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HIV DNA Integration
Open accessAbstract
Retroviruses are distinguished from other viruses by two characteristic steps in the viral replication cycle. The first is reverse transcription, which results in the production of a double-stranded DNA copy of the viral RNA genome, and the second is integration, which results in covalent attachment of the DNA copy to host cell DNA. The initial catalytic steps of the integration reaction are performed by the virus-encoded integrase (IN) protein. The chemistry of the IN-mediated DNA breaking and joining steps is well worked out, and structures of IN-DNA complexes have now clarified how the overall complex assembles. Methods developed during these studies were adapted for identification of IN inhibitors, which received FDA approval for use in patients in 2007. At the chromosomal level, HIV integration is strongly favored in active transcription units, which may promote efficient viral gene expression after integration. HIV IN binds to the cellular factor LEDGF/p75, which promotes efficient infection and tethers IN to favored target sites. The HIV integration machinery must also interact with many additional host factors during infection, including nuclear trafficking and pore proteins during nuclear entry, histones during initial target capture, and DNA repair proteins during completion of the DNA joining steps. Models for some of the molecular mechanisms involved have been proposed, but important details remain to be clarified.
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“Integration of reverse transcribed viral DNA into the host cell genome is an essential step during the HIV-1 life cycle 1 .”
From Harnessing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus (2013) · cites this paper as [1]
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24 hours in the life of HIV-1 in a T cell line
Mohammadi, P., Desfarges, S., Bartha, I., Joos, B., Zangger, N., Muñoz, M., Günthard, H. F., Beerenwinkel, N., Telenti, A., & Ciuffi, A. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003161 · Cited by 155
“Analyses of viral integration first evaluated how the transcriptional status of genes contributes to preferential integration of proviruses [3]; however, there is limited data on how the viral integration contributes to host transcription at genome-wide level.”
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Lušić, M., & Siliciano, R. F. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.162 · Cited by 168
LEDGF/p75 interacts with mRNA splicing factors and targets HIV-1 integration to highly spliced genes
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“…evaluate which features of transcription units best predict the level of integration, we developed regression models using factors previously shown to correlate with integration in genome-wide analyses (Schroder et al. 2002; Berry et al. 2006;Wang et al. 2007; Craigie and Bushman 2012).”
MethodAntigen-responsive CD4+ T cell clones contribute to the HIV-1 latent reservoir
Mendoza, P., Jackson, J., Oliveira, T. Y., Gaebler, C., Ramos, V., Caskey, M. F., Janković, M., Nussenzweig, M. C., & Cohn, L. B. (2020) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20200051 · Cited by 122
“, 2018), viral integration in transcriptionally inactive regions of the genome (Craigie and Bushman, 2012), and expression of antiapoptotic proteins such as BIRC5 (Kuo et al.”
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“Like other retroviruses, HIV-1 integrates into the host genome, where it is transcribed to produce infectious virions (Craigie and Bushman, 2012).”
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Swaminathan, G., Navas, S., & Martín‐García, J. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.017 · Cited by 116
Spatially clustered loci with multiple enhancers are frequent targets of HIV-1 integration
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Host and viral determinants for MxB restriction of HIV-1 infection
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“The viral integrase (IN) protein processes the long terminal repeat (LTR) ends of the viral DNA to yield the integration-competent preintegration complex (PIC), which subsequently transports the viral DNA into the nucleus for IN-mediated integration [21].”
BackgroundCryo-EM reveals a novel octameric integrase structure for betaretroviral intasome function
Ballandras-Colas, A., Brown, M., Cook, N. J., Dewdney, T. G., Demeler, B., Cherepanov, P., Lyumkis, D., & Engelman, A. N. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16955 · Cited by 98
Crystal structure of the Rous sarcoma virus intasome
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HIV Genome-Wide Protein Associations: a Review of 30 Years of Research
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“, LEDGF/p75), the PIC targets host chromosomal regions with high transcriptional activity, where viral dsDNA is integrated into host chromosomes (24).”
