The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 69 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Cognitive Disorders: A VASCOG Statement
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Several sets of diagnostic criteria have been published for vascular dementia since the 1960s. The continuing ambiguity in vascular dementia definition warrants a critical reexamination. METHODS: Participants at a special symposium of the International Society for Vascular Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders (VASCOG) in 2009 critiqued the current criteria. They drafted a proposal for a new set of criteria, later reviewed through multiple drafts by the group, including additional experts and the members of the Neurocognitive Disorders Work Group of the fifth revision of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) Task Force. RESULTS: Cognitive disorders of vascular etiology are a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse pathologies and clinical manifestations, discussed broadly under the rubric of vascular cognitive disorders (VCD). The continuum of vascular cognitive impairment is recognized by the categories of Mild Vascular Cognitive Disorder, and Vascular Dementia or Major Vascular Cognitive Disorder. Diagnostic thresholds are defined. Clinical and neuroimaging criteria are proposed for establishing vascular etiology. Subtypes of VCD are described, and the frequent cooccurrence of Alzheimer disease pathology emphasized. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed criteria for VCD provide a coherent approach to the diagnosis of this diverse group of disorders, with a view to stimulating clinical and pathologic validation studies. These criteria can be harmonized with the DSM-5 criteria such that an international consensus on the criteria for VCD may be achieved.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
48 Not checked yet · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Own method
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abnormalities on DTI are, however, not delineated well enough at present to be incorporated into diagnostic criteria.”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A considerable body of literature has concluded that the preponderance of disturbance in vascular cognitive disorders is in processing speed and frontal-executive functions, manifesting as slowed information processing, poorer working memory and reduced set-shifting ability.10,14”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Hachinski V Iadecola C Petersen RC National Institute of Neurological disorders and Stroke - Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards Stroke 2006 37 2220 2241 16917086 source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Looi JCL Sachdev PS Differentiation of vascular dementia from AD on neuropsychological tests Neurology 1999 53 670 678 10489025 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While the differential diagnosis is long, there is evidence from clinical and pathological data to suggest that the majority of these lesions in the brains of older people are ischemic in origin.51”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Pantoni L Garcia JH Pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis: a review Stroke 1997 28 652 659 9056627 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“their severity is related to the severity of SAH,62”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Hunt WE Clinical assessment of SAH J Neurosurg 1983 59 550 551 6886772 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The concept of VCI recognizes that cognitive impairment in VCD is on a continuum from normal functioning to dementia.12”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Hachinski VC Bowler JV Vascular dementia Neurology 1993 43 2159 2160 8414002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For VaD (or Major VCD), the additional presence of one or more lacunes is necessary,8 which is not uncommon in individuals with extensive WMLs.17”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Hachinski VC Iliff LD Zilkha E Cerebral blood flow in dementia Arch Neurol 1975 32 632 637 1164215
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant departure from most previous definitions of dementia is that memory impairment is not a pre-requisite for the diagnosis.”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With the development of newer MRI techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), it has been demonstrated that white matter which appears normal on T2-weighted imaging may also have abnormal anisotropy or diffusivity which relates to neuropathology59 and may have relevance for cognitive function.60”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Brown WR Moody DM Thore CR Vascular dementia in leukoaraiosis may be a consequence of capillary loss not only in the lesions, but in normal-appearing white matter and cortex as well J Neurol Sci 2007 257 62 66 17320909 PMC1989116 source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Nitkunan A Barrick TR Charlton RA Multimodal MRI in cerebral small vessel disease: its relationship with cognition and sensitivity to change over time Stroke 2008 39 1999 2005 18436880 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Microbleeds associated with hypertension are seen in the deep nuclei and brainstem and those with AD are generally lobar in location.67,68”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Goos JD Kester MI Barkhof F Patients with Alzheimer disease with multiple microbleeds: relation with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognition Stroke 2009 40 3455 3460 19762705 source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Cordonnier C Al-Shahi Salman R Wardlaw J Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting Brain 2007 130 1988 2003 17322562 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“VCD has also been associated with cortical and subcortical microbleeds, which may be related to hypertension or CAA.66”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Werring DJ Gregoire SM Cipolotti L Cerebral microbleeds and vascular cognitive impairment J Neurol Sci 2010 299 131 135 20850134 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
In the paper
“Evidence for significant vascular pathology in the brain usually relies on computed tomography (CT) or structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the latter being more sensitive, especially if the standardized protocols recommended by the harmonization group are followed.10”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Hachinski V Iadecola C Petersen RC National Institute of Neurological disorders and Stroke - Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards Stroke 2006 37 2220 2241 16917086 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, there is increasing recognition that vascular and neurodegenerative processes may interact, so that risk factors for CVD also increase the risk of AD.20”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. Limitations of current criteria sets for VaD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Skoog I Vascular aspects in Alzheimer's disease J Neural Transm Suppl 2000 59 37 43 10961416 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cognitive disorders of vascular etiology are a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse pathologies and clinical manifestations, discussed broadly under the rubric of vascular cognitive disorders (VCD).”
