Appraisals and Suicidality: The Mediating Role of Defeat and Entrapment

Taylor, Peter James; Wood, Alex M.; Gooding, Patricia; Tarrier, Nicholas

doi:10.1080/13811118.2010.494138

Cited by 79Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

Appraisals and Suicidality: The Mediating Role of Defeat and Entrapment

Taylor, Peter James, Wood, Alex M., Gooding, Patricia, Tarrier, Nicholas·2010·Archives of Suicide Research

DOI 10.1080/13811118.2010.494138

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Abstract

This study tested whether feelings of defeat and entrapment mediated the effects of negative appraisals upon suicidal ideation and behavior. A sample of 93 university students who reported some degree of suicidal ideation completed questionnaires of negative appraisals of social-support and problem-solving, defeat, entrapment, hopelessness and suicidality. The results supported a model whereby defeat and entrapment fully mediated the effect of appraisals of social support and problem-solving ability upon suicidality. Furthermore, controlling for hopelessness had no substantive impact upon this model. The findings support socio-cognitive models of suicidal behavior and highlight the key role of defeat and entrapment in suicide. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Having many unsuccessful attempts at resolving the problem is likely to accompany a sense of defeat, i.e., the failed struggle.
“This conflict between goals, which remains unresolved, is likely to lead to the sense of entrapment, whilst having many unsuccessful attempts at resolving the problem is likely to accompany a sense of defeat, i.e., the failed struggle (Gilbert and Allan, 1998; Taylor et al., 2010).”
From The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness (2021) · cites this paper as Taylor et al., 2010