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“The integrase forms together with the provirus a strong nucleoprotein complex targeting active transcription units for integration into the genome [47].”
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Cohen, J., & Torres, C. A. (2016) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.12.004 · Cited by 93
“Once transcribed, the viral genome is incorporated into the host genome using the viral integrase protein (Craigie and Bushman, 2012).”
Protecting genome integrity during CRISPR immune adaptation
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Intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus activates type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines
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Allosteric Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Integrase
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“Early steps of HIV-1 replication involve reverse transcription, which produces a double-stranded cDNA copy of the viral RNA genome, and integration, which results in the incorporation of the viral DNA into host chromosomal DNA (1).”
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Ishida, Y., Zhao, K. X., Greenwood, A. D., & Roca, A. L. (2014) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msu275 · Cited by 85
“The geographic distribution of koalas spans the east coast of Australia from northern Queensland to South Australia and historically three subspecies have sometimes been recognized: Phascolarctos cinereus adustus in Queensland, Phascolarctos cinereus cinereus in New South Wales, and Phascolarctos cinereus victor in Vi…”
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Martínez-Molina, E., Chocarro‐Wrona, C., Martínez‐Moreno, D., Marchal, J. A., & Boulaiz, H. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12111051 · Cited by 84
“Disruption of tumor suppressor genes by LV integration could lead to cancer [24,25], but it bears a lower risk than RVs, and even lower if LV includes a synthetic chromatin insulator cassette [26,27].”
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Are microRNAs Important Players in HIV-1 Infection? An Update
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Allosteric inhibition of HIV-1 integrase activity
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“HIV-1 prefers active genes within transcriptionally active gene-dense regions of chromosomes (reviewed in [9]).”
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Huang, A. S., Ramos, V., Oliveira, T. Y., Gaebler, C., Janković, M., Nussenzweig, M. C., & Cohn, L. B. (2021) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20211427 · Cited by 73
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Self-citationHIV Integrase Inhibitors: 20-Year Landmark and Challenges
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“3.3; Craigie & Bushman, 2012).”
InfluentialThe role of integration and clonal expansion in HIV infection: live long and prosper
Anderson, E. M., & Maldarelli, F. M. (2018) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-018-0448-8 · Cited by 75
What Integration Sites Tell Us about HIV Persistence
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Mótyán, J. A., Mahdi, M., Hoffka, G., & Tőzsér, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23073507 · Cited by 73
“Thereafter, viral DNA is integrated into the genome of the cell, and the cells with integrated proviruses can permanently produce replication-competent HIV virions [10].”
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“Some viral RNAs are translated to yield the viral proteins, whereas a portion of the full-length viral RNA is recruited to serve as genomic RNA in progeny virions [37].”
Structural Basis for Inhibitor-Induced Aggregation of HIV Integrase
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Self-citationThe diverse roles and dynamic rearrangement of vimentin during viral infection
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“HIV-1 RNA needs to be reverse transcribed, then imported into the nucleus and integrated into the host genome for replication (Craigie and Bushman, 2012).”
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McFadden, W. M., Snyder, A. A., Kirby, K. A., Tedbury, P. R., Raj, M., Wang, Z., & Sarafianos, S. G. (2021) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-021-00583-z · Cited by 72
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“Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the specific pattern of HIV-1 integration site preference promotes viral replication (79, 80, 82, 83).”
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“These results suggest that acetate, by acting as a class I/II HDAC inhibitor, could relieve epigenetic controls restricting retroviral integration into the host DNA, possibly by allowing the provirus to access open and active regions of genomic DNA where viral integration is strongly favored (86, 87).”
BackgroundPhysical principles of retroviral integration in the human genome
Michieletto, D., Lušić, M., Marenduzzo, D., & Orlandini, E. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08333-8 · Cited by 64
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“It is recognized that the integration of HIV-1 proviral DNAs into human chromosomes represents a major obstacle to eradicating the virus, which makes the AIDS a difficult disease to cure 9–11 .”
