Defeat and Entrapment
Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2010) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2010.494138 · Cited by 79 · cited 6× · see citing works
“…and SAMS model, a number of studies have shown that appraisals of defeat and entrapment are strongly associated with suicidal behavior in students (Taylor et al., 2010b), in parasuicide and self-harming populations (O’Connor, 2003; Rasmussen et al., 2010), and in individuals with psychosis…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSpokas, M. E., Wenzel, A. E., Stirman, S. W., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20438 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Freeman, T. W., Roca, V., & Moore, W. M. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200007000-00011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Relationships among Multiple Suicide Ideation Risk Factors in College Students
Weber, B., Metha, A., & Nelsen, E. A. (1997) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1300/j035v11n03_06 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Characteristics of Suicide Attempters and Nonattempters with Schizophrenia in a Rural Community
Ran, M., Xiang, M., Mao, W., Hou, Z., Tang, M., Chen, E. Y. H., Chan, C., YIP, P. S. F., & Conwell, Y. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.6.694 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
McFARLANE, A. C., Schrader, G., Bookless, C., & Browne, D. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01925.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Suicide schemas in non-affective psychosis: An empirical investigation
Pratt, D., Gooding, P. A., Johnson, J., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationPretrauma Neuroticism, Negative Appraisals of Intrusions, and Severity of PTSD Symptoms
van den Hout, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2004) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000022110.17639.60 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pathways to suicidal behavior in posttraumatic stress disorder*
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., Dunn, G., & Tarrier, N. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20627 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of the Multidimensional Hope Scale
Raleigh, E. D. H., & Boehm, S. (1994) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.2.2.155 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Psychosocial Correlates of Hopelessness Among Men
Soares, J. J. F., Macassa, G., Grossi, G., & Viitasara, E. (2008) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701628016 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder among deliberate self‐poisoning patients
Clover, K. A., Carter, G. L., & Whyte, I. M. (2004) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/s10960-004-5800-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour
O'Connor, R. C., & Kirtley, O. J. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0268 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Willner, P., Rose, J., Kroese, B. S., Murphy, G. H., Langdon, P. E., Clifford, C., Hutchings, H. A., Watkins, A. J., Hiles, S., & Cooper, V. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12811 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Suicidality in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review and meta-analysis
Angelakis, I., Gooding, P., Tarrier, N., & Panagioti, M. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.03.002 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationPosttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiometabolic Disease
Levine, A. B., Levine, L., & Levine, T. B. (2013) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000354910 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.06.004 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“The previous literature has shown that negative selfappraisals and perceptions of defeat and entrapment are the proximal processes underlying suicidal behavior in a range of populations [50–54] including those with PTSD .”
BackgroundSelf-citationLeBouthillier, D. M., McMillan, K. A., Thibodeau, M. A., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22010 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Berry, K., Ford, S., Jellicoe-Jones, L., & Haddock, G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.011 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
O’Connor, R. C., & Portzky, G. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.021 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“found that entrapment was significantly higher among trauma victims with PTSD compared to those without [28] and that defeat and entrapment fully mediated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and suicidal behavior [27].”
BackgroundChanges in Comorbid Conditions After Prolonged Exposure for PTSD: a Literature Review
van Minnen, A., Zoellner, L. A., Harned, M. S., & Mills, K. L. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0549-1 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Fox, V., Dalman, C., Dal, H., Hollander, A., Kirkbride, J., & Pitman, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.009 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“PTSD could plausibly lead to feelings of defeat and entrapment, through the sense that recurrent symptoms of intrusive thoughts, nightmares and flashbacks are inescapable (Panagioti et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultPanagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., Triantafyllou, K., & Tarrier, N. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0978-x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationLittlewood, D. L., Gooding, P. A., Panagioti, M., & Kyle, S. D. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5592 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Although participants were recruited based on their experience of trauma, 51 reported a current diagnosis of PTSD and a further 24 participants stated that they had a past diagnosis of PTSD. Presence of a comorbid mental illness was also reported by 36 participants (depression n = 27, bipolar disorder n = 4, borderlin…”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe development of the short defeat and entrapment scale (SDES).
