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Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence
Open accessAbstract
Concerns about sustainability in agricultural systems centre on the need to develop technologies and practices that do not have adverse effects on environmental goods and services, are accessible to and effective for farmers, and lead to improvements in food productivity. Despite great progress in agricultural productivity in the past half-century, with crop and livestock productivity strongly driven by increased use of fertilizers, irrigation water, agricultural machinery, pesticides and land, it would be over-optimistic to assume that these relationships will remain linear in the future. New approaches are needed that will integrate biological and ecological processes into food production, minimize the use of those non-renewable inputs that cause harm to the environment or to the health of farmers and consumers, make productive use of the knowledge and skills of farmers, so substituting human capital for costly external inputs, and make productive use of people's collective capacities to work together to solve common agricultural and natural resource problems, such as for pest, watershed, irrigation, forest and credit management. These principles help to build important capital assets for agricultural systems: natural; social; human; physical; and financial capital. Improving natural capital is a central aim, and dividends can come from making the best use of the genotypes of crops and animals and the ecological conditions under which they are grown or raised. Agricultural sustainability suggests a focus on both genotype improvements through the full range of modern biological approaches and improved understanding of the benefits of ecological and agronomic management, manipulation and redesign. The ecological management of agroecosystems that addresses energy flows, nutrient cycling, population-regulating mechanisms and system resilience can lead to the redesign of agriculture at a landscape scale. Sustainable agriculture outcomes can be positive for food productivity, reduced pesticide use and carbon balances. Significant challenges, however, remain to develop national and international policies to support the wider emergence of more sustainable forms of agricultural production across both industrialized and developing countries.
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“However, no clear-cut empirical evidence has been provided as to which of the principles of CA contributes most to agricultural sustainability in Africa (36)”
From The era of sustainable agricultural development in Africa: Understanding the benefits and constraints (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
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Liu, J., Chang, F., Yang, J., Jie, X., Lu, C., Wang, C., Xie, L., Ma, L., & Su, H. (2025) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2025.110030 · Cited by 9
Major determinants of sustainable agriculture practices adoption: A systematic review
Chauhan, N., Kretschmer, M.-F., Aboytes, J. G. R., & von Wehrden, H. (2026) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2026.107941 · Cited by 10
Bayrak, G., Özgenç, E. K., & Atik, D. (2018) · European Journal of Sustainable Development · doi:10.14207/ejsd.2018.v7n3p413 · Cited by 9
“…minimize the use of those non-renewable inputs that cause harm to the environment or to the health of farmers and consumers; make productive use of the knowledge and skills of farmers, thus improving their self-reliance and substituting human capital for costly external inputs (Pretty, 2008).”
BackgroundOrganic agriculture: impact on the environment and food quality
Gomiero, T. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821363-6.00002-3 · Cited by 17
Advances of nanotechnology in plant development and crop protection
Akter, R., Rahman, M. H., Chowdhury, M. A. R., Manirujjaman, M., & Elshenawy, S. E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823978-0.00007-1 · Cited by 9
Nadal, M. C., Ferreira, G. M. D. R., Andrade, G. V. S., Buttrós, V. H., Rodrigues, F. A., Dambroz, C. M. D. S., Martins, A. D., Rufato, L., Luz, J. M. Q., Soares, J. D. R., et al. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12051226 · Cited by 9
Amazonian earthworm biodiversity is heavily impacted by ancient and recent human disturbance
Conrado, A. C., Demetrio, W. C., Stanton, D. W. G., Bartz, M. L. C., James, S. W., Santos, A., Silva, É. D., Ferreira, T., Acioli, A. N. S., Casadei‐Ferreira, A., et al. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165087 · Cited by 9
“Modern agricultural practices often involve larger areas of land and higher levels of mechanization and are based on external knowledge and technologies (with the use of hybrid seeds, fertilisers, and pesticides) that may not be well-suited to the local environment and can have more severe environmental impacts on eco…”
BackgroundJing, B., Shi, W., Liu, L., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.12814 · Cited by 9
Sustainable food. Production and consumption perspectives
(2024) · doi:10.18559/978-83-8211-209-2 · Cited by 13
Modern Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture
Sani, S., Abdulkadir, A. I., Abdullahi, N., Abubakar, K. M., Abdul, A., & Umar, A. L. (2024) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24may1714 · Cited by 13
Voget-Kleschin, L., & Stephan, S. (2013) · Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10806-013-9454-y · Cited by 9
Simbarashe, G., Nhodo, L., & Charles, D. (2010) · Journal of sustainable development in Africa · Cited by 9
Soil health of soils in Aurangabad district (Maharashtra), India
Ajgaonkar, S., & Patil, S. S. (2017) · AN ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE · doi:10.15740/has/ajss/12.1/121-127 · Cited by 9
Jin, S. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.5983 · Cited by 9