Rohwer, F. L., & Segall, A. M. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/528046a · Cited by 60
Identification, Quantification, and Characterization of HIV-1 Reservoirs in the Human Brain
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“Nonetheless, this viral protein’s overall expression was low compared to other HIV proteins, likely due to the nature and limited expression of integrase with the viral DNA [69].”
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“The integrated vDNA (provirus) persists for the life of the cell [11].”
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“Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical r…”
MethodCoffin, J. M., Bale, M. J., Wells, D., Guo, S., Luke, B. T., Zerbato, J. M., Sobolewski, M. D., Sia, T., Shao, W., Wu, X., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009141 · Cited by 59
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“One microgram of DNA was sheared by the Covaris E220 sonicator to 400- to 600-bp fragments.”
BackgroundInfluentialA High Excision Potential of TALENs for Integrated DNA of HIV-Based Lentiviral Vector
Ebina, H., Kanemura, Y., Misawa, N., Sakuma, T., Kobayashi, T., Yamamoto, T., & Koyanagi, Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120047 · Cited by 52
“A crucial step in the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) occurs when its complementary DNA is integrated into the host genome [22].”
BackgroundGene-based antiangiogenic applications for corneal neovascularization
Liu, S., Romano, V., Steger, B., Kaye, S. B., Hamill, K. J., & Willoughby, C. E. (2017) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.10.006 · Cited by 53
An HIV-1 Replication Pathway Utilizing Reverse Transcription Products That Fail To Integrate
Trinité, B., Ohlson, E. C., Voznesensky, I., Rana, S. P., Chan, C. N., Mahajan, S., Alster, J., Burke, S. A., Wodarz, D., & Levy, D. N. (2013) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01939-13 · Cited by 52
“Since 2-LTR circles are generated following nuclear import of the viral linear cDNA (97, 98), this suggests that nuclear import of Vpr-negative HIV-1 was not greatly affected.”
BackgroundThe emerging role of long non-coding RNAs in HIV infection
Lazar, D. C., Morris, K. V., & Saayman, S. M. (2015) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2015.07.023 · Cited by 48
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript infection since p53 binding protein plays a critical functional role in the cellular response to double stranded DNA breaks within the genome (Craigie and Bushman, 2012; Schultz et al., 2000).”
BackgroundNanotechnology approaches to eradicating HIV reservoirs
Cao, S., & Woodrow, K. A. (2018) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.002 · Cited by 51
“HIV viral DNA integrates at various locations into the genome of these long-lived host cells [35], and the integration at specific sites (e.”
From Entry to Egress: Strategic Exploitation of the Cellular Processes by HIV-1
Ramdas, P., Sahu, A. K., Mishra, T. K., Bhardwaj, V., & Chande, A. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.559792 · Cited by 50
“Integration of Viral DNA Into the Host Chromosome Once inside the nucleus, the HIV-1 modulates the nuclear environment for viral cDNA integration into the host chromosome as a provirus (Figure 1, step 7), specifically at the AT-rich euchromatin region and other active transcriptional units (Craigie and Bushman, 2012;…”
BackgroundMapping of scaffold/matrix attachment regions in human genome: a data mining exercise
Narwade, N. P., Patel, S., Alam, A., Chattopadhyay, S., Mittal, S. P. K., & Kulkarni, A. P. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz562 · Cited by 48
“A number of reports have shown that HIV-1 prefers integration at the intronic regions as well as near highly expressed genes (78).”
BackgroundPF74 Inhibits HIV-1 Integration by Altering the Composition of the Preintegration Complex
Balasubramaniam, M., Zhou, J., Addai, A. B., Martinez, P., Pandhare, J., Aiken, C., & Dash, C. (2018) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01741-18 · Cited by 43
“tion of HIV-1 is dependent on the formation of proper viral DNA ends that are necessary for the strand transfer step (10, 12).”
