The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 25 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale: Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials
Open accessAbstract
Objective: We examine the reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS)—which combines the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale and seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale—as a composite measure of depression and anxiety. Methods: Baseline data from 896 patients enrolled in two primary-care based trials of chronic pain and one oncology-practice–based trial of depression and pain were analyzed. The internal reliability, standard error of measurement, and convergent, construct, and factor structure validity, as well as sensitivity to change of the PHQ-ADS were examined. Results: The PHQ-ADS demonstrated high internal reliability (Cronbach α values of .8 to .9) in all three trials. PHQ-ADS scores can range from 0 to 48 (with higher scores indicating more severe depression/anxiety), and the estimated standard error of measurement was approximately 3 to 4 points. The PHQ-ADS showed strong convergent (most correlations, 0.7–0.8 range) and construct (most correlations, 0.4–0.6 range) validity when examining its association with other mental health, quality of life, and disability measures. PHQ-ADS cutpoints of 10, 20, and 30 indicated mild, moderate, and severe levels of depression/anxiety, respectively. Bifactor analysis showed sufficient unidimensionality of the PHQ-ADS score. PHQ-ADS change scores at 3 months differentiated ( p < .0001) between individuals classified as worse, stable, or improved by a reference measure, providing preliminary evidence for sensitivity to change. Conclusions: The PHQ-ADS may be a reliable and valid composite measure of depression and anxiety which, if validated in other populations, could be useful as a single measure for jointly assessing two of the most common psychological conditions in clinical practice and research. Trial Registration : Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00926588 (SCOPE); NCT00386243 (ESCAPE); NCT00313573 (INCPAD).
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Claims the paper makes
32 Own result · 12 Own interpretation · 6 Not checked yet · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PHQ-ADS demonstrated high internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha of 0.8 to 0.9) in all 3 trials.”
- Also stated in: § Psychometric Characteristics of PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-ADS in the 3 Trials · plain
“All 3 scale scores demonstrated good internal reliability, with Cronbach's alphas in the 0.8 to 0.9 range.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Abstract > Results
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Psychometric Characteristics of PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-ADS in the 3 Trials · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PHQ-ADS showed strong convergent (most correlations 0.7-0.8 range) and construct (most correlations 0.4-0.6 range) validity when examining its association with other mental health, quality of life and disability measures.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Abstract > Results
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PHQ-ADS showed strong convergent (most correlations 0.7-0.8 range) and construct (most correlations 0.4-0.6 range) validity when examining its association with other mental health, quality of life and disability measures.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Abstract > Results
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the estimated SEM was approximately 3 to 4 points”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Abstract > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bi-factor analysis showed sufficient unidimensionality of the PHQ-ADS score.”
- Also stated in: § Structural Validity of the PHQ-ADS · hedged
“further suggesting sufficient unidimensionality and supporting the structural validity of a single PHQ-ADS composite score”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Structural Validity of the PHQ-ADS · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the INCPAD trial, there were 73 patients classified as worse, 115 as unchanged, and 147 as improved.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Sensitivity to Change of the PHQ-ADS
plainn = 73- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar incremental “dose-response” effect is seen on all quality of life and disability domains.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Convergent and Construct Validity of the PHQ-ADS Ordinal Categories
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the scree plots (Figure S1, Supplemental Digital Content 1) of the eigenvalues indicated that there was one dominant factor, because the eigenvalues dropped greatly from the first to the second factor, after which eigenvalues leveled off with much smaller drops between the second and remaining factors.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Structural Validity of the PHQ-ADS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all item-total correlations were good (0.42 to 0.69)”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Psychometric Characteristics of PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-ADS in the 3 Trials
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, the results in the INCPAD trial of oncology patients were, though generally comparable to the two primary care trials, weaker on a few of the psychometric analyses.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PHQ-ADS change scores at 3 months differentiated (P < .0001) between individuals classified as worse, stable, or improved by a reference measure, providing preliminary evidence for sensitivity to change.”
- Also stated in: § Sensitivity to Change of the PHQ-ADS · plain
“the PHQ-ADS change scores significantly differentiated between the worse, unchanged, and improved groups in both trials”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The MHI-5 change classification of worse, unchanged, or improved is a valid reference standard for clinically meaningful change in depression and anxiety symptoms.