Griffiths, A. W., Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Taylor, P. J., Panagioti, M., & Tai, S. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000110 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The cognitive behavioural prevention of suicide in psychosis: A clinical trial
Tarrier, N., KELLY, J. A., Maqsood, S., Snelson, N., Maxwell, J., Law, H., Dunn, G., & Gooding, P. A. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.029 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“To date, empirical evidence supports a multi-tiered appraisals system together with the operation ofsuicideschemainpeopleexperiencingsuicidality,psychosis,andpost traumatic stress disorder (Pratt et al., 2010; Taylor et al., 2010b,c; Panagioti et al., 2012c).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEntrapment as a mediator of suicide crises
Li, S., Yaseen, Z. S., Kim, H.-J., Briggs, J., Duffy, M., Frechette-Hagan, A., Cohen, L. J., & Galynker, I. I. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1587-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Correlates of hopelessness in the high suicide risk police occupation
Violanti, J. M., Andrew, M. E., Mnatsakanova, A., Hartley, T. A., Fekedulegn, D. B., & Burchfiel, C. M. (2015) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2015.1015125 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Panagioti, Gooding, and Tarrier (2012) demonstrated that hopelessness, defeat, and entrapment were significantly positively associated with suicidal behavior in those with PTSD even after controlling for depression.”
BackgroundRumination, Entrapment and Suicide Ideation: A Mediational Model
Teismann, T., & Forkmann, T. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1999 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cramer, R. J., Rasmussen, S. A., & Tucker, R. P. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112550 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.018 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationPanagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21917 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationNarcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Recognition and Treatment
Ronningstam, E., & Weinberg, I. (2013) · Focus · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.167 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Large, M. M. B., Chung, D., Davidson, M., Weiser, M., & Ryan, C. J. (2017) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.004309 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“22 It is known that negative emotional states, stigma 23 and trauma 24 are associated with suicide in the wider community, and there is no reason to think this is not the case in in-patient settings.”
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., & Tarrier, N. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22103 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationPanagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., & Tarrier, N. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.06.005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationBaiden, P., & Fuller‐Thomson, E. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12230 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Harris, K., Haddock, G., Peters, S., & Gooding, P. A. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03639-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, S., Galynker, I., Briggs, J., Duffy, M., Frechette-Hagan, A., Kim, H.-J., Cohen, L., & Yaseen, Z. S. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.072 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Functional domains as correlates of suicidality among psychiatric inpatients
Yaseen, Z. S., GALYNKER, I. I., Briggs, J., Freed, R. D., & Gabbay, V. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.066 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…state anxiety, and trait anxiety, were each significantly correlated with SI severity is consistent with multiple studies looking at each of these symptoms separately (Apter et al., 1993; O’Connor et al., 2013; Panagioti et al., 2012; Sareen et al., 2005a; Spijker et al., 2010; Winer et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDell’Osso, L., Massimetti, G., Conversano, C., Bertelloni, C. A., Carta, M. G., Ricca, V., & Carmassi, C. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0352-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“, through feelings of hopelessness, defeat and entrapment) [61,62].”
BackgroundSuicidal ideation and hopelessness in PTSD: spiritual well-being mediates outcomes over time
Flórez, I. A., Allbaugh, L. J., Harris, C. E., Schwartz, A. C., & Kaslow, N. J. (2017) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2017.1369260 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“For instance, this might involve incorporating measures of types and number of traumatic events associated with PTSD symptoms, psychological factors associated with hopelessness and suicidal ideation such as depressive symptoms, and additional potential mediators such as social support (Cougle et al., 2009; Panagioti…”
BackgroundGooding, P. A., Pratt, D., Awenat, Y. F., Drake, R., Elliott, R. A., Emsley, R., Huggett, C., Jones, S. H., Kapur, N., Lobban, F. A., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02697-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“88 in a range of samples including those with suicidal thoughts and behaviours and severe mental health problems [60, 62, 63].”
BackgroundSelf-citationShort defeat and entrapment scale: A psychometric investigation in three German samples
Höller, I., Teismann, T., Cwik, J. C., Glaesmer, H., Spangenberg, L., Hallensleben, N., Paashaus, L., Rath, D., Schönfelder, A., Juckel, G., et al. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152160 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ibala, R.-M., Seff, I., & Stark, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105099 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In line with the Cry of Pain and SAMS models detailed by Panagioti et al. (2012) [12], IPV-tolerant GBV survivors may anticipate negative future outcomes due to feelings of defeat, leading to increased symptoms of mental distress and suicidal behavior.”