BackgroundInfluentialIntegrase inhibitor reversal dynamics indicate unintegrated HIV-1 dna initiate de novo integration
Thierry, S., Munir, S., Thierry, E., Subra, F., Leh, H., Zamborlini, A., Saenz, D. T., Levy, D. N., Lesbats, P., Saı̈b, A., et al. (2015) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0153-9 · Cited by 44
“Background Integration of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) DNA into the host cell genome is a key step in the cycle of infectious retroviral particle synthesis [1,2].”
BackgroundRegulation of HIV-1 Latency by Chromatin Structure and Nuclear Architecture
Lušić, M., & Giacca, M. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.022 · Cited by 43
Justice, J., & BEEMON, K. L. (2013) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2013.08.008 · Cited by 42
“The reason for this pattern of integration targeting has not been completely elucidated [42].”
BackgroundShin, Y. H., Park, C. M., & Yoon, C. (2021) · Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.3947/ic.2020.0100 · Cited by 43
“This integrase is the target of the most recently developed anti-HIV-1 drugs [34, 35].”
BackgroundAir Pollution and COVID-19: A Possible Dangerous Synergy for Male Fertility
Montano, L., Donato, F., Bianco, P. M., Lettieri, G., Guglielmino, A., Motta, O., Bonapace, I. M., & Piscopo, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136846 · Cited by 41
“, HIV1) can integrate into the genome [136] and could generate as yet unknown long-term effects.”
BackgroundViral Apoptosis Evasion via the MAPK Pathway by Use of a Host Long Noncoding RNA
Barichievy, S., Naidoo, J., Boullé, M., Scholefield, J., Parihar, S. P., Coussens, A. K., Brombacher, F., Sigal, A., & Mhlanga, M. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00263 · Cited by 40
“As a retrovirus, HIV-1 cannot exist episomally and must integrate a DNA copy of its proviral genome into the host chromatin following viral-mediated reverse transcription (Craigie and Bushman, 2012).”
BackgroundLive Visualization of HIV-1 Proviral DNA Using a Dual-Color-Labeled CRISPR System
Ma, Y., Wang, M., Li, W., Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, G., Tan, T., Cui, Z., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03584 · Cited by 39
Vpu modulates DNA repair to suppress innate sensing and hyper-integration of HIV-1
Volčič, M., Sparrer, K. M. J., Koepke, L., Hotter, D., Sauter, D., Stürzel, C. M., Scherer, M., Stamminger, T., Hofmann, T. G., Arhel, N. J., et al. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0753-6 · Cited by 38
Deng, N., Hoyte, A., Mansour, Y. E., Mohamed, M. S., Fuchs, J. R., Engelman, A. N., Kvaratskhelia, M., & Levy, R. (2016) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.2997 · Cited by 36
“LEDGF/ p75 tethers the IN-DNA complex to active genes during viral DNA integration.(8) ALLINIs have a multimode, complex mechanism of action(9): Although the binding of ALLINIs can disrupt LEDGF/p75-IN binding, recent studies have established that ALLINIs inhibit HIV-1 replication primarily by promoting the formation…”
BackgroundThe interferon-stimulated gene TRIM22 : A double-edged sword in HIV-1 infection
Vicenzi, E., & Poli, G. (2018) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.02.001 · Cited by 40
The role of HIV integration in viral persistence: no more whistling past the proviral graveyard
Maldarelli, F. M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci80564 · Cited by 39
“Like all retroviruses, HIV uses a virion-encoded reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme to synthesize a double-stranded copy of DNA (denoted cDNA) from virion RNA templates (71), and integrates the viral DNA into the host genome using viral integrase (IN) (72).”
Modeling of the HIV-1 Life Cycle in Productively Infected Cells to Predict Novel Therapeutic Targets
Shcherbatova, O., Grebennikov, D. S., SAZONOV, I. A., Meyerhans, A., & Bocharov, G. A. (2020) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens9040255 · Cited by 39
“circularization reactions thus losing the capability to support subsequent replication [12].”
BackgroundNon-coding RNAs and HIV: viral manipulation of host dark matter to shape the cellular environment
Barichievy, S., Naidoo, J., & Mhlanga, M. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00108 · Cited by 35
“Viral integrase is responsible for cleaving the host DNA and enabling integration of the proviral genome (Craigie and Bushman, 2012).”