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“Consistent with this view, a number of recent cross-sectional studies has demonstrated that defeat/entrapment is strongly associated with suicidal ideation in a range of research populations including those with PTSD (Panagioti et al. 2012; Taylor et al. 2010, 2011).”
MethodResult
A psychological intervention for suicide applied to non-affective psychosis: the CARMS (Cognitive AppRoaches to coMbatting Suicidality) randomised controlled trial protocol
Gooding, P. A., Pratt, D., Awenat, Y. F., Drake, R., Elliott, R. A., Emsley, R., Huggett, C., Jones, S. H., Kapur, N., Lobban, F. A., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02697-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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The Psychological Pathway to Suicide Attempts: A Strategy of Control Without Awareness
Macintyre, V. G., Mansell, W., Pratt, D., & Tai, S. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588683 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Trait reappraisal amplifies subjective defeat, sadness, and negative affect in response to failure versus success in nonclinical and psychosis populations.
Johnson, J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023737 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The study was approved by a national research ethics committee before commencing and took into consideration the precise needs of this population (Taylor et al., 2010a).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Suicidal Ideation and Schizophrenia: Contribution of Appraisal, Stigmatization, and Cognition
Stip, E., Caron, J., Tousignant, M., & Lecomte, Y. (2017) · Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · doi:10.1177/0706743717715207 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Consequently, cognitive models have been proposed to better understand the relationships between risk factors and suicidal ideation.(32-38) Some authors have proposed to conceptualize a psychotic episode as a life event requesting a response to cope with this event.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Psychological Characteristics and Predictors of Suicide Probability in High-Risk Prisoners
Gooding, P. A., Tarrier, N., Dunn, G., Awenat, Y. F., Shaw, J. J., Ulph, F., & Pratt, D. (2016) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854816650478 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The after-effects of momentary suicidal ideation: a preliminary examination of emotion intensity changes following suicidal thoughts
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The prospective role of defeat and entrapment in caregiver burden and depression amongst formal caregivers
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“…al., 2009) and subsequent research that has calculated an overall defeat and entrapment score, using either exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis to demonstrate that a single construct underlies defeat and entrapment (e.g. Griffiths et al., 2014; Griffiths et al., 2015; Taylor et al., 2010).”
Method
Psychological approaches to understanding and promoting recovery in psychosis and bipolar disorder: a mixed-methods approach
Morrison, A. P., Law, H., Barrowclough, C., Bentall, R. P., Haddock, G., Jones, S. H., Kilbride, M., Pitt, E., Shryane, N. M., Tarrier, N., et al. (2016) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar04050 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cognitive Adaptation to Stress and Trauma: The Role of Self-Appraised Problem-Solving in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Suicide Ideation and Deliberate Self-Harm among Ex-Prisoners of War
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No Way Out: Entrapment as a Moderator of Suicide Ideation Among Military Personnel
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A rank based social norms model of how people judge their levels of drunkenness whilst intoxicated
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„Vom Leben geschlagen“ – Validierung der deutschen Version der Defeat Scale (DS-d)
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Background
Family Belongingness Attenuates Entrapment and Buffers Its Association with Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Dutch Sexual Minority Emerging Adults
Parra, L. A., van Bergen, D. D., Dumon, E., Kretschmer, T., la Roi, C., Portzky, G., & Frost, D. M. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01838-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Perceived Stops to Suicidal Thoughts, Plans, and Actions in Persons Experiencing Psychosis
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Psychotherapy and youth suicide prevention: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of specialist clinicians' experiences
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Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents and Young Adults: The Role of Defeat, Entrapment, and Depressive Symptoms—From a Systematic Review to a Tentative Theoretical Model
Arco, A. H.-D., Izquierdo-Sotorrío, E., Carrasco, M. Á., Caro‐Cañizares, I., & Tello, F. P. H. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121145 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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“In people with non-affective psychosis, experiences of not having social support were found to amplify suicidal thoughts because they increased feelings of defeat and entrapment [29].”
Background
An empirical investigation of suicide schemas in individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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The Long-Term Relationship Between Psychological Resilience, Psychosis, Distress, and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
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“41 Our results showed that de-feat/entrapment, together, predicted suicidal thoughts and behaviors.”
An exploratory study into therapeutic alliance, defeat, entrapment and suicidality on mental health wards
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The Effect of External Entrapment on Suicidal Ideation: The Mediating Effect of Negative Affect and Moderating Effect of Emotion Coping Resilience
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Study protocol for a mixed methods prospective cohort study to explore experiences of care following a suicidal crisis in the Australian healthcare system
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EXPOSURE TO WORKPLACE BULLYING AND SUICIDAL IDEATION: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Rosario-Hernández, E., Rovira-Millán, L. V., Vélez, S. V., Zeno-Santi, R., García, P. F., Quintana, L. C., Santos, J. N., Toro, B. P. F., Caraballo, R. D. J., Fausto, J. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling · doi:10.47263/jasem.3(1)06 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The defeated self: Evidence that entrapment moderates first name priming effects on failure-thought accessibility
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“Interestingly, hopelessness and entrapment appear to have independent contributions to suicide ideation in both clinical and non-clinical populations (Panagioti et al., 2012; Tarsafi et al., 2015; Taylor et al., 2010).”
Background
Psychological Disorders and Autobiographical Memories: Examining Memory Specificity, Affective Content, and Meaning-Making
McKay, C., Storm, E., Castagna, P. J., Singer, J. A., & Conway, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38391-5_17 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How rumination affect suicidal ideation: a moderated mediation model
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“All of models emphasize entrapment as a proximal factor in suicidal ideation, serving as a bridge between environmental and psychological risk factors and the emergence of suicidal thoughts [20, 32, 52].”
Relationship between a history of child abuse and feelings of entrapment in Lebanese adults: the co-moderating effect of social support and religiosity
Zouki, C.-J. E., Chahine, A., Tawil, N. E., Jaalouk, K., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2024) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-024-00424-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sex differences in entrapment in a multinational sample: a network analysis perspective
Ramos‐Vera, C., Calle, D., Quispe-Callo, G., Höller, I., Forkmann, T., Ordóñez-Carrasco, J. L., Čopková, R., Lichner, V., Lobos-Rivera, M. E., Calizaya-Milla, Y. E., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1321207 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of the Entrapment Scale in Iranian Adolescents and Its Relationship with Suicidal Ideation
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“Moreover, the ﬁ ndings underscore the signi ﬁ - cance of the IMV model ’ s emphasis on the role of defeat and entrapment in understanding the occurrence of suicidal ideation, as supported by previous studies (Panagioti et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2010).”
The Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Defeat Scale; and Factor Construct of Defeat and Entrapment
이소영, Kwon, J., 이종선, & cho-hyun-ju (2015) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2015.34.1.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vulnérabilité suicidaire des contrevenants en centre de réadaptation : présentation d’un modèle explicatif
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“Ces études portaient, notamment, sur une population ayant des comportements d’automutilation (Rasmussen et al., 2010), hospitalisée en raison d’une tentative de suicide (O’Connor, 2003), ou encore sur une population non clinique (Taylor et al., 2010).”
Background
Desire for control and the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior: Results from a pilot investigation of adults in the United Kingdom
Saint-Cyr, N., Gallagher, B., Cramer, R. J., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640211003606 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Defeat contributes to feelings of entrapment, and entrapment is able to mediate the relationship between defeat and suicidal ideation (Taylor et al., 2010; Wetherall et al., 2019).”
Background
Escalas de comportamiento suicida en el trabajo: Desarrollo y validación de las escalas breves de ideación suicida, derrotismo y atrapamiento relacionado con el trabajo
Rovira-Millán, L. V., Blanco-Rovira, R. A., López-Iglesias, A. C., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2023) · Revista Evaluar · doi:10.35670/1667-4545.v23.n2.42064 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
El papel predictivo de la autocompasión de atrapamiento en estudiantes universitarios turcos
Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N., & Akın, Ü. (2015) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy14-2.prsc · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social problem-solving and suicidality
Miller, J. E. (2015) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
POLICY AND PREVENTION Social Norm Influences on Evaluations of the Risks Associated with Alcohol Consumption: Applying the Rank-Based Decision by Sampling Model to Health Judgments
Wood, A. M., & Maltby, J. (2012)
Childhood trauma and suicidal behaviour: Exploring psychological mediators
Grandison, G. (2026) · Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University) · doi:10.17869/enu.2070615
Evolutionary Anthropological Considerations of Suicide: How Has the Suicide Evolved?
Park, H. (2022) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2022.61.2.63
A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Problem-Solving Appraisal as Assessed by the Problem Solving Inventory and Suicide Ideation
Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. B. (2025) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2025.2521543
A psychological talking therapy for suicidality in people experiencing non-affective psychosis: Mechanism and efficacy outcomes of the CARMS (Cognitive AppRoaches to coMbatting Suicidality) randomised controlled trial
Gooding, P. A., Awenat, Y. F., Drake, R., Emsley, R., Jones, S. H., Kapur, N., Lobban, F. A., Peters, S., Pratt, D., Elliott, R. A., et al. (2025) · Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation · doi:10.3310/gjpg0530

