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Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence
Open accessAbstract
Concerns about sustainability in agricultural systems centre on the need to develop technologies and practices that do not have adverse effects on environmental goods and services, are accessible to and effective for farmers, and lead to improvements in food productivity. Despite great progress in agricultural productivity in the past half-century, with crop and livestock productivity strongly driven by increased use of fertilizers, irrigation water, agricultural machinery, pesticides and land, it would be over-optimistic to assume that these relationships will remain linear in the future. New approaches are needed that will integrate biological and ecological processes into food production, minimize the use of those non-renewable inputs that cause harm to the environment or to the health of farmers and consumers, make productive use of the knowledge and skills of farmers, so substituting human capital for costly external inputs, and make productive use of people's collective capacities to work together to solve common agricultural and natural resource problems, such as for pest, watershed, irrigation, forest and credit management. These principles help to build important capital assets for agricultural systems: natural; social; human; physical; and financial capital. Improving natural capital is a central aim, and dividends can come from making the best use of the genotypes of crops and animals and the ecological conditions under which they are grown or raised. Agricultural sustainability suggests a focus on both genotype improvements through the full range of modern biological approaches and improved understanding of the benefits of ecological and agronomic management, manipulation and redesign. The ecological management of agroecosystems that addresses energy flows, nutrient cycling, population-regulating mechanisms and system resilience can lead to the redesign of agriculture at a landscape scale. Sustainable agriculture outcomes can be positive for food productivity, reduced pesticide use and carbon balances. Significant challenges, however, remain to develop national and international policies to support the wider emergence of more sustainable forms of agricultural production across both industrialized and developing countries.
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“However, no clear-cut empirical evidence has been provided as to which of the principles of CA contributes most to agricultural sustainability in Africa (36)”
From The era of sustainable agricultural development in Africa: Understanding the benefits and constraints (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
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Al-Dhumri, S. A., Mosallam, M. S. A., Zhang, W., Alharbi, S., & Abou‐Elwafa, S. F. (2022) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-022-01873-z · Cited by 12
“Recent concerns about agricultural sustainability focus on the development of agricultural technologies and practices that do not have adverse environmental impacts, are accessible and effective for farmers, and enhance crop productivity and have positive environmental side effects on goods and services [37].”
BackgroundWu, L., Wu, L., Bingham, I. J., & Misselbrook, T. H. (2022) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103500 · Cited by 12
The big food view and human health from the prospect of bio-manufacturing and future food
Wang, J., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1160743 · Cited by 14
Llatasi, F. G. C., Gómez, L., Zegarra, J. A. S., Pozo, M., Mindani, C., Caira, C., & Calizaya, E. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151713163 · Cited by 12
“In an era marked by the urgency of global food security and sustainable development, this study is pivotal in preserving an ancient agricultural heritage while adapting it to the complexities of the modern world [28,29].”
BackgroundResultL’agriculture écologiquement intensive. Une approche économique
Ghali, M., Daniel, K., Colson, F., & Sorin, S. (2014) · Économie rurale · doi:10.4000/economierurale.4338 · Cited by 12
Introduction to plant biotechnology 2011: Basic aspects and agricultural implications
Altman, A., & Hasegawa, P. M. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381466-1.00050-x · Cited by 12
Ogemah, V. (2017) · African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development · doi:10.18697/ajfand.77.16560 · Cited by 12
“Many approaches for measuring sustainability have been proposed [12, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26].”
BackgroundThe Struggles of Smallholder Farmers: A Cause of Modern Agricultural Value Chains in South Africa
von Loeper, W. J., Drimie, S., & Blignaut, J. N. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.75710 · Cited by 15
The Progressive Agriculture Index: Assessing the Advancement of Agri-food Systems
Ludden, M. T., Welsh, R., Weissman, E., Hilchey, D., Gillespie, G. W., & Guptill, A. (2018) · Journal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development · doi:10.5304/jafscd.2018.083.003 · Cited by 12
“…of the three pillars of sustainability (environment, society, and economy). agricultural practices and organizational forms are argued to be hindering progress toward a more sustainable and just future for people and the planet (Gliessman, 2015; Kiley-Worthington, 1980; Pretty, 2008; Tilman, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialRunhaar, H. A. C., Runhaar, P. R., Bouwmans, M., Vink, S., Buijs, A. E., & Kleijn, D. (2019) · International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability · doi:10.1080/14735903.2019.1619966 · Cited by 12
“on motivations of farmers to engage in conservation (PerryHill & Prokopy, 2014; Runhaar, Polman, & DijkshoornDekker, 2018), social enablers of nature conservation by farmers (Pretty, 2008) as well as a deeper understanding of the barriers to conservation (RoeschMcNally et al.”
BackgroundAgriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sustainability: A Way Forward
Jhariya, M. K., Banerjee, A., Meena, R. S., & Yadav, D. K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6830-1_1 · Cited by 12
Kapgen, D., & Roudart, L. (2020) · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.1080/21683565.2020.1724582 · Cited by 16
“…Diane Kapgen diane.kapgen@uni.lu University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, Belval Campus, 11, Porte des Sciences L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg © 2020 Taylor & Francis cannot afford expensive technologies and inputs supplied by industries (Pretty 2007).”