BackgroundBogoi, R. N., de Pablo, A., Valencia, E., Martín‐Carbonero, L., Moreno, V., Vilchez-Rueda, H. H., Asensi, V., Rodríguez‐Pérez, R., Toledano, V., & Rodés, B. (2018) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-018-0448-5 · Cited by 35
“In newly infected cells, the virus is led by chromatin-interacting proteins to targeted DNA sites, especially CpG islands and promoters [3, 4].”
CRISPR-Cas system: from diagnostic tool to potential antiviral treatment
Rajan, A., Shrivastava, S., Janhawi, Kumar, A., Singh, A. K., & Arora, P. K. (2022) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-022-12135-2 · Cited by 36
Live-Cell Imaging of Early Steps of Single HIV-1 Infection
Francis, A. C., & Melikyan, G. B. (2018) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v10050275 · Cited by 32
Wang, Z., Wang, W., Cui, Y. C., Pan, Q., Zhu, W., Gendron, P., Guo, F., Cen, S., Witcher, M., & Liang, C. (2018) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01135-18 · Cited by 34
“This biased outcome of MMR likely results from the transient presence of a nick at the 5= end of viral DNA during integration (39), which guides the MMR machinery to use the strand without the nick (in this case, the minus strand) as the template for repair in eukaryotic cells (38).”
BackgroundEfficient Nuclease-Directed Integration of Lentivirus Vectors into the Human Ribosomal DNA Locus
Schenkwein, D., Afzal, S., Nousiainen, A., Schmidt, M., & Ylä‐Herttuala, S. (2020) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.05.019 · Cited by 32
“The HIV-1 integrase protein (IN) catalyzes permanent incorporation of vector-carried transgenes into the chromatin of host cells.(5) It processes the viral long terminal repeats (LTRs), which flank the viral genome, so that two nucleotides from the LTR’s 30 ends are cleaved off (the 3’ guanine-thymine, or GT, dinucleo…”
BackgroundTREX1 cytosolic DNA degradation correlates with autoimmune disease and cancer immunity
Fang, L., Ying, S., Xu, X., & Wu, D. (2023) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1093/cei/uxad017 · Cited by 32
HTLV‐1 persistent infection and ATLL oncogenesis
Zuo, X., Zhou, R., Yang, S., & Ma, G. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28424 · Cited by 34
“(s) as a cofactor of its integrase for efficient integration, such as the HIV integration cofactor lens epithelium‐derived growth factor p75 (LEDGF/p75).(20) Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has been identified as an integration cofactor of HTLV‐1,(21) which via its B56 domain forms an intasome with HTLV‐1 integrase and is thoug…”
BackgroundHIV-1 capsid and viral DNA integration
Dwivedi, R., Prakash, P., Kumbhar, B. V., Balasubramaniam, M., & Dash, C. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00212-22 · Cited by 31
“Additionally, the reverse-transcribed viral dsDNA undergoes 3 ′ -processing to produce 5 ′ -overhang and recessed 3 ′ -DNA ends (29).”
BackgroundInfluentialMullins, J. I., & Frenkel, L. M. (2017) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw636 · Cited by 29
GCN2 phosphorylates HIV-1 integrase and decreases HIV-1 replication by limiting viral integration
Jaspart, A., Calmels, C., Cosnefroy, O., Bellecave, P., Recordon-Pinson, P., Claverol, S., Guyonnet‐Dupérat, V., Dartigues, B., Benleulmi, M. S., Mauro, E., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02276-0 · Cited by 29
Naughtin, M., Haftek-Terreau, Z., Xavier, J., Meyer, S., Silvain, M., Jaszczyszyn, Y., Levy, N., Miele, V., Benleulmi, M. S., Ruff, M., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129427 · Cited by 34
“Integration of the retroviral genome into the host genome is an essential step of the viral life cycle [1].”