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD) · plain
“The heterogeneity stems from the type of vascular lesion and the nature, extent and location of parenchymal injury.”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > Abstract > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Chui HC Victoroff JI Margolin D Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers Neurology 1992 42 473 480 1549205 source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Hachinski V Iadecola C Petersen RC National Institute of Neurological disorders and Stroke - Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards Stroke 2006 37 2220 2241 16917086 source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Jellinger KA Morphologic diagnosis of "vascular dementia" - a critical update J Neurol Sci 2008 270 1 12 18455191 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD) · plain
In the paper
“Vascular brain damage can exist without any evident cognitive impairment, and such asymtomatic individuals may be at an increased risk of future decline and are worthy of medical attention to prevent such decline.”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Hachinski VC Bowler JV Vascular dementia Neurology 1993 43 2159 2160 8414002 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fifth, VaD is not one disease but rather has diverse etiologies, only some of which have well-characterized clinical manifestations.17”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. Limitations of current criteria sets for VaD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Jellinger KA Morphologic diagnosis of "vascular dementia" - a critical update J Neurol Sci 2008 270 1 12 18455191
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fourth, the criteria sets differ significantly on the requirements for levels of cognitive impairment, number and location of strokes, neuroimaging abnormalities and neurological features, such that when applied to the same data set, the prevalence estimates can vary by many orders of magnitude.15,16”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. Limitations of current criteria sets for VaD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Wetterling T Kanitz RD Borgis KJ Comparison of different diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia (ADDTC, DSM-IV, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN) Stroke 1996 27 30 36 8553399 source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Pohjasvaara T Erkinjuntti T Vataja R Dementia three months after stroke. Baseline frequency and effect of different definitions of dementia in the Helsinki Stroke Aging Memory Study (SAM) cohort Stroke 1997 28 785 792 9099197 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants at a special symposium of the International Society for Vascular Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders (VASCOG) in 2009 critiqued the current criteria. They drafted a proposal for a new set of criteria, later reviewed through multiple drafts by the group, including additional experts and the members of the Neurocognitive Disorders Work Group of the DSM-5 Task Force.”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > Abstract > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The demonstration of abnormalities on neuroimaging is critical for increased certainty in the diagnosis, and the lack of neuroimaging data can result in significant diagnostic inaccuracy by overlooking silent brain infarction and WMLs.37”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Tullberg M Fletcher E DeCarli C White matter lesions impair frontal lobe function regardless of their location Neurology 2004 63 246 253 15277616 PMC1893004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“WMLs are highly prevalent in the brains of elderly and even middle-aged individuals,54,55 and the lesions have to be extensive to be clinically significant.”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Wen W Sachdev P The topography of white matter hyperintensities on brain MRI in healthy 60- to 64-year old individuals Neuroimage 2004 22 144 154 15110004 source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Wen W Sachdev P Li JJ White matter hyperintensities in the forties: Their prevalence and topography in an epidemiological sample aged 44–48 Hum Brain Mapp 2009 30 1155 1167 18465744 PMC6870596 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“many older individuals with dementia suffer from a combination of vascular and Alzheimer-type pathology with an additive effect on cognition,19”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. Limitations of current criteria sets for VaD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Snowdon DA Greiner LH Mortimer JA Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer’s disease: The nun study JAMA 1997 227 813 817 9052711 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive deficits have been reported in 19–62% of patients following SAH,61”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Starkstein SE Jorge R Capizzano AA Uncommon causes of cerebrovascular dementia Int Psychogeriatr 2005 17 S51 S64 16240483 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The criteria were discussed at the 5th VASCOG conference in September 2011 in Lille, France and the 6th VASCOG conference in June 2013 in Toronto, Canada before being finalized.”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 2. METHOD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“while VaD is generally regarded as the second most common single cause of dementia after AD,18”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 1. INTRODUCTION > 1.1. Limitations of current criteria sets for VaD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Fratiglioni L Launer LJ Andersen K Incidence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group Neurology 2000 54 S10 S15 10854355