BackgroundInfluentialAl-Dajani, N., & Uliaszek, A. A. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114027 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Tupler, L. A., Hong, J. Y., Gibori, R., Blitchington, T. F., & Krishnan, K. R. R. (2015) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000277 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…the emotional-volatility risk factor in disorders frequently associated with suicide, for example, bipolar I disorder and PTSD, as well as borderline personality disorder, although not examined in this study (Gonda et al., 2012; Panagioti et al., 2012a; Swann et al., 2005; Turnbull et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMorrison, A. P., Law, H., Barrowclough, C., Bentall, R. P., Haddock, G., Jones, S. H., Kilbride, M., Pitt, E., Shryane, N. M., Tarrier, N., et al. (2016) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar04050 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationA Review of Psychometrically Tested Instruments Assessing Suicide Risk in Adults
Kreuze, E. J., & Lamis, D. A. (2017) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222816688151 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Suicide Prevention for Male Prisoners: Case Examples
Pratt, D., Gooding, P. A., Awenat, Y. F., Eccles, S., & Tarrier, N. (2015) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.09.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationNo Way Out: Entrapment as a Moderator of Suicide Ideation Among Military Personnel
Shelef, L., Levi‐Belz, Y., Fruchter, E., Santo, Y., & Dahan, E. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22304 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Fischer, A., Rosner, R., Renneberg, B., & Steil, R. (2022) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-021-00172-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Other researchers have suggested that affective or cognitive processes, such as the perception of hopelessness [38], serve as mediators.”
BackgroundPeng, B., Hu, N., Guan, L., Chen, C., Chen, Z., & Yu, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1137921 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Eskander, N., Vadukapuram, R., Zahid, S., Ashraf, S., & Patel, R. S. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.8017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Parra, L. A., van Bergen, D. D., Dumon, E., Kretschmer, T., la Roi, C., Portzky, G., & Frost, D. M. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01838-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exposure to Early Life Adversity and Interpersonal Functioning in Attempted Suicide
Rajalin, M., Hirvikoski, T., Renberg, E. S., Åsberg, M., & Jokinen, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.552514 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“For individuals with fulfilled criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), there is a strong association with suicidal behavior (7, 8).”
BackgroundLaw, K. C., Allan, N. P., Kolnogorova, K., & Stecker, T. A. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Torino, G., Calati, R., Brambilla, P., & Delvecchio, G. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121138 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An empirical investigation of suicide schemas in individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., Pratt, D., & Tarrier, N. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.019 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial defeat as a mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and paranoid ideation
Seo, J., & Choi, J. Y. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.028 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Oakey‐Frost, N., Harris, J. A., May, A. M., Bryan, A. O., Tucker, R. P., & Bryan, C. J. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12815 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Owen, R., Jones, S. H., Dempsey, R. C., & Gooding, P. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095286 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCBT for difficult-to-treat depression: self-regulation model
Barton, S. B., Armstrong, P. V., Robinson, L. J., & Bromley, E. H. C. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000273 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…(Bird et al ., 2018; Catarino et al ., 2014; Gilbert, 2001; Gilbert and Allan, 1998); mental defeat and reduced self-agency (Gilbert, 2001; Panagioti et al ., 2012; Sloman, 2000; Taylor et al ., 2011); and suicidality, the intentional and fatal disconnection from life itself (Hawton et al…”
Suicidal Behaviors and Risk Taking Among Homeless Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Armoon, B., Griffiths, M. D., Mohammadi, R., & Ahounbar, E. (2023) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-023-01111-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“More specifically, this included (i) sociodemographic variables such as older age (six studies); (ii) risky behaviors such as history of physical abuse (five studies), experiencing violent behavior (six studies), and chronic physical illnesses (seven studies); (iii) mental health disorders such as mood disorders (11 s…”
BackgroundInfluentialHarris, K., Haddock, G., Peters, S., & Gooding, P. A. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa071 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationRahmandani, A., Salma, S., Kaloeti, D. V. S., Sakti, H., & Suparno, S. (2022) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/150252 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Seal, E., Vu, J., Winfield, A., & Fenesi, B. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060887 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exploring the impact of child maltreatment on adult suicidal ideation and suicide attempts
Serebriakova, J., Forkmann, T., Teismann, T., Paashaus, L., Schreiber, D., Schönfelder, A., Juckel, G., & Glaesmer, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.019 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Clement, D. N., Awad, S. A., Oliphant, V. N., & Wingate, L. R. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221147265 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Similar to feelings of defeat, entrapment has also been associated with PTSD and traumatic experiences (Panagioti et al., 2012).”