“In addition, increasing the soil carbon sequestration potential contributes to the sustainable agricultural developments (Lal, 2004b; Pretty, 2008), I hypothesized that if the program of soil testing and nitrogen recommendation succeeds, the recommended N fertilizer application levels will enhance the soil carbon stoc…”
BackgroundSchuler, J., Toorop, R. A., Willaume, M., Vermue, A., Schläfke, N., Uthes, S., Zander, P. M., & Rossing, W. A. H. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12187528 · Cited by 9
“The introduction of technology such as chemical fertilizers, improved varieties and irrigation, in combination with a growing access to mechanization, enabled large improvements in productivity and labor-efficiency [14], but led at the same time to an increasing reliance on external and often non-renewable resources […”
BackgroundHyun, S., Yang, S. M., Kim, J., Kim, K. S., Shin, J. H., Lee, S. M., Lee, B., Beresford, R. M., & Fleisher, D. H. (2021) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2020.105936 · Cited by 9
Effecting Change through Storytelling
Grace, P. E., & Kaufman, E. K. (2013) · Cited by 9
Insect pollination and sustainable agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa
Kumsa, T., & Ballantyne, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Pollination Ecology · doi:10.26786/1920-7603(2021)615 · Cited by 11
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, B., Er, A. C., Ahmad, H., & Manaf, A. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Development · doi:10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.6.1338 · Cited by 9
Desrochers, J., Brye, K. R., & Pollock, E. D. (2022) · Agrosystems Geosciences & Environment · doi:10.1002/agg2.20232 · Cited by 11
Wrzaszcz, W., & Zieliński, M. (2022) · European Journal of Sustainable Development · doi:10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n1p87 · Cited by 9
Industrial Hemp as a Crop for a Sustainable Agriculture
Ely, K., Podder, S., Reiss, M., & Fike, J. H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8778-5_1 · Cited by 9
A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Capital and Sustainability
Rana, S., & ., P. (2022) · Vision The Journal of Business Perspective · doi:10.1177/09722629221105773 · Cited by 9
“An article with over 1,600 citations (almost 55 citations per year) reported by Pretty (2008) deals with ‘human capital’ and sustainability.”
BackgroundKoch, М. A., Tosun, J., Kellermann, L., Marek, C., Kiefer, M., & Thiv, M. (2023) · Cogent Food & Agriculture · doi:10.1080/23311932.2023.2202892 · Cited by 9
“model for initiating and facilitating the transition toward more sustainable agriculture production (Pretty, 2008; Zollet & Maharjan, 2021).”
BackgroundShahid, S. A., Taha, F. K., Ismail, S., Dakheel, A., & Abdelfattah, M. A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0519-7_3 · Cited by 9
“In the past five decades the world population has increased significantly, while the amount of land devoted to arable agriculture globally has increased only by about 9% (Pretty 2008).”
BackgroundThe challenge of economic growth for sustainable production landscapes
Hunt, L. (2014) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-014-0276-2 · Cited by 9
“(Deloitte 2011), they have survived, demonstrating one aspect of sustainability—persistence (Pretty 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialAgri-food in search of sustainability: cognitive, interactional and material framing
Zwartkruis, J. V., Moors, E. H. M., Farla, J. C. M., & van Lente, H. (2012) · Journal on Chain and Network Science · doi:10.3920/jcns2012.x006 · Cited by 9
“Given the concerns related to animal welfare, biodiversity and environmental problems (Beers et al. , 2010), the interest in sustainable practices is increasing (Pretty, 2008).”
InfluentialDisease–weather relationships for wheat powdery mildew under climate change in China
Zhang, L., Yang, B., LI, S., & GUO, A. H. (2017) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859617000442 · Cited by 9
“Agriculture is changing at an unprecedented pace worldwide due to global climate change (Pretty 2008).”
BackgroundSustainability and Ethics Along the Food Supply Chain
Lazarides, H. N., & Goula, A. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64738-8_3 · Cited by 9
Sustainable Agriculture in the Republic of Korea
Suh, J. (2018) · Sustainable agriculture reviews · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75190-0_7 · Cited by 9
Role of PGPR Under Different Agroclimatic Conditions
Rani, A., & Goel, R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27515-9_9 · Cited by 9
“Currently, the global population could be fed by the present level of agricultural output, and the global production of food is 145% greater today than it was in 1960 (Pretty 2008).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pretty, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pretty, Jules
- ORCID
- Pretty, Jules
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2007-07-25
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 1491
- Pages
- 447-465
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC2610163
- OpenAlex
- W2124217459
- Cited by
- 1,941
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 159 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 180 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant and soil sciences
- Social Sciences › Development › Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
- Keywords
- sustainable agriculture, agroecosystems, natural capital, social capital, human capital, financial capital, physical capital, ecological management, nutrient cycling, system resilience, food productivity, pesticide reduction, carbon balance, farmer knowledge, agricultural policy, environmental goods and services
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Developing Countries, Environment, Food Supply, Humans, Pesticides, Ecosystem, Crops, Agricultural, Developed Countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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