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“although other factors such as older age, the presence of arterial vasospasm and delayed cerebral infarction, increased intracranial pressure, intraparenchymal and intraventricular hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, and location of the aneurysm are all important.61”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Starkstein SE Jorge R Capizzano AA Uncommon causes of cerebrovascular dementia Int Psychogeriatr 2005 17 S51 S64 16240483 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recently, the imaging of amyloid with compounds such as the radiolabeled Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PiB) has received much interest and been proposed as a biomarker of AD.21,22”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] McKhann GM Knopman DS Chertkow H The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 2011 7 263 269 21514250 PMC3312024 source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Albert MS Dekosky ST Dickson D The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 2011 7 270 279 21514249 PMC3312027 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Subdural hemorrhage is an uncommon cause of cognitive disorder, with reports that older individuals with chronic SH have cognitive deficits in about one in two cases,61”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Starkstein SE Jorge R Capizzano AA Uncommon causes of cerebrovascular dementia Int Psychogeriatr 2005 17 S51 S64 16240483 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol and high homocysteine have been independently linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease although the evidence remains inconsistent.74–76”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.3. Risk factors for cerebrovascular disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] de la Torre JC Is Alzheimer’s disease a neurodegenerative or a vascular disorder? Data, dogma, and dialectics Lancet Neurol 2004 3 184 190 14980533 source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Hendrie HC Albert MS Butters MA The NIH cognitive and emotional health project. Report of the Critical Evaluation Study Committee Alzheimer Dement 2006 2 12 32 19595852 source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Purnell C Gao S Callahan CM Cardiovascular risk factors and incident Alzheimer disease: a systematic review of the literature Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2009 23 1 10 18703981 PMC3689425 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multiple hemorrhages or hemorrhagic infarcts are often associated with VCD, the common causes being sporadic or hereditary conditions associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)64 and other genetic disorders,65 although hypertension may have a role.”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Attems J Jellinger K Thal DR Review: sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011 37 75 93 20946241 source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Yamamoto Y Craggs L Baumann M Molecular genetics and pathology of hereditary small vessel diseases of the brain Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011 37 94 113 21062344 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“which may be progressive and not always reversible with surgical drainage.63”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.1. Criteria for vascular cognitive disorders (VCD)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Ishikawa E Yanaka K Sugimoto K Reversible dementia in patients with chronic subdural hematomas J Neurosurg 2002 96 680 683 11990807 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other neuroimaging to determine the rate of brain atrophy, hippocampal or mesial temporal atrophy, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate may be useful in the differential diagnosis in some cases, but their status as biomarkers of AD is uncertain.22”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.9. Biomarkers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Albert MS Dekosky ST Dickson D The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 2011 7 270 279 21514249 PMC3312027 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CSF markers for AD are, however, better developed, with lower levels of Aβ42 and elevated levels of tau/phosphorylated-tau being indicative of AD pathology.21,22”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.9. Biomarkers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] McKhann GM Knopman DS Chertkow H The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 2011 7 263 269 21514250 PMC3312024 source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Albert MS Dekosky ST Dickson D The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement 2011 7 270 279 21514249 PMC3312027 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Emerging markers include carotid intimal-medial thickness and arterial stiffness, which are associated with arterial ageing and may serve as risk markers of VCD.24”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.9. Biomarkers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Gorelick PB Scuteri A Black SE Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke 2011 42 2672 2713 21778438 PMC3778669 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Post-mortem examinations of the brains of older people who had cognitive disorders in life usually reveal a combination of pathologies with vascular lesions and Alzheimer-type pathology predominating, but stigmata of other etiologies, such as Lewy body disease, are also present.80”
§ Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement > 3. RESULTS > 3.7. Multiple causality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function, and Aging Study (MRC CFAS) Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales Lancet 2001 357 169 175 11213093
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The term dementia has increasingly become equated with AD in the popular mind.
