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Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence
Open accessAbstract
Concerns about sustainability in agricultural systems centre on the need to develop technologies and practices that do not have adverse effects on environmental goods and services, are accessible to and effective for farmers, and lead to improvements in food productivity. Despite great progress in agricultural productivity in the past half-century, with crop and livestock productivity strongly driven by increased use of fertilizers, irrigation water, agricultural machinery, pesticides and land, it would be over-optimistic to assume that these relationships will remain linear in the future. New approaches are needed that will integrate biological and ecological processes into food production, minimize the use of those non-renewable inputs that cause harm to the environment or to the health of farmers and consumers, make productive use of the knowledge and skills of farmers, so substituting human capital for costly external inputs, and make productive use of people's collective capacities to work together to solve common agricultural and natural resource problems, such as for pest, watershed, irrigation, forest and credit management. These principles help to build important capital assets for agricultural systems: natural; social; human; physical; and financial capital. Improving natural capital is a central aim, and dividends can come from making the best use of the genotypes of crops and animals and the ecological conditions under which they are grown or raised. Agricultural sustainability suggests a focus on both genotype improvements through the full range of modern biological approaches and improved understanding of the benefits of ecological and agronomic management, manipulation and redesign. The ecological management of agroecosystems that addresses energy flows, nutrient cycling, population-regulating mechanisms and system resilience can lead to the redesign of agriculture at a landscape scale. Sustainable agriculture outcomes can be positive for food productivity, reduced pesticide use and carbon balances. Significant challenges, however, remain to develop national and international policies to support the wider emergence of more sustainable forms of agricultural production across both industrialized and developing countries.
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“However, no clear-cut empirical evidence has been provided as to which of the principles of CA contributes most to agricultural sustainability in Africa (36)”
From The era of sustainable agricultural development in Africa: Understanding the benefits and constraints (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
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Palomo, I., Felipe‐Lucia, M. R., Bennett, E. M., Martín‐López, B., & Pascual, U. (2016) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.09.003 · Cited by 293
Multi-objective optimization and design of farming systems
Groot, J. C. J., Oomen, G. J. M., & Rossing, W. A. H. (2012) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2012.03.012 · Cited by 287
“Agricultural systems continue to put large pressures on the environment (MA, 2005; Pretty, 2008; Kiers et al., 2008; Place and Mitloehner, 2010).”
BackgroundSurface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in environmental analysis, monitoring and assessment
Ong, T. T. X., Blanch, E. W., & Jones, O. A. H. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137601 · Cited by 270
Clark, K. H., & Nicholas, K. A. (2013) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-013-9903-z · Cited by 256
“2004) and minimize pests and pathogens (e.g., Ellis 1998; Bostonian et al. 2004; Pretty 2008).”
BackgroundDietary quality and tree cover in Africa
Ickowitz, A., Powell, B., Salim, M., & Sunderland, T. (2014) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.001 · Cited by 265
“…the aim of providing more food to a growing human population (Gibbs et al., 2010; Godfray et al., 2010; Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011; Phalan et al., 2011; Pretty, 1998), the need to better understand the entire range of the contributions that forest make to human diets takes on increasing urgency.”
Meinzen-Dick, R. S., Kovarik, C., & Quisumbing, A. R. (2014) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-101813-013240 · Cited by 251
“This review’s specific focus is sustainable agriculture and common property systems that provide for long-term viability of the resource base by making the best use of environmental goods and services while not damaging them (10).”
BackgroundAgroforestry Can Enhance Food Security While Meeting Other Sustainable Development Goals
Waldron, A., Garrity, D. P., Malhi, Y. S., Girardin, C. A. J., Miller, D. C., & Seddon, N. (2017) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/1940082917720667 · Cited by 281
“Consequently, there is now extensive consensus that we need to move away from the current, narrow focus on yield, and toward a more ‘‘multifunctional’’ agriculture that also respects (and preferably enhances) broader societal and environmental goals, under the rubric sustainable intensification (IAASTD, 2009; Godfray…”
BackgroundPlant-based materials and transitioning to a circular economy
Shogren, R. L., Wood, D. F., Orts, W. J., & Glenn, G. M. (2019) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2019.04.007 · Cited by 262
Taking Complexity in Food Systems Seriously: An Interdisciplinary Analysis
Foran, T., Butler, J., Williams, L. J., Wanjura, W. J., Hall, A., Carter, L., & Carberry, P. (2014) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.023 · Cited by 269
Larson, D. L., Phillips-Mao, L., Quiram, G. L., Sharpe, L., Stark, R., Sugita, S., & Weiler, A. (2010) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.025 · Cited by 237
Risk Analysis and Bioeconomics of Invasive Species to Inform Policy and Management
Lodge, D. M., Simonin, P. W., Burgiel, S. W., Keller, R. P., Bossenbroek, J. M., Jerde, C. L., Kramer, A. M., Rutherford, E. S., Barnes, M. A., Wittmann, M. E., et al. (2016) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085532 · Cited by 237
“Applied research agendas from many disciplines aim to inform efforts to reduce the current and future harmful impacts of nonindigenous species on human health (14), forest and wildlife health (15), and indigenous biodiversity (16), as well as on the productivity of plant and animal species grown in agriculture (17), a…”
BackgroundSoils and food sufficiency. A review
Lal, R. (2008) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1051/agro:2008044 · Cited by 241
“Recommended practices are those that enhance eco-efficiency or the sustainable use of resources in farm production and land management (Wilkins, 2007; Pretty, 2007).”