NEGATIVE SELF-APPRAISALS AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR AMONG TRAUMA VICTIMS EXPERIENCING PTSD SYMPTOMS: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF DEFEAT AND ENTRAPMENT
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Defeat and Entrapment as Predictors of Depression and Suicidal Ideation versus Hopelessness and Helplessness
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Prospective Predictors of Suicidality: Defeat and Entrapment Lead to Changes in Suicidal Ideation over Time
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Defeat and entrapment in the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior
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A qualitative assessment and short‐term mediation analysis of defeat, entrapment, and suicide
Rasmussen, S. A., Cramer, R. J., Nascimbene, L., Robertson, R. A., Cacace, S. C., & Bowling, J. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12990 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Authors: Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N.
Affiliations: University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author: Taylor, Peter James
ORCID: Taylor, Peter James
Wood, Alex M.
Gooding, Patricia
Venue: Archives of Suicide Research
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-07-28
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: 236-247
ISSN: 1381-1118 (ISSN-L)
1543-6136
DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2010.494138
OpenAlex: W2023459515
Cited by: 79
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 7.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of Suicide Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, defeat, entrapment, negative appraisals, social support, problem-solving skills, hopelessness, mediation, university students
MeSH terms: Adult, Depression, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Loneliness, Male, Motivation, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Social Support, Students, Suicide, Attempted, Young Adult

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Appraisals and Suicidality: The Mediating Role of Defeat and Entrapment

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