“The term dementia has increasingly become equated with AD in the popular mind, even though AD accounts just over one-half of all cases of dementia.11”
The paper relies on this without support.
Potentially disease-modifying treatments may be more effective before the late stage identified by the VaD threshold.
“Yet potentially disease-modifying treatments may be more effective before this stage is reached.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The temporal relationship between cerebrovascular events and cognitive impairment is not difficult to establish clinically.
“This pattern is temporally related to cerebrovascular events of infarction, hemorrhage or vasculitis, and the temporal relationship is not difficult to establish clinically.”
The paper relies on this without support.
VCD with gradual onset and slow progression is generally due to small vessel disease leading to lesions in the white matter, basal ganglia, and/or thalamus.
“VCD with a gradual onset and slow progression is generally due to small vessel disease leading to lesions in the white matter, basal ganglia and/or thalamus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neuropsychiatric features are not specific to vascular etiology.
“As these neuropsychiatric features are not specific to vascular etiology, they are not considered to be core diagnostic features, yet may be the presenting symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No neuroimaging feature is pathognomonic of VCD.
“The findings are varied and there is no feature that is pathognomonic of VCD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
VCD can occur without evidence of brain infarcts.
“It is generally accepted that VCD can occur without evidence of brain infarcts, although the latter are usually present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Focal WMLs visible only on T2-weighted MRI are unlikely to be significant enough to explain the development of a cognitive disorder.
“If the WMLs are focal and visible only on T2-weighted MRI, they are unlikely to be significant enough to explain the development of a cognitive disorder.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subdural hemorrhage is usually caused by trauma and not by vascular pathology.
“Since SH is usually a result of trauma and not vascular pathology, it should be not be regarded as a VCD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is due to vascular pathology.
“SAH is due to vascular pathology and its associated cognitive deficits are appropriately regarded as VCD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Incidental brain infarctions and white matter lesions are common in the brains of older individuals.
“Since incidental brain infarctions and WMLs are common in brains of older individuals, it is important to consider other possible etiologies when a cognitive disorder is present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Microbleeds are not uncommon in cognitively normal older individuals.
“Since microbleeds are not uncommon in cognitively normal older individuals, attribution of the VCD to these, especially VaD, should follow a careful exclusion of other causes of cognitive impairment and only if numerous such lesions are present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Vascular cognitive disorder is often associated with psychiatric or behavioral symptoms.
“VCD is often associated with psychiatric or behavioral symptoms that may pose special challenges for their treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No single profile of depression or psychosis is specific to vascular cognitive disorder.
“While some attempts have been made to develop specific criteria for syndromes such as depression and psychosis associated with cognitive disorders,84 there is no one profile that is specific to VCD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The heterogeneity of vascular cognitive disorder has made development of reliable non-imaging biomarkers extremely challenging.
“The heterogeneity of VCD has made the development of reliable non-imaging biomarkers extremely challenging.”
The paper relies on this without support.
None of the suggested cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers is specific to vascular cognitive disorder.
“As none of these is specific to VCD, they are not currently recommended for use for this diagnostic purpose.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, available diagnostic criteria vary with regard to sensitivity and specificity and are, thus, not interchangeable. 3,18,22-25”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Vascular dementia has seen a broadening of the concept to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia 156 , and new diagnostic criteria157, 158 have been proposed.”
From Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research (2022) · cites this paper as [157]
In the citing paper
“In VASCOG, visuoconstructional-perceptual ability, praxisgnosis-body schema, and social cognition are additionally tested.”
From Progress toward standardized diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment: Guidelines from the Vascular Impairment of Cognition Classification Consensus Study (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“The VASCOG criteria are also aligned with the DSM-5 [23].”
