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Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence
Open accessAbstract
Concerns about sustainability in agricultural systems centre on the need to develop technologies and practices that do not have adverse effects on environmental goods and services, are accessible to and effective for farmers, and lead to improvements in food productivity. Despite great progress in agricultural productivity in the past half-century, with crop and livestock productivity strongly driven by increased use of fertilizers, irrigation water, agricultural machinery, pesticides and land, it would be over-optimistic to assume that these relationships will remain linear in the future. New approaches are needed that will integrate biological and ecological processes into food production, minimize the use of those non-renewable inputs that cause harm to the environment or to the health of farmers and consumers, make productive use of the knowledge and skills of farmers, so substituting human capital for costly external inputs, and make productive use of people's collective capacities to work together to solve common agricultural and natural resource problems, such as for pest, watershed, irrigation, forest and credit management. These principles help to build important capital assets for agricultural systems: natural; social; human; physical; and financial capital. Improving natural capital is a central aim, and dividends can come from making the best use of the genotypes of crops and animals and the ecological conditions under which they are grown or raised. Agricultural sustainability suggests a focus on both genotype improvements through the full range of modern biological approaches and improved understanding of the benefits of ecological and agronomic management, manipulation and redesign. The ecological management of agroecosystems that addresses energy flows, nutrient cycling, population-regulating mechanisms and system resilience can lead to the redesign of agriculture at a landscape scale. Sustainable agriculture outcomes can be positive for food productivity, reduced pesticide use and carbon balances. Significant challenges, however, remain to develop national and international policies to support the wider emergence of more sustainable forms of agricultural production across both industrialized and developing countries.
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“However, no clear-cut empirical evidence has been provided as to which of the principles of CA contributes most to agricultural sustainability in Africa (36)”
From The era of sustainable agricultural development in Africa: Understanding the benefits and constraints (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
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“These practices may be seen as sustainable when environmental, social, and economic impacts are positive (Ison 1990; Meares 1997; Lotter 2003; Pretty 2008).”
BackgroundEilola, S., Käyhkö, N., Fagerholm, N., & Kombo, Y. H. (2014) · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.1080/21683565.2014.923800 · Cited by 9
“…health indicator sets of Vadrevu et al. (2008) and Lightfoot and Noble (2001), contextual knowledge, as well as health determinants found in the literature on sustainable agricultural management (Altieri 1995; Pretty et al. 2003; Saudubray and Scheder 2006; Hauser and Norgrove 2008; Pretty 2008).”
BackgroundIotti, M., & Bonazzi, G. (2016) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en9090713 · Cited by 7
“Several studies have shown that sustainable agricultural production could provide solutions to food, energy and environmental problems [15] given that the production of renewable energy, agriculture and land use are strictly related [16,17], in fact, energy production through renewable sources generates services which…”
BackgroundSuitability evaluation system for the production and sourcing of agricultural commodities
Jaisli, I., Laube, P. O., Trachsel, S., Ochsner, P., & Schuhmacher, S. (2018) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2018.02.002 · Cited by 7
“…and cultural circumstances (Mandryk et al., 2015), on prevailing risks and opportunities farms are facing (Heumann et al., 2013), and on their endowment with di ff erent livelihood assets, such as human, social, fi - nancial, physical and natural capital (Nijbroek and Andelman, 2015; Pretty, 2008).”
Tobin, D., & Glenna, L. (2018) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12251 · Cited by 7
Ferraro, D. O., Vera, A. C. D., Pessah, S., & Ghersa, F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44402-0_9 · Cited by 7
Makuma-Massa, H., Kibwika, P., Nampala, P., Manyong, V. M., & Yami, M. (2020) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2020.1841421 · Cited by 7
“In the past, the primary solution to food shortages was to increase land and water supply in agriculture (Pretty, 2008).”
Regenerative Agriculture: Beyond Sustainability
Department of Agronomy, South Dakota State University, & USA (2021) · International Journal on Agriculture Research and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.51626/ijares.2021.02.00007 · Cited by 7
Regulation of Agroecosystems: A Social Systems Analysis of Agroecology and Law
Noe, E., & Alrøe, H. F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-46617-9_2 · Cited by 8
“Agroecology is globally seen a concept that can host such a holistic effort (Dalgaard, Hutchings, and Porter 2003, Pretty 2008) , especially among the Latin American scholars (Altieri 1995).”
BackgroundFarmers typology and crops sustainability in Alto Urubamba, La Convencion – Cusco
Merma, I., & Otiniano, A. J. (2012) · Scientia Agropecuaria · doi:10.17268/sci.agropecu.2012.02.06 · Cited by 7
“1999; Pretty, 2008).”