- Also stated in: § Sensitivity to Change of the PHQ-ADS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the WRMR threshold of ≤ 1.0 was achieved for the bi-factor model in all 3 trials, the 2-factor model in only 1 trial, and the 1-factor model in none of the trials.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Structural Validity of the PHQ-ADS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 3, the PHQ-ADS had the strongest correlations with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 (its two component scales), and the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 had moderately strong correlations with one another.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Convergent and Construct Validity of the PHQ-ADS, PHQ-9 and GAD-7
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The INCPAD trial enrolled patients with depression as well as pain and therefore, not surprisingly, had the highest mean depression scores, whereas the SCOPE trial had the lowest depression and anxiety scores.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Psychometric Characteristics of PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-ADS in the 3 Trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, all 3 trials focused on patients with pain, rather than individuals with depression (except INCPAD) or anxiety.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Discussion
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PHQ-ADS change scores among categories were significantly different (P < .0001) by analysis of variance, and pairwise comparisons between the worse, unchanged, and improved categories also differed (p < .001) in both trials.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Sensitivity to Change of the PHQ-ADS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, there was a substantial number of patients who met clinical cutpoints for depression and combined depression/anxiety in the 3 trials, but only a small proportion with anxiety only.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean PHQ-ADS score increased 3.63 points in the worse group, declined 3.12 points in the stable group, and declined 7.96 points in the improved group, resulting in SRMs of -0.45, --0.51, and --0.98, respectively.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Sensitivity to Change of the PHQ-ADS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a 1-SEM change to estimate a minimal clinically important difference (MCID), the MCID estimated from these 3 trials would be approximately 2 to 3 points for the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and 3 to 4 points for the PHQ-ADS.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Psychometric Characteristics of PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-ADS in the 3 Trials
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of patients in the 3 trials that achieved this cutpoint on both the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 was 286 (31.9%); on the PHQ-9 only, 266 (29.7%); on the GAD-7 only, 21 (2.3%); and on neither measure, 323 (36.1%).”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Psychometric Characteristics of PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-ADS in the 3 Trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, patient samples in two of the trials were exclusively Veterans and predominantly men; thus, data on the PHQ-ADS in non-Veteran samples including more women is warranted.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most of the factor loadings were substantially higher than the acceptable threshold of 0.40, and were only slightly higher for the 2-factor compared to the 1-factor model”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Structural Validity of the PHQ-ADS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 3 scales also showed moderately strong convergent validity with the 3 composite psychological measures (PROMIS-ADS, MHI-5, and MCS) with the PHQ-ADS having slightly higher correlations than the PHQ-9 and GAD-7.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Convergent and Construct Validity of the PHQ-ADS, PHQ-9 and GAD-7
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was generally a small improvement in fit when comparing the 2-factor to 1-factor model, and a greater improvement when comparing the bi-factor to either the 1-factor or 2-factor models.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Structural Validity of the PHQ-ADS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 2, the mean PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores in the 3 trials represent moderate levels of depression and mild levels of anxiety, respectively.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Psychometric Characteristics of PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-ADS in the 3 Trials
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean PHQ-ADS score decreased in all 3 groups (--5.10 points in the worse group, --9.72 points in the unchanged group, and --16.40 in the improved group, resulting in SRMs of --0.57, --1.28, and -1.89, respectively.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Sensitivity to Change of the PHQ-ADS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CFI threshold of ≥ .95 was achieved for all 3 models in the SCOPE and ESCAPE trials but only for the bifactor model in the INCPAD trial.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Structural Validity of the PHQ-ADS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a more conservative estimate of a 2-SEM change, the MCID would be approximately 4 to 6 points for the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and 6 to 8 points for the PHQ-ADS.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Psychometric Characteristics of PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-ADS in the 3 Trials
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RMSEA threshold of ≤ .06 was achieved for the bifactor model in two of the trials but in none of the trials for the 1-factor and 2-factor models.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Structural Validity of the PHQ-ADS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PHQ-ADS may be a reliable and valid composite measure of depression and anxiety”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
“The PHQ-ADS may be a reliable and valid composite measure of depression and anxiety which, if validated in other populations, could be useful as a single measure for jointly assessing two of the most common psychological conditions in clinical practice and research.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Abstract > Conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PHQ-ADS cutpoints of 10, 20, and 30 indicated mild, moderate, and severe levels of depression/anxiety, respectively.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Second, cutpoints of 10, 20, and 30 on the PHQ-ADS indicate mild, moderate, and severe levels of depression/anxiety symptoms, respectively.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Abstract > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the fit indices and the factor loadings point to the validity of the traditional scoring of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 as depression and anxiety scale scores as well as the sufficient unidimensionality of scoring the PHQ-ADS as a composite score.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Results > Structural Validity of the PHQ-ADS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PHQ-ADS score may be useful in studies for which a single depression/anxiety score is desirable as either an outcome variable or as a covariate to adjust for in multivariable analyses.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, both measures have proven sensitive to change when monitoring treatment response.20;33-36”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 have strong internal and test-retest reliability as well as construct and factor-structure validity.20”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certainly, a PHQ-ADS screening cutpoint would be higher than that of the PHQ-9 or GAD-7 (which are ≥ 10) since its score range is greater; for example, 10 represents a cutpoint for moderate depressive symptoms on the PHQ-9 and moderate anxiety symptoms on the GAD-7, whereas 20 represented a cutpoint for moderate depressive/anxiety symptoms on the PHQ-ADS in our sample.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifth, we did not use a structured criterion standard diagnostic interview in these 3 trials to determine which patients met criteria for depressive or anxiety disorders, and thus were unable to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-ADS with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, the moderately strong intercorrelation between depression and anxiety makes a composite score attractive as a covariate in multivariate modeling and other types of adjusted analyses.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item depression scale (PHQ-9) and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) are among the best validated and most commonly used depression and anxiety measures, respectively.20-25”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PHQ-ADS may also be useful in monitoring the concomitant treatment of depression and anxiety, especially since some treatments work across both conditions.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Some interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and certain classes of antidepressants, are effective for both depression and anxiety.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, we did not test responsiveness to treatment of the PHQ-ADS since none of the 3 trials were specifically treating anxiety and only one was targeting depression.”