From Progress toward standardized diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment: Guidelines from the Vascular Impairment of Cognition Classification Consensus Study (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
Citations
Cites
McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., Klunk, W. E., Koroshetz, W. J., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 · Cited by 18,657
Self-citationAlbert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 · Cited by 10,152
Wardlaw, J. M., Smith, E. E., Biessels, G. J., Cordonnier, C., Fazekas, F., Frayne, R., Lindley, R. I., O'Brien, J. T., Barkhof, F., Benavente, O. R., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70124-8 · Cited by 5,544
Self-citationWinblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., Jelic, V., Fratiglioni, L., Wahlund, L. ‐., Nordberg, A., Bäckman, L., Albert, M., Almkvist, O., et al. (2004) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01380.x · Cited by 4,946
Román, G. C., Tatemichi, T. K., Erkinjuntti, T., Cummings, J. L., Masdeu, J. C., Garcia, J. H., Amaducci, L., Orgogozo, J.-M., Brun, A., Hofman, A., et al. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.2.250 · Cited by 4,921
Self-citationBlessed, G., Tomlinson, B. E., & Roth, M. (1968) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.114.512.797 · Cited by 4,117
Gorelick, P. B., Scuteri, A., Black, S. E., DeCarli, C., Greenberg, S. M., Iadecola, C., Launer, L. J., Laurent, S., Lopez, O. L., Nyenhuis, D., et al. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0b013e3182299496 · Cited by 3,811
Self-citation. Cerebral blood flow in dementia.
Hachinski, V. C., Iliff, L. D., Zilhka, E., Du Boulay, G. H., McAllister, V. L., Marshall, J., Russell, R. W. R., & Symon, L. (1975) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1975.00490510088009 · Cited by 3,186
Albert, M., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D. W., Dubois, B., Feldman, H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A. C., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2013) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.1.96 · Cited by 2,643
A New Rating Scale for Age-Related White Matter Changes Applicable to MRI and CT
Wahlund, L., Barkhof, F., Fazekas, F., Bronge, L., Augustin, M., Sjögren, M., Wallin, A., Adèr, H., Leys, D., Pantoni, L., et al. (2001) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.32.6.1318 · Cited by 1,838
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Skoog, 2000, Vascular aspects in Alzheimers disease., J Neural Transm Suppl, 59, 37
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5)
Ma, F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_419-2 · Cited by 1,241
O'Brien, J. T., & Thomas, A. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00463-8 · Cited by 1,136
Self-citationClassifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach
Sachdev, P. S., Blacker, D., Blazer, D. G., Ganguli, M., Jeste, D. V., Paulsen, J. S., & Petersen, R. C. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 · Cited by 1,116
Self-citationRegulation of cerebral blood flow in humans: physiology and clinical implications of autoregulation
Claassen, J. A. H. R., Thijssen, D. H. J., Panerai, R. B., & Faraci, F. M. (2021) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00022.2020 · Cited by 1,005
Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Rost, N. S., Brodtmann, A. G., Pase, M. P., van Veluw, S. J., Biffi, A., Duering, M., Hinman, J. D., & Dichgans, M. (2022) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.122.319951 · Cited by 864
Metadata
- Authors
- Sachdev, P., Kalaria, R., O’Brien, J., Skoog, I., Alladi, S., Black, S. E., Blacker, D., Blazer, D. G., Chen, C., Chui, H., Ganguli, M., Jellinger, K., Jeste, D. V., Pasquier, F., Paulsen, J., Prins, N., Rockwood, K., Roman, G., & Scheltens, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Prince of Wales Hospital (AU)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sachdev, Perminder
- Blacker, Deborah
- Pasquier, Florence
- ORCID
- Venue
- Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 206-218
- ISSN
- 0893-0341 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4139434
- OpenAlex
- W2035892177
- Cited by
- 852
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 27.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Medical Research Council (MR/L016451/1)
- Australian Research Council (DP120102078)
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BH111030)
- National Institute on Aging (P50AG005142, P50AG005134, K07AG044395, P30AG062421)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH071536)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- vascular dementia, diagnostic criteria, vascular etiology, Alzheimer disease pathology, DSM-5
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Dementia, Vascular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
