Environmental enrichment and the sensory brain: The role of enrichment in remediating brain injury
Open accessAbstract
The brain's life-long capacity for experience-dependent plasticity allows adaptation to new environments or to changes in the environment, and to changes in internal brain states such as occurs in brain damage. Since the initial discovery by Hebb (1947) that environmental enrichment (EE) was able to confer improvements in cognitive behavior, EE has been investigated as a powerful form of experience-dependent plasticity. Animal studies have shown that exposure to EE results in a number of molecular and morphological alterations, which are thought to underpin changes in neuronal function and ultimately, behavior. These consequences of EE make it ideally suited for investigation into its use as a potential therapy after neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this review, we aim to first briefly discuss the effects of EE on behavior and neuronal function, followed by a review of the underlying molecular and structural changes that account for EE-dependent plasticity in the normal (uninjured) adult brain. We then extend this review to specifically address the role of EE in the treatment of experimental TBI, where we will discuss the demonstrated sensorimotor and cognitive benefits associated with exposure to EE, and their possible mechanisms. Finally, we will explore the use of EE-based rehabilitation in the treatment of human TBI patients, highlighting the remaining questions regarding the effects of EE.
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Environmental enrichment in animal models of mental and neurodegenerative disorders has been linked to morphological changes such as dendritic and synaptic growth and neurogenesis in the hippocampus as well as molecular alterations including neurotransmitter levels, neurotransmitter receptor expression and neurotrophin expression.
“environmental enrichment in animal models of mental and neurodegenerative disorders has been linked to morphological changes such as dendritic and synaptic growth and neurogenesis in the hippocampus as well as molecular alterations including neurotransmitter levels, neurotransmitter receptor expression and neurotrophin expression (for review, see Alwis & Rajan, 2014;Baroncelli et al., 2010).”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Alwis & Rajan, 2014
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- Hebb D. O. (1949). The Organization of Behaviour. New York, NY: Wiley
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Schiele, M. A., Gottschalk, M. G., & Domschke, K. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101830 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
- Authors
- Alwis, D. S., & Rajan, R.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Rajan, Ramesh
- ORCID
- Rajan, Ramesh
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- Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
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- 2014-09-02
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- 8
- Pages
- 156-156
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- 1662-5137 (ISSN-L)
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- PMC4151031
- OpenAlex
- W2074398187
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- 335
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- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- environmental enrichment, experience-dependent plasticity, traumatic brain injury, brain injury rehabilitation, sensory processing, sensorimotor function, cognitive recovery, neuronal function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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