BackgroundParticipatory seed projects and agroecological landscape knowledge in Central America
Baumann, M. D., Zimmerer, K. S., & van Etten, J. (2020) · International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability · doi:10.1080/14735903.2020.1775930 · Cited by 12
“Although scholars have recognized that local environmental knowledge is central to landscapebased approaches to strengthen sustainability (Frost et al., 2006; Pretty, 2008) and to the effectiveness of participatory projects (Almekinders et al.”
BackgroundReyes-Pérez, J. J., Enríquez-Acosta, E. A., Ramírez-Arrebato, M. Á., Rodríguez-Pedroso, A. T., & Falcón-Rodríguez, A. B. (2020) · Terra Latinoamericana · doi:10.28940/terra.v38i3.671 · Cited by 12
“The use of chemicals in agriculture has caused an imbalance in many agroecosystems (Pretty, 2008; Raza et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMorkūnas, M., Žičkienė, A., Baležentis, T., Volkov, A., Štreimikienė, D., & Ribašauskienė, E. (2021) · Problemy Ekorozwoju · doi:10.35784/pe.2022.1.17 · Cited by 12
Xylem sap calcium concentrations do not explain liming-induced inhibition of legume gas exchange
Rothwell, S. A., & Dodd, I. C. (2014) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-014-2118-5 · Cited by 12
“atmospheric nitrogen, thus reducing the need for chemical nitrogen fertilisers (Pretty 2008).”
Paths to Attaining Food Security: The Case of Cameroon
Yengoh, G. T., Armah, F. A., & Onumah, E. E. (2010) · Challenges · doi:10.3390/challe10100005 · Cited by 12
“Science, particularly biological science-based approaches, is seen as an important tool that may be used to meet the challenge of sustainable food production in the next four decades [9,59,79].”
InfluentialLong-term agricultural experiments inform the development of climate-smart agricultural practices
Wolf, K., Herrera, I., Tomich, T. P., & Scow, K. M. (2017) · California Agriculture · doi:10.3733/ca.2017a0022 · Cited by 12
“Improving these properties will, in turn, confer resilience of agro-ecosystems to uncertainties in climate, including unpredictable rainfall patterns, new extremes in temperature and unexpected shifts in the distribution of pests and diseases (Borron 2006; Pretty 2008).”
BackgroundThe new challenge – sustainable production in a changing environment
Gregory, P. J., & Nortcliff, S. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118337295.ch13 · Cited by 12
Hasler, K. (2017) · doi:10.18174/422865 · Cited by 12
Ferraro, D. O., Ghersa, F., de Paula, R., Vera, A. C. D., & Pessah, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238676 · Cited by 11
Showcasing green: how culture influences sustainable behavior in food eco-labeling
Manta, F., Campobasso, F., Tarulli, A., & Morrone, D. (2021) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-05-2021-0478 · Cited by 11
Permaculture Principles, Practices, and Environmentalism
Suh, J. (2022) · Sustainable agriculture reviews · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16155-1_1 · Cited by 11
Lairez, J., Jourdain, D., López‐Ridaura, S., Syfongxay, C., & Affholder, F. (2023) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103777 · Cited by 11
“However, sustainable agriculture is not unique or universal and has to be grounded into the local context (Pretty, 2008).”
Ghoreshizadeh, S., Calvo-Peña, C., Ruíz-Muñoz, M., Otero-Suárez, R., Coque, J. J. R., & Cobos, R. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13030402 · Cited by 11
“It is associated with several key principles, including the use of decreased amounts of non-renewable and unsustainable inputs [44].”
BackgroundNie, J., Kiminami, A., & Yagi, H. (2024) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture14040631 · Cited by 12
Harmonizing smart city tech and anthropocentrism for climate resilience and Nature's benefit
Sikandar, S. M., Ali, S. M., & Hassan, Z. (2024) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101026 · Cited by 18
Circular Economy Principles and Their Application in Agri-Food Supply Chain
Roy, M., Akbar, D., & Rajapaksa, D. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6284-6.ch009 · Cited by 11
A Fuzzy OPARA-Based Group Decision-Making Approach: Application to Sustainable Solutions Assessment
Keshavarz-Ghorabaee, M., Mohammadi-Ostadkalayeh, A., Amiri, M., & Antuchevičienė, J. (2025) · Informatica · doi:10.15388/25-infor586 · Cited by 11
Notes on autonomy as an agroecological principle
de Molina, M. G. (2025) · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.1080/21683565.2025.2502092 · Cited by 11
“…authors is Jules Pretty, who, by defining agricultural sustainability, undervalues the autonomy of producers and openly acknowledges its compatibility with the use of external inputs, especially new technologies or hypertechnologies, even with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (Pretty 2007).”
Bousset, L., & Chèvre, A. (2012) · Journal of Botany · doi:10.1155/2012/938218 · Cited by 11
“Epidemics reduce crop yield, and current disease control is questioned [3, 4].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pretty, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pretty, Jules
- ORCID
- Pretty, Jules
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2007-07-25
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 1491
- Pages
- 447-465
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC2610163
- OpenAlex
- W2124217459
- Cited by
- 1,941
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 159 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 180 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant and soil sciences
- Social Sciences › Development › Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
- Keywords
- sustainable agriculture, agroecosystems, natural capital, social capital, human capital, financial capital, physical capital, ecological management, nutrient cycling, system resilience, food productivity, pesticide reduction, carbon balance, farmer knowledge, agricultural policy, environmental goods and services
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Conservation of Natural Resources, Developing Countries, Environment, Food Supply, Humans, Pesticides, Ecosystem, Crops, Agricultural, Developed Countries
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