BackgroundRoles of microRNAs and long‐noncoding RNAs in human immunodeficiency virus replication
Rice, A. P. (2015) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1308 · Cited by 28
“A preintegration complex (PIC) containing the viral cDNA and integrase enzyme (also packaged in the viral core) is then actively transported into the nucleus, where the cDNA is integrated into the human genome, with a preference for integration into genes that are being actively transcribed.(6) The integrated viral ge…”
BackgroundPatel, R. V., & Park, S. W. (2015) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.016 · Cited by 28
Sites of retroviral DNA integration: From basic research to clinical applications
Serrao, E., & Engelman, A. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.3109/10409238.2015.1102859 · Cited by 32
The future of integrase inhibitors of HIV-1
Malet, I., Cálvez, V., & Marcelin, A. (2012) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.08.005 · Cited by 27
“The LEDGF/p75 translocates the PIC to the nucleus where the resulting cleaved DNA is used as a substrate for the second step of integration called strand transfer and leading to the covalent insertion of the viral DNA into the genome of the infected cell [1].”
BackgroundStructural Implications of Genotypic Variations in HIV-1 Integrase From Diverse Subtypes
Rogers, L. C., Obasa, A. E., Jacobs, G. B., Sarafianos, S. G., Sönnerborg, A. B., Neogi, U., & Singh, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01754 · Cited by 31
“HIV-1 IN, a 32 kDa protein, functions as a tetramer and/or higher-order oligomer (Craigie, 2012; Craigie and Bushman, 2012).”
BackgroundBracoviruses recruit host integrases for their integration into caterpillar’s genome
Wang, Z., Ye, X., Zhou, Y., Wu, X., Hu, R., Zhu, J., Chen, T., Huguet, E., Shi, M., Drezen, J., et al. (2021) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009751 · Cited by 27
“Similarly, except for HIV [29], the integration processes of human viruses are not well known.”
BackgroundSapp, N., Burge, N. L., Cox, K. L., Thapa, S., Prakash, P., Balasubramaniam, M., Christensen, D. E., Li, M., Linderberger, J., Kvaratskhelia, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01011-22 · Cited by 31
“proteins (11) carries out integration of the viral DNA into the host chromatin to establish the”
BackgroundSelf-citationComparing DNA integration site clusters with scan statistics
Berry, C. C., Ocwieja, K. E., Malani, N., & Bushman, F. D. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu035 · Cited by 28
“The 147294 CD4+ and 40974 Jurkat integration sites were ordered by the genomic locations of the sites of integration (Craigie and Bushman, 2012) of the viral DNA.”
BackgroundSelf-citationD’Urbano, V., Crignis, E. D., & Re, M. C. (2018) · Current HIV Research · doi:10.2174/1570162x16666180817115830 · Cited by 31
Recent Updates on Viral Oncogenesis: Available Preventive and Therapeutic Entities
Chowdhary, S., Deka, R., Panda, K., Kumar, R., Solomon, A. D., Das, J., Kanoujiya, S. N., Gupta, A. K., Sinha, S., Ruokolainen, J., et al. (2023) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01080 · Cited by 32
Hokello, J., Tyagi, K., Owor, R. O., Sharma, A. L., Bhushan, A., Daniel, R., & Tyagi, M. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14010104 · Cited by 37
Colquhoun, D. R., Lyashkov, A. E., Ubaida‐Mohien, C., Aquino, V. N., Bullock, B. T., Dinglasan, R. R., Agnew, B. J., & Graham, D. R. M. (2015) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201500063 · Cited by 26
“The PIC is transported to the nucleus of the cell and the viral DNA is subsequently integrated into the host genome through the action of the viral integrase protein [1].”
BackgroundRilpivirine-associated aggregation-induced emission enables cell-based nanoparticle tracking
Mukadam, I. Z., Machhi, J., Herskovitz, J., Hasan, M., Oleynikov, M. D., Blomberg, W. R., Svechkarev, D. A., Mohs, A. M., Zhou, Y., Dash, P. K., et al. (2019) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119669 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Craigie, R., & Bushman, F. D.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2012