§ The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS): Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The MHI-5 change classification of worse, unchanged, or improved is a valid reference standard for clinically meaningful change in depression and anxiety symptoms.
“three MHI-5 change groups (worse, same, improved) were computed for each patient by determining whether the MHI-5 declined or improved by more than 1.0 standard error of measurement (SEM) from baseline to follow-up at 3 months”
“the comparison of PHQ-ADS change scores among worse, stable, and improved groups as defined by the MHI-5 suggest the PHQ-ADS is sensitive to change over time”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and certain classes of antidepressants, are effective for both depression and anxiety.
“some interventions (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy; certain classes of antidepressants) are effective for both depression and anxiety”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Participants who interacted with BalanceUP experienced a clinically important improvement, reporting, on average, a 3.9 (SD 5.59) point reduction [85] of perceived depression and anxiety symptoms after the intervention.”
From Development and Evaluation of a Smartphone-Based Chatbot Coach to Facilitate a Balanced Lifestyle in Individuals With Headaches (BalanceUP App): Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“PHQ-ADS is the combined sum score of the questionnaires Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a composite measure of depression and anxiety, with good internal consistency [α = 0.88–0.92; (51)].”
From Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness of PSYCHOnlineTHERAPY: Study Protocol of a Multicenter Blended Outpatient Psychotherapy Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial for Patients With Depressive and Anxiety Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The scale has demonstrated good internal consistency (α>.80) [42].”
In the citing paper
“PHQ-ADS is the combined sum score of the questionnaires GAD-7 and PHQ-9 as a composite measure of depression and anxiety, with good internal consistency (α = .88 to .92) [50].”
From Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of guided Internet- and mobile-based CBT for adolescents and young adults with chronic somatic conditions and comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms (youthCOACHCD): study protocol for a multicentre randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“In addition, although a 3-category approach (i.e., Worse, Same, or Better SF-36 Vitality scores) has commonly been used to determine MIDs and converges with distribution-based methods [68, 69], it may result in overestimation of MIDs.”
From Comparative responsiveness and minimally important difference of fatigue symptom inventory (FSI) scales and the FSI-3 in trials with cancer survivors (2022) · cites this paper as [69]
Citations
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The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
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Self-citationA Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
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The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
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Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection
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Self-citationTripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Toussaint, A., Hüsing, P., Gumz, A., Wingenfeld, K., Härter, M., Schramm, E., & Löwe, B. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.032 · Cited by 641
Nikčević, A. V., Marino, C., Kolubinski, D. C., Leach, D., & Spada, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.053 · Cited by 344
“Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS; Kroenke et al., 2016).”
Willner, P., Rose, J., Kroese, B. S., Murphy, G. H., Langdon, P. E., Clifford, C., Hutchings, H. A., Watkins, A. J., Hiles, S., & Cooper, V. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12811 · Cited by 260
“These 7- and 9-item screening instruments are widely used, inter alia within the NHS, and sometimes combined as a 16-item Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS: Kroenke et al., 2016).”
Romero, E., López‐Romero, L., Domínguez-Álvarez, B., Villar, P., & Fraguela, J. A. G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17196975 · Cited by 244
“Parents’ emotional problems were assessed with the four-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) [45], an ultra-brief screening tool to assess anxiety (e.g., “Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge”; α = 0.73; MIC = 0.58) and depressive symptoms (e.g., “Feeling down, depressed,…”
InfluentialMcGuine, T. A., Biese, K. M., Petrovska, L., Hetzel, S., Reardon, C. L., Kliethermes, S., Bell, D. R., Brooks, A., & Watson, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0478.20 · Cited by 234
“In addition to the total score, GAD-7 categorical scores of 0 to 4, 5 to 9, 10 to 14, and 15 to 21 correspond to no, mild, moderate, and severe anxiety symptoms, respectively.(29,30) The PHQ-9 is a 9-item screening questionnaire for depression symptoms with scores ranging from 0 to 27; a higher score indicates a great…”
BackgroundGuttormson, J., Calkins, K., McAndrew, N. S., Fitzgerald, J. M., Losurdo, H., & Loonsfoot, D. (2022) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.04.015 · Cited by 237
“Subscale scores range from 0 to 27 (depression subscale) and 0 to 21 (anxiety subscale).(29) Depression Subscale Scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represent mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialAlAteeq, D. A., Aljhani, S., Althiyabi, I., & Majzoub, S. (2020) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.08.013 · Cited by 225
Dhira, T. A., Rahman, M. A., Sarker, A. R., & Mehareen, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261590 · Cited by 251
Oksynoyd, K. (2009) · KnoRus eBooks · doi:10.15216/9785390001943 · Cited by 180
Shevlin, M. E., Butter, S., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martínez, A. P., McKay, R., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001665 · Cited by 191
“Moderate severity (20–48) was used to identify caseness, and scores from the PHQ-ADS have been found to demonstrate high internal reliability, as well as good convergent and construct validity in clinical samples (Kroenke, Baye, & Lourens, 2019; Kroenke et al., 2016).”