BackgroundLalani, B., Dorward, P., Holloway, G. J., & Wauters, E. (2016) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2016.04.002 · Cited by 236
“Notwithstanding the potential to increase food production through conventional intensive agriculture it has been well documented that such agricultural systems are a source of significant environmental harm (Pretty, 2008; Tilman, 1999).”
BackgroundFood security: why is biodiversity important?
Sunderland, T. C. H. (2011) · International Forestry Review · doi:10.1505/146554811798293908 · Cited by 225
Jarvis, D. I., Hodgkin, T., Sthapit, B. R., Fadda, C., & López-Noriega, I. (2011) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.554358 · Cited by 221
“…and the establishment of new farmer–governed local institutions that have equitable links to the private sector have resulted in successful collective action for equitable management and use of traditional crop varieties (Friss-Hansen, 2008; Pretty 2008; Swaminathan, 2003; UNORCAC, 2008) (Table 1).”
BackgroundInfluentialBustamante, M., Robledo‐Abad, C., Harper, R. J., Mbow, C., Ravindranat, N. H., Sperling, F., Haberl, H., Pinto, A. D. S., & Smith, P. (2014) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12591 · Cited by 230
“In contrast, other measures (e.g. large-scale forestry or energy crop plantations) can reduce food production, at least locally (Foley et al., 2005; McMichael et al., 2007; Pretty, 2008; Godfray et al., 2010; Jackson & Baker, 2010; Graham-Rowe, 2011; Jeffery et al., 2011a).”
BackgroundPerrings, C. A., Naeem, S., Ahrestani, F. S., Bunker, D. E., Burkill, P. H., Canziani, G. A., Elmqvist, T., Ferrati, R., Fuhrman, J. A., Jaksić, F. M., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1196431 · Cited by 225
The blurred boundaries of ecological, sustainable, and agroecological intensification: a review
Wezel, A., Soboksa, G. E., McClelland, S. C., Delespesse, F., & Boissau, A. (2015) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-015-0333-y · Cited by 239
“…use efficiency and optimizing application of external inputs (Bos et al. 2013; Friedrich et al. 2012; Matson et al. 1997; McCune et al. 2011; Pretty 1997, 2008), to minimize direct negative environmental impacts of food production, to close yield gaps on underperforming existing…”
BackgroundInfluentialYork, L. M., Galindo‐Castañeda, T., Schussler, J. R., & Lynch, J. P. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erv074 · Cited by 222
“There is a shortage of arable land (Pretty, 2008), so land use efficiency must increase dramatically to meet current and future demand.”
BackgroundAgricultural intensification, dietary diversity, and markets in the global food security narrative
Ickowitz, A., Powell, B., Rowland, D., Jones, A. D., & Sunderland, T. (2018) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2018.11.002 · Cited by 242
“Sustainable Intensification (SI) has grown out of wide-spread acknowledgement of the environmental shortcomings of the first Green Revolution particularly with respect to its dependence of energy intensive agro-chemicals and its impacts upon biodiversity (Pretty, 2008; Royal Society, 2009).”
BackgroundEco-efficiency assessment of olive farms in Andalusia
Gómez-Limón, J. A., Picazo‐Tadeo, A. J., & Reig‐Martínez, E. (2011) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.08.004 · Cited by 209
Wargent, J. J., & Jordan, B. R. (2013) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.12132 · Cited by 203
Contributions of roots and rootstocks to sustainable, intensified crop production
Gregory, P. J., Atkinson, C. J., Bengough, A. G., Else, M. A., Fernández-Fernández, F., Harrison, R. J., & Schmidt, S. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/ers385 · Cited by 197
“As demands mount for greater efficiency in the use of water, nutrients, and other resources as major contributors to achieving this sustainable intensification (Pretty, 2008; Powlson et al., 2011), so the focus on roots and their role in acquiring resources is increasing (Gregory, 2006a; Lynch, 2007; Gewin, 2010).”