Only, E. (2010) · Cited by 7
10. Sustainability Indicators For Agriculture In The European Union
Królczyk, J. B., & Latawiec, A. E. (2015) · doi:10.1515/9783110450507-015 · Cited by 7
ECONOMICS, ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Tisdell, C., Wilson, C., & Nantha, H. S. (1997) · Cited by 8
Bisangwa, E. (2013) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 7
Carbon Footprint Management for Food Supply Chains
Τόκα, Α., Koh, S. C. L., & Shi, V. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118937495.ch8 · Cited by 7
Micro-Macro Measurements of Sustainability
Zainudin, N., Lau, J. L., & Munusami, C. (2020) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71057-0_91-1 · Cited by 7
Towards More Sustainable Agro-food Systems in Indonesia
Wihardja, M. M., Arifin, B., & Amir, M. (2023) · doi:10.35497/565196 · Cited by 7
Carbon Sequestration and Agriculture
Mandlebaum, S., & Nriagu, J. O. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00733-9 · Cited by 7
Quantum Computing's Role in Advancing Sustainability
Kumar, A. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83549-109-620251004 · Cited by 7
Bio-Control Agents: A Sustainable Approach for Enhancing Soil Nutrients Use Efficiency in Farming
Karuppiah, P., Thayalan, K. J., Gopukumar, S. T., & Uma, E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3232-9_10 · Cited by 9
Wijitkosum, S., Sriburi, T., & Chutivisut, P. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-025-06484-4 · Cited by 6
“This cultivation pattern causes chemical residues to accumulate in the soil, leads to soil degradation, and harms ecosystems in the long run (Savci 2012; Pretty 2008).”
Haile, B. T., Dougill, A. J., Ramoelo, A., & Kidane, T. T. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1532356 · Cited by 6
Ferretti, L., Blasi, S., Landers, L., Elli, F., O'Connor, R., & Pacini, C. (2025) · Ecological Solutions and Evidence · doi:10.1002/2688-8319.70101 · Cited by 6
A systematic review on sustainable practices transforming global agribusiness
Doda, H., Sharma, A., & Thakur, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1566708 · Cited by 6
Akanbi, O. D., Gupta, A., Mandayam, V., Flynn, K. C., Yarus, J. M., Barcelos, E. I., & French, R. H. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108697 · Cited by 6
Bommi, S., Parameswari, E., Dhevagi, P., Janaki, P., Davamani, V., Sebastian, S. P., Suganthy, M., Krishnan, R., & Thirugnanasambandham, K. (2025) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-025-02915-w · Cited by 6
“Too little study has been done on the long-term effects of using these materials, especially in agriculture, which makes worries about their possible cumulative effects on the environment even worse (Pretty et al., 2008).”
Sangha, K. K., Leyton-Flor, S. A., Kassa, G., Ahammad, R., & Dendup, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2026.1743959 · Cited by 6
Kyambade, M., Mwesigwa, R., Alinda, K., Tumwine, S., & Lwanga, F. (2026) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-11-2025-1179 · Cited by 7
Roy, M., Akbar, D., Rajapaksa, D., & Rahman, A. (2026) · World Development Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.wds.2026.100298 · Cited by 7
Wickramasinghe, D. M., Devasinghe, U., Suriyagoda, L. D. B., Egodawatta, C., & Benaragama, D. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Agronomy · doi:10.3389/fagro.2023.1211755 · Cited by 6
“Hence, current cropping systems require development of more sustainable practices which are less dependent on anthropogenic and petroleum inputs, ef fi cient resource use, and low environmental impact with protecting human and animal health (Pretty, 2008).”
BackgroundAgrOptim: A novel multi-objective simulation optimization framework for extensive cropping systems
Ghersa, F., Figarola, L. A., Castro, R., & Ferraro, D. O. (2024) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2024.109119 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Pretty, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pretty, Jules
- ORCID
- Pretty, Jules
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2007-07-25
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 1491
- Pages
- 447-465
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC2610163
- OpenAlex
- W2124217459
- Cited by
- 1,941
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 159 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 180 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant and soil sciences
- Social Sciences › Development › Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
- Keywords
- sustainable agriculture, agroecosystems, natural capital, social capital, human capital, financial capital, physical capital, ecological management, nutrient cycling, system resilience, food productivity, pesticide reduction, carbon balance, farmer knowledge, agricultural policy, environmental goods and services
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Developing Countries, Environment, Food Supply, Humans, Pesticides, Ecosystem, Crops, Agricultural, Developed Countries
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