Ahmad, M., & Vismara, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137112 · Cited by 174
“Some studies used a combined measure for depression and anxiety: two applied the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [47], and one the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety–Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS) [48].”
InfluentialZeng, Y., Hu, C., Li, Y.-Z., Zhou, J., Wang, S., Liu, M.-D., Qiu, Z., Deng, C., Ma, F., Xia, C.-F., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02929-4 · Cited by 167
Fragile heroes. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-care workers in Italy
Conti, C. M., Fontanesi, L., Lanzara, R., Rosa, I., & Porcelli, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242538 · Cited by 139
Kroenke, K., Stump, T. E., Chen, C. X., Kean, J., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Krebs, E. E., & Monahan, P. O. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.101 · Cited by 131
“A 3-point difference on the PHQ-9 represents a reasonable MID with a 5-point difference being an upper bound.(Kroenke et al., 2016; Lowe et al., 2004) Using linear regression, we regressed the PROMIS depression scores on the PHQ-9 scores.”
MethodSelf-citationAnxiety and Depression in Heart Failure: An Updated Review
Rashid, S., Qureshi, A. G., Noor, T. A., Yaseen, K., Sheikh, M. A. A., Malik, M. A., & Malik, J. (2023) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101987 · Cited by 123
Comparative validity and responsiveness of PHQ-ADS and other composite anxiety-depression measures
Kroenke, K., Baye, F. M., & Lourens, S. G. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.098 · Cited by 102
Self-citationComparative Responsiveness and Minimally Important Difference of Common Anxiety Measures
Kroenke, K., Baye, F. M., & Lourens, S. G. (2019) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001185 · Cited by 97
Self-citationVillarreal-Zegarra, D., Barrera-Begazo, J., Otazú-Alfaro, S., Mayo-Puchoc, N., Bazo-Alvarez, J. C., & Huarcaya-Victoria, J. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076193 · Cited by 93
“The inclusion criteria were that they had complete PHQ-9 and GAD-7 data and were of legal age (>18 years).”
BackgroundRahman, M. A., Dhira, T. A., Sarker, A. R., & Mehareen, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269634 · Cited by 113
Pranckevičienė, A., Saudargienė, A., Gečaitė-Stončienė, J., Liaugaudaitė, V., Griškova-Bulanova, I., Šimkutė, D., Naginienė, R., Dainauskas, L. L., Čeidaitė, G., & Burkauskas, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263027 · Cited by 97
Bantjes, J., Kazdin, A., Cuijpers, P., Breet, E., Dunn-Coetzee, M., Davids, C., Stein, D. J., & Kessler, R. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/27400 · Cited by 48
“The primary outcomes were symptoms of anxiety (ie, GAD-7 scores), symptoms of depression (ie, PHQ-9 scores), and symptoms of comorbid anxiety and depression (using combined GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores as proposed by the developers of the instruments to yield a composite anxiety and depression score) [63].”
MethodChilcot, J., Hudson, J. L., Moss-Morris, R., Carroll, A., Game, D., Simpson, A., & Hotopf, M. (2018) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.007 · Cited by 77
“As argued by Kroenke et al (20), the PHQ-ADS does not undermine the utility or value of using either the PHQ-9 or GAD-7.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMcGillivray, L., Rheinberger, D., Wang, J. J., Burnett, A., & Torok, M. H. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03636-x · Cited by 78
“80, [28]) and in the present sample (α=.”
BackgroundMethodBhatia, A., Kara, J., Janmohamed, T., Prabhu, A., Lebovic, G., Katz, J., & Clarke, H. (2021) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/26528 · Cited by 73
Romero, E., López‐Romero, L., Domínguez-Álvarez, B., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/spxtw · Cited by 69
Albery, I. P., Spada, M. M., & Nikčević, A. V. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2639 · Cited by 60
“2.3.7 | Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (Kroenke et al., 2016) This self-report measure assesses the severity of generalized anxiety and depression symptoms.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCorrea, J. E. B., Aristizabal-Mayor, J. D., Lasalvia, P., Ruiz, Á. J., & Martínez, P. H. (2018) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20180041 · Cited by 69
“Thus, instruments that consider this feature may be more adequate for future research, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale 65 .”