BackgroundSecuring a sustainable biomass supply in a growing bioeconomy
Lewandowski, I. M. (2015) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2015.10.001 · Cited by 213
The Social Dimensions of Sustainability and Change in Diversified Farming Systems
Bacon, C. M., Getz, C., Kraus, S., Montenegro, M., & Holland, K. (2012) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-05226-170441 · Cited by 216
Sustainable Agriculture and Its Implementation Gap—Overcoming Obstacles to Implementation
Siebrecht, N. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12093853 · Cited by 212
“In this context, the different sustainability factors need adaptation to the agricultural systems under consideration [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialReconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action
Kline, K. L., Msangi, S., Dale, V. H., Woods, J., Souza, G. M., Osseweijer, P., Clancy, J. S., Hilbert, J. A., Johnson, F. X., McDonnell, P. C., et al. (2017) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12366 · Cited by 186
“Integration helps minimize use of inputs such as fertilizer or pesticides and helps optimize use of assets such as natural, social, physical, and financial capital (e.g., Pretty, 2008; and Mueller et al., 2012).”
BackgroundTang, Y., Qiu, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, D., Cao, Y., Zhao, K., & Zhu, L. (2023) · Precision Agriculture · doi:10.1007/s11119-023-10009-9 · Cited by 186
“…to replace technologies in traditional agriculture that can increase the yield per unit area but are environmentally hazardous (e.g., excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers and large-scale use of agricultural machinery) can meet the requirements of agricultural sustainability (Pretty, 2008).”
BackgroundEwert, F., Baatz, R., & Finger, R. (2023) · Annual Review of Resource Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-resource-102422-090105 · Cited by 183
Young, M. D., Ros, G. H., & VRIES, W. D. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551 · Cited by 191
Frioni, T., Sabbatini, P., Tombesi, S., Norrie, J. P., Poni, S., Gatti, M., & Palliotti, A. (2018) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.054 · Cited by 179
Challenges of Integrated Water Resources Management in Indonesia
Fulazzaky, M. A. (2014) · Water · doi:10.3390/w6072000 · Cited by 177
“effective investments to reduce damages could make use of natural retention capacity [20].”
Pathways to shape the bioeconomy
Priefer, C., Jörissen, J., & Frör, O. (2017) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources6010010 · Cited by 196
“This includes reducing harmful external inputs, promoting nutrient recycling, optimizing energy flows, using natural mechanisms of pest control, and thus creating structures that improve the resilience of the system and maintain its long-term productivity [44,51,69,73].”
BackgroundIdentifying attributes of food system sustainability: emerging themes and consensus
Eakin, H. C., Connors, J., Wharton, C. M., Bertmann, F. M. W., Xiong, A., & Stoltzfus, J. (2016) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-016-9754-8 · Cited by 185
Branca, G., McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., & Jolejole-Foreman, M. C. (2011) · CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) · Cited by 165
Prospects for Agricultural Sustainable Intensification: A Review of Research
Xie, H., Huang, Y., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., & Wu, Q. (2019) · Land · doi:10.3390/land8110157 · Cited by 176
“With regard to the definition of sustainable intensification, although Ruben and Lee (2000) defined it from the agricultural economics perspective that focused on increasing land and labor returns while maintaining soil nutrient balance, Pretty (2008) proposed to strengthen the use of natural, social and human assets,…”
BackgroundTo close the yield-gap while saving biodiversity will require multiple locally relevant strategies
Cunningham, S. A., Attwood, S. J., Bawa, K. S., Benton, T. G., Broadhurst, L., Didham, R. K., McIntyre, S., Perfecto, I., Samways, M. J., Tscharntke, T., et al. (2013) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.007 · Cited by 160
“Growth in food production in the past has been strongly correlated with growth in agricultural land area (Pretty, 2008).”
BackgroundA system approach to conservation agriculture
Lal, R. (2015) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.2489/jswc.70.4.82a · Cited by 160
“Cover crops conserve N for grain crops; reduce soil erosion; and increase crop yield, especially in developing countries (Pretty 2008; Lal et al. 1979; Wilson et al. 1982).”
BackgroundThe debate over sustainable intensification
Godfray, H. C. J. (2015) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-015-0424-2 · Cited by 149
“Environmental sustainability implies farming in a way that does not undermine the future capacity of the land to produce food and other ecosystem services (Pretty 2008).”
BackgroundNguyen, N., & Drakou, E. G. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126828 · Cited by 165
“…behavioral control was constructed based on five manifest variables: technical control, financial control, labor control, market control and storage control, analogous to the five capitals of sustainable agriculture (Pretty 2008) i.e., human, financial, social, natural and physical capital.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pretty, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pretty, Jules
- ORCID
- Pretty, Jules
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2007-07-25
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 1491
- Pages
- 447-465
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC2610163
- OpenAlex
- W2124217459
- Cited by
- 1,941
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 159 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 180 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant and soil sciences
- Social Sciences › Development › Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
- Keywords
- sustainable agriculture, agroecosystems, natural capital, social capital, human capital, financial capital, physical capital, ecological management, nutrient cycling, system resilience, food productivity, pesticide reduction, carbon balance, farmer knowledge, agricultural policy, environmental goods and services
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Developing Countries, Environment, Food Supply, Humans, Pesticides, Ecosystem, Crops, Agricultural, Developed Countries
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