Traumatic brain injury
Open accessAbstract
There is an increasing incidence of military traumatic brain injury (TBI), and similar injuries are seen in civilians in war zones or terrorist incidents. Indeed, blast-induced mild TBI has been referred to as the signature injury of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Assessment involves schemes that are common in civilcian practice but, in common with civilian TBI, takes little account of information available from modern imaging (particularly diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging) and emerging biomarkers. The efficient logistics of clinical care delivery in the field may have a role in optimizing outcome. Clinical care has much in common with civilian TBI, but intracranial pressure monitoring is not always available, and protocols need to be modified to take account of this. In addition, severe early oedema has led to increasing use of decompressive craniectomy, and blast TBI may be associated with a higher incidence of vasospasm and pseudoaneurysm formation. Visual and/or auditory deficits are common, and there is a significant risk of post-traumatic epilepsy. TBI is rarely an isolated finding in this setting, and persistent post-concussive symptoms are commonly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain, a constellation of findings that has been called the polytrauma clinical triad.
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In mTBI, therapy strives to return an individual to their baseline functioning; in more severe injuries, treatment often focuses on adjusting and living with the permanent consequences of an injury.
“for mTBI, therapy strives to return an individual to their baseline functioning.48 In more severe injuries, treatment often focuses on adjusting and living with the permanent consequences of an injury.49”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for mild traumatic brain injury (ACTion-mTBI): a quasiexperimental feasibility study (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
Section 10 discusses persistent symptoms and rehabilitation outcomes, while section 5 addresses prognosis; neither states that mTBI therapy aims to restore baseline functioning or that treatment for more severe injuries focuses on adapting to permanent consequences. Searches for baseline recovery, rehabilitation goals, and adaptation to disability found no passage addressing those treatment goals. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research
Maas, A. I. R., Menon, D. K., Adelson, P. D., Andelic, N., Bell, M. J., Belli, A., Bragge, P., Brazinova, A., Büki, A., Chesnut, R. M., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30371-x · Cited by 2,609 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental enrichment and the sensory brain: The role of enrichment in remediating brain injury
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Faulkner, J., Prouty, D., Devlin, L., Appleton, D., Roche, M., Below, K., Moffat, J., Snell, D., Williams, M. N., Barker-Collo, S., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089727 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Risdall, J. E., & Menon, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Royal Navy (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2011-01-27
- Volume
- 366
- Issue
- 1562
- Pages
- 241-250
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC3013429
- OpenAlex
- W2141383137
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0508-10327)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, war zones, diffusion tensor imaging, biomarkers, intracranial pressure monitoring, decompressive craniectomy, vasospasm, pseudoaneurysm, post-traumatic epilepsy, post-concussion symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain
- MeSH terms
- Blast Injuries, Brain Injuries, Humans, Military Medicine, Military Personnel, Warfare, Biomarkers, Post-Concussion Syndrome, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Decompressive Craniectomy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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