MethodEconomides, M., Ranta, K., Nazander, A., Hilgert, O., Goldin, P. R., Raevuori, A., & Forman‐Hoffman, V. L. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/14284 · Cited by 52
“A clinically significant improvement in anxiety symptoms has previously been defined as a GAD-7 score reduction of ≥ 3 [46].”
Nook, E. C., Hull, T. D., Nock, M. K., & Somerville, L. H. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2114737119 · Cited by 61
“We consequently collapsed these two measures into a single assessment of internalizing symptoms by summing the two scales together, as has been done in prior work (63).”
MethodTeymoori, A., Gorbunova, A., Haghish, E. F., Real, R. G. L., Zeldovich, M., Wu, Y.-J., Polinder, S., Asendorf, T., Menon, D. K., & von Steinbüchel, N. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9030873 · Cited by 56
Carvajal-Vélez, L., Requejo, J. H., Åhs, J. W., Idele, P., Adewuya, A. O., Cappa, C., Guthold, R., Kapungu, C., Kieling, C., Patel, V., et al. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.03.019 · Cited by 67
“The MMAP validation process has encompassed assessing scales such as the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale [9] and tools from the Patient Health Questionnaire set [10].”
MethodBurnout Status of Italian Healthcare Workers during the First COVID-19 Pandemic Peak Period
Conti, C. M., Fontanesi, L., Lanzara, R., Rosa, I., Doyle, R., & Porcelli, P. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9050510 · Cited by 61
“The GAD-7 has good reliability, construct, factorial, and procedural validity [46,47].”
BackgroundMeasurement validity of the Patient‐Health Questionnaire‐9 in US nursing home residents
Bélanger, E., Thomas, K. S., Jones, R. N., Epstein-Lubow, G. P., & Mor, V. (2019) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5074 · Cited by 52
Effects of Spiritual Care on Well-Being of Intensive Care Family Surrogates: A Clinical Trial
Torke, A. M., Varner-Perez, S. E., Burke, E. S., Taylor, T. A., Slaven, J. E., Kozinski, K., Maiko, S. M., Pfeffer, B. J., & Banks, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.12.007 · Cited by 57
McGuine, T. A., Biese, K. M., Hetzel, S., Petrovska, L., Kliethermes, S., Reardon, C. L., Bell, D. R., Brooks, A., & Watson, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0739.20 · Cited by 52
Vestibular deficits and psychological factors correlating to dizziness handicap and symptom severity
Herdman, D., Norton, S., Pavlou, M., Murdin, L. J., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109969 · Cited by 53
Akhther, N., & Sopory, P. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-021-00239-x · Cited by 62
Hummel, K., Whittaker, S., Sillett, N., Basken, A., Berghammer, M. C., Chalela, T., Chauhan, J., Garcia, L. A., Hasan, B. S., Jenkins, K. J., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcab009 · Cited by 51
“40,41 As with cognition, these outcomes were not elected in paediatrics, with agreement that longitudinal measurement would be adequately completed with adult measurement.”
Backgroundde Vroege, L., Timmermans, A., Kop, W. J., & van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003300 · Cited by 50
“A recent report has demonstrated the validity of combining the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 as a single measure for jointly assessing two of the most common psychological conditions in patients with somatic symptoms (Kroenke et al. 2016).”
BackgroundGambin, M. (2021) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · Cited by 50
McGuine, T. A., Biese, K. M., Hetzel, S., Schwarz, A., Kliethermes, S., Reardon, C. L., Bell, D. R., Brooks, M. A., & Watson, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0121.21 · Cited by 52
Alblas, G., Wijsman, E., van Noort, M., & du Pon, C. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003022121 · Cited by 50
Witkop, M., Lambing, A. Y., Nichols, C. D., Munn, J. E., Anderson, T. L., & Tortella, B. J. (2019) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s212723 · Cited by 49
Wang, J., Guo, W., Zhang, L., Deng, W., Wang, H.-Y., Yu, J., Luo, S., Huang, M., Dong, Z., Li, D., et al. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.04.001 · Cited by 43
“[24] Kroenke K, Wu J, Yu Z, Bair MJ, Kean J, Stump T, et al.”