BackgroundWhitley, R. (2021) · Men’s Issues and Men’s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86320-3_5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Monéger, J., Chatard, A., & Selimbegović, L. (2022) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2022.2099454 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Interestingly, hopelessness and entrapment appear to have independent contributions to suicide ideation in both clinical and non-clinical populations (Panagioti et al., 2012; Tarsafi et al., 2015; Taylor et al., 2010).”
BackgroundForkmann, T., Eimen, J., Plein, L., Höller, I., Böhler, L., Schönfelder, A., Hallensleben, N., Schreiber, D. S., Paashaus, L., Juckel, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100822 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, S., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Hu, T., Wang, Z. J., Wang, R., Hu, F., Xu, C., Yu, X., Liu, Y., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11060781 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Campos, S., Núñez, D. E., Pérez, J. C., & Robinson, J. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/57038 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This fits with literature showing that these strategies are associated with the experience of emotional distress, depression, anxiety [69,70], PTSD symptoms [71], and SI [72].”
BackgroundPTSD and Depression Among Combat and Noncombat Israeli Veterans
Galor, S., & Hentschel, U. (2013) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2013.839323 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neria, Y. (2021) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2021.2005445 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“, 2019), and suicidal reactions among trauma-exposed individuals (Panagioti et al., 2012).”
BackgroundExplaining the Link Between PTSD and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis to Introduce the CEASE Framework
Brown, L. A., Zhu, Y., Kautz, M. M., & Weitz, E. S. (2026) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251409167 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Liu, H., Ho, G. W. K., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., Wong, K. H., & Hyland, P. (2024) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00655-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cannavò, M., Gullo, J., Falgares, G., Lamis, D. A., & Barberis, N. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2482952 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“It could be argued that a high sense of hopelessness and entrapment due to repeated traumatic experiences (Littlewood et al., 2016; Panagioti et al., 2012, 2013) increase pessimistic representations of the illness, and this may turn into a source of internalizing distress.”
Shergill, K., & Hooja, H. R. (2025) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00289-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schomberg, J., Teismann, T., Gerlach, A. L., & Cwik, J. C. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-10224-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have shown a significant correlation between feelings of entrapment and hopelessness, suggesting that individuals experiencing high levels of entrapment are also likely to feel hopeless [59, 61, 72].”
Carvalho, S., Caetano, F., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Mota-Pereira, J., Maia, D., Pimentel, P., Priscila, C., & Gilbert, P. (2020) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2020.1790657 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pohdintoja itsemurhien ehkäisystä
Kuismin, R. (2014) · Theseus (Ammattikorkeakoulujen)
Understanding suicidality in prisoners
Sheehy, K. (2016) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Understanding the Motivation for Suicide
Brown, J. D. (2019) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · doi:10.26182/5e8ebaa4c9c8c
Arco, A. H.-D., Izquierdo-Sotorrío, E., Ramírez-Uclés, I. M., Carrasco, M. Á., & Tello, F. P. H. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15060111
“Finally, the positive relationship between entrapment and hopelessness is notable, as pointed out by the works of Panagioti et al. (2012, 2013) and the present study, particularly in the case of internal entrapment.”
Khalifian, C. E., Lundell, S. R., Rashkovsky, K. T., Morland, L. A., & Cloître, M. (2025) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2025.2550228
“Hopelessness also directly impacts SI independent of mental health factors (Panagioti et al., 2012), with those high in hopelessness being 11 times more likely to complete suicide than those low in hopelessness (Beck et al., 1975, 2006).”
Sex differences in treatment outcomes among U.S. service members with comorbid PTSD and MDD
Glassman, L. H., Otis, N. P., Kline, A. C., Hunt, W. M., & Walter, K. H. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03878-4
O'Brien, E. J., BergWood, M., Bolner, J., Tucker, R. P., & Hill, R. M. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121406
Gooding, P. A., Awenat, Y. F., Drake, R., Emsley, R., Jones, S. H., Kapur, N., Lobban, F. A., Peters, S., Pratt, D., Elliott, R. A., et al. (2025) · Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation · doi:10.3310/gjpg0530
Self-citationKILIÇ, H. S., & Batıgün, A. D. (2026) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1818634
Suicide Cognitions as an Indirect Pathway Between Defeat and Entrapment
Uzun, A. E., & Gülgün, U. Z. U. N. (2026) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228261496857
- Authors
- Panagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., & Tarrier, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Panagioti, Maria
- Gooding, Patricia A.
- Tarrier, Nicholas
- Venue
- Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 200
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 676-683
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095448703
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal behavior, hopelessness, defeat, entrapment, trauma patients, comorbid depression
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Suicide, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