BackgroundMediavilla, R., Felez-Nobrega, M., McGreevy, K. R., Monistrol-Mula, A., Bravo-Ortiz, M.-F., Bayón, C., Giné-Vázquez, I., Villaescusa, R., Muñoz-Sanjosé, A., Aguilar-Ortiz, S., et al. (2023) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2023-300697 · Cited by 47
Association between osteoarthritis and mental health in a Korean population: a nationwide study
Jung, J. H., Seok, H., Kim, J., Song, G. G., & Choi, S. J. (2017) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.13098 · Cited by 45
Woźniak‐Prus, M., Gambin, M., Sekowski, M. M., Cudo, A., Pisula, E., Kiepura, E., Boruszak‐Kiziukiewicz, J., & Kmita, G. (2023) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12856 · Cited by 119
Lorenzo, N. E., Zeytinoglu, S., Morales, S., Listokin, J. R., Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Henderson, H. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., & Fox, N. A. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01374-z · Cited by 47
Timmins, L., Rimes, K. A., & Rahman, Q. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171700321x · Cited by 47
“PHQ-ADS = Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale, ONSWellbeing = U.K. Office for National Statistics Well-Being Scale. a Excludes two participants who reported “Little or no romantic infatuations.” b Excludes three participants who reported no sexual partners. c Excludes one participant who reported…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThombs, B. D., Kwakkenbos, L., Henry, R. S., Carrier, M., Patten, S. B., Harb, S. I., Bourgeault, A., Tao, L., Bartlett, S. J., Mouthon, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110262 · Cited by 42
Cowden, R. G., Pargäment, K. I., Chen, Z. J., Davis, E. B., Lemke, A. W., Glowiak, K. J., Rueger, S. Y., & Worthington, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23232 · Cited by 55
Edge, D., Watkins, E. R., Limond, J., & Mugadza, J. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104292 · Cited by 42
Arensman, E., O’Connor, C., Leduc, C., Griffin, E., Cully, G., Dhálaigh, D. N., Holland, C., Audenhove, C. V., Coppens, E., Tsantila, F., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020947 · Cited by 38
“Five Wellbeing Index (WHO-5) [85] # Depression and anxiety: Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS) [86] # Depression stigma: Depression Stigma Scale (DSS) [87] # Presenteeism in the workplace: Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) [88] # Productivity: Work Productivity and Activity Impairmen…”
BackgroundHeld, P., Zalta, A. K., Smith, D. L., Bagley, J. M., Steigerwald, V. L., Boley, R. A., Miller, M. L., Brennan, M. B., Horn, R. V., & Pollack, M. H. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1789324 · Cited by 42
Geirhos, A., Domhardt, M., Lunkenheimer, F., Temming, S., Holl, R. W., Minden, K., Warschburger, P., Meissner, T., Mueller-Stierlin, A. S., & Baumeister, H. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03134-3 · Cited by 37
“Depressive and anxiety symptom severity Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ‐ ADS) [40] X X X”
BackgroundInfluentialGambin, M., Oleksy, T., Sekowski, M. M., Wnuk, A., Woźniak-Prus, M., Kmita, G., Holas, P., Pisula, E., Łojek, E., Hansen, K., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721005420 · Cited by 56
“…results can be found at: https://osf.io/mpfwq/ We used the following questionnaires: Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety-Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS; Kroenke et al., 2016); Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF; Kaufman et al., 2016); Brief Empathic Sensitivity Questionnaire…”
Reagu, S. M., Wadoo, O., Latoo, J., Nelson, D., Ouanes, S., Masoodi, N. A., Karim, M. A., Iqbal, Y., Abdulla, S. A. A., Al-Nuaimi, S. K., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045794 · Cited by 41
Turner, M. J., Aspin, G., & Gillman, J. C. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.04.015 · Cited by 54
Liu, X., Bai, X., Ren, R., Tan, L., Zhang, Y., Lan, H., Yang, Q., He, J., & Tang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.985823 · Cited by 39
Mental Health and Substance Use of Farmers in Canada during COVID-19
Thompson, R., Hagen, B. N. M., Lumley, M. N., Winder, C. B., Gohar, B., & Jones‐Bitton, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013566 · Cited by 44
Febi, A. R., Manu, M. K., Mohapatra, A. K., Praharaj, S. K., & Guddattu, V. (2021) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00251-2021 · Cited by 50
Shevlin, M. E., Butter, S., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martínez, A. P., McKay, R., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004025 · Cited by 36
“Anxiety-depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety-Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS), a 16-item scale used as a composite measure of depression and anxiety (Kroenke et al., 2016), with scores ranging from 0 to 48.”
MethodThombs, B. D., Kwakkenbos, L., Levis, B., Bourgeault, A., Henry, R. S., Levis, A. W., Harb, S. I., Tao, L., Carrier, M., Bustamante, L., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00060-6 · Cited by 38
Joyce, C. T., Roseen, E. J., Keysor, J. J., Gross, K. D., Culpepper, L., & Saper, R. B. (2021) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.01.072 · Cited by 41
Neurocognitive functioning in patients with conversion disorder/functional neurological disorder
de Vroege, L., Koppenol, I., Kop, W. J., Riem, M. M. E., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D. (2020) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12206 · Cited by 38
“A cut-off score of 10 on theGAD-7 was used to detect anxiety (Kroenke et al., 2016).”
MethodCarroll, S., Moon, Z., Hudson, J. L., Hulme, K., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2022) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001076 · Cited by 34
“PHQ-ADS is a combined measure of anxiety and low mood (40).”
BackgroundHeld, P., Klassen, B. J., Steigerwald, V. L., Smith, D. L., Bravo, K., Rozek, D. C., Horn, R. V., & Zalta, A. K. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1877026 · Cited by 40
“A 5-point change on the PHQ-9 has previously been suggested to represent clinically meaningful change (Kroenke et al., 2016).”
MethodShunmugasundaram, C., Rutherford, C., Butow, P. N., Sundaresan, P., & Dhillon, H. M. (2020) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-020-00189-7 · Cited by 35
COACH consortium, Lunkenheimer, F., Domhardt, M., Geirhos, A., Kilian, R., Mueller-Stierlin, A. S., Holl, R. W., Meissner, T., Minden, K., Moshagen, M., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-4041-9 · Cited by 37
Ulrich, S., Gantenbein, A. R., Zuber, V., Von Wyl, A., Kowatsch, T., & Künzli, H. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/50132 · Cited by 36
“To measure effectiveness, we defined mental well-being as the primary outcome, measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS) [85].”
InfluentialPearce, F., Lim, S. H., Bythell, M., Lanyon, P., Hogg, R., Taylor, A., Powter, G., Cooke, G., Ward, H., Chilcot, J., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00160-1 · Cited by 36
“To assess the ability of the model to distinguish patients who had a positive antibody status, concordance statistics (C statistic; equal to the area under the receiver operating curve) and 95% CIs were calculated (appendix p 19).”
Illness perceptions predict distress in patients with chronic kidney disease
Muscat, P., Weinman, J., Farrugia, E., Callus, R., & Chilcot, J. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00572-z · Cited by 38
“The frequency of distress was estimated using the PHQ-ADS score; 29% (n = 58) of participants reported minimal levels of distress, 28% (n = 56) of participants had mild levels of distress, 33.5% (n = 67) of the”
MethodInfluentialSchlechter, P., Wilkinson, P. O., Knausenberger, J., Wanninger, K., Kamp, S., Nexhmedin Morina, B., & Hellmann, J. H. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2499 · Cited by 37
Validation of the HADS and PSS‐10 and psychological status in patients with oral lichen planus
Wiriyakijja, P., Porter, S. R., Fedele, S., Hodgson, T. A., McMillan, R., Shephard, M. K., & Ríordáin, R. N. (2019) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.13220 · Cited by 37
“…of psychological distress, as indicated by the use of the HADS total score, may be useful for patients with OLP when considering intervention for the management of concomitant anxiety and depression (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy or certain classes of antidepressants) (Kroenke et al., 2016).”
Psychological Distress and Self-Management in CKD: A Cross-Sectional Study
Cardol, C. K., Meuleman, Y., van Middendorp, H., van der Boog, P. J. M., Hilbrands, L. B., Navis, G. J., Sijpkens, Y. W. J., Sont, J. K., Evers, A. W. M., & van Dijk, S. (2023) · Kidney Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2023.100712 · Cited by 50
Mazurek Melnyk, B., Hoying, J., & Tan, A. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1782922 · Cited by 36
“9 point difference in GAD-7 exceeded the thresholds (4 and 6, respectively) for clinically significant differences for these two scales.(30) The students who were randomized to the MINDSTRONG intervention had a 3.”
BackgroundWhat is the evidence for mirtazapine in treating cancer-related symptomatology? A systematic review
Economos, G. P. S., Lovell, N., Johnston, A., & Higginson, I. J. (2019) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-019-05229-7 · Cited by 40
Nature-Based Meditation, Rumination and Mental Wellbeing
Owens, M., & Bunce, H. L. I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159118 · Cited by 38
“The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) has been estimated as 2–3 points [80] and we considered 3 points to indicate an MCID in the present study.”
Dybowski, C., Löwe, B., & Brünahl, C. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.06.013 · Cited by 34
Mordeno, I. G., Carpio, J. G. E., Mendoza, N. B., & Hall, B. J. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.029 · Cited by 31
Löwe, B., Piontek, K., Daubmann, A., Härter, M. C., Wegscheider, K., König, H., & Mora, M. C. S. (2017) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000491 · Cited by 34
“The sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 with respect to independent criterion standards have been reported in several studies (22,25,27), and excellent psychometric properties have been reported for all three PHQ scales (22,28,29).”
MethodMobile Critical Care Recovery Program for Survivors of Acute Respiratory Failure
Khan, B. A., Perkins, A. J., Khan, S., Unverzagt, F. W., Lasiter, S., Gao, S., Wang, S., Zarzaur, B. L., Rahman, O., Eltarras, A. M. A. A., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.53158 · Cited by 37
Correlates of anxiety and depression in a community cohort of people who smoke methamphetamine
Duncan, Z., Kippen, R. J., Sutton, K., Ward, B., Agius, P. A., Quinn, B., & Dietze, P. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211048152 · Cited by 31
Hüsing, P., Bassler, M., Löwe, B., Koch, S., & Toussaint, A. C. (2018) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.08.006 · Cited by 33
Parkes, T., Matheson, C., Carver, H., Foster, R., Budd, J., Liddell, D., Wallace, J., Pauly, B., Fotopoulou, M., Burley, A., et al. (2022) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/wvvl4786 · Cited by 31
Bai, B.-Q., Yin, H., Guo, L., Ma, H., Wang, H., Liu, F.-Y., Liang, Y., Liu, A., & Geng, Q.-S. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03202-5 · Cited by 30
Baumeister, H., Bauereiss, N., Zarski, A.-C., Braun, L., Buntrock, C., Hoherz, C., Idrees, A. R., Kraft, R., Meyer, P., Nguyen, T. B. D., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660534 · Cited by 30
“The primary outcome is depression and anxiety severity at post-treatment 18 weeks post-inclusion (T3), assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale [PHQ-ADS; 16 items, score range: 0–48; (51)].”
MethodDepression and anxiety during and after episodes of COVID-19 in the community
Alacevich, C., Thalmann, I., Nicodemo, C., de Lusignan, S., & Petrou, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33642-w · Cited by 32
Fillipo, I. G., Pullmann, M. D., Hull, T. D., Zech, J. M., Wu, J., Litvin, B., Chen, S., & Areán, P. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.963741 · Cited by 29
“There were no significant condition x moderator effects for gender (Est =−0.48, OR = 0.62, p = .379), age (Est =−0.01, OR = 0.98, p = .583) or baseline PHQ-9 score (Est = 0.04, OR = 1.04, p = .499). frontiersin.org”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationHagen, R., Havnen, A., Hjemdal, O., Kennair, L. E. O., Ryum, T., & Solem, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01447 · Cited by 36
“The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety–Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS; Kroenke et al., 2016) was used to assess severity of depression and anxiety symptoms.”
MethodKroenke, K., Evans, E., Weitlauf, S., McCalley, S., Porter, B. W., Williams, T., Baye, F. M., Lourens, S. G., Matthias, M. S., & Bair, M. J. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.10.006 · Cited by 29
“measures has proven sensitive to change in treatment trials [30-32].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKulikov, V. N., Crosthwaite, P. C., Hall, S. A., Flannery, J., Strauss, G., Vierra, E., Koepsell, X., Lake, J. I., & Padmanabhan, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1062471 · Cited by 35
“69, was close to reaching a clinically meaningful change (defined as ΔPHQ-8≥ 5; see Table 6) (46, 76, 77).”
BackgroundMediavilla, R., McGreevy, K. R., Félez-Nóbrega, M., Monistrol-Mula, A., Bravo‐Ortiz, M. F., Bayón, C., Vega, B. R., Nicaise, P., Delaire, A., Sijbrandij, M., et al. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221129084 · Cited by 27
“The PHQ-ADS (42) is a 16-item selfreported instrument that combines the nine-item PHQ depression scale (PHQ-9) (43) and seven-item GAD scale (44) into a composite measure of depression and anxiety.”
MethodHudson, J. L., & Moss-Morris, R. (2019) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000352 · Cited by 27
“In LTC contexts where illness specific measures of distress are 135 lacking the use of composite scores of depression and anxiety with a priori defined cut-offs 136 may offer a useful substitute (Chilcot et al., 2018; Kroenke et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAdaptation of the Russian version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7
Zolotareva, A. A. (2023) · Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.17759/cpp.2023310402 · Cited by 30
Depression and Anxiety Prediction Using Deep Language Models and Transfer Learning
Rutowski, T., Shriberg, E. E., Harati, A., Lü, Y., Chlebek, P., & Oliveira, R. (2020) · International Conference on Behavioral, Economic, and Socio-Cultural Computing · doi:10.1109/besc51023.2020.9348290 · Cited by 24
Mwangala, P. N., Makandi, M., Kerubo, A., Nyongesa, M. K., & Abubakar, A. A. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.55 · Cited by 31
Kennair, L. E. O., Hagen, R., Hjemdal, O., Havnen, A., Ryum, T., & Solem, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.811082 · Cited by 27
Gould, C. E., Carlson, C., Ma, F., Forman‐Hoffman, V. L., Ranta, K., & Kuhn, E. R. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/25808 · Cited by 27
“Improvement in symptoms indicative of response was defined as having equal to or surpassing the minimally clinically important difference of five points or more [35] on the PHQ-9 or 4 points or more [36] on the GAD-7.”
Geirhos, A., Lunkenheimer, F., Holl, R. W., Minden, K., Schmitt, A., Temming, S., Baumeister, H., & Domhardt, M. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100383 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Kroenke, K., Wu, J., Yu, Z., Bair, M. J., Kean, J., Stump, T., & Monahan, P. O.
- Affiliations
- Regenstrief Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kroenke, Kurt
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 716-727
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7796
- PMC
- PMC4927366
- OpenAlex
- W2397812290
- Semantic Scholar
- a700e31d97d255b2287483ce1a3755190c55cdd1
- Cited by
- 504
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 17.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- PMC
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IIR 07-119, IK2 RX000879)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001108)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA115369)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR064081)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety, psychometric validation, reliability statistics, sensitivity to change, chronic pain, cancer pain, primary care, bifactor analysis, unidimensionality, quality of life, disability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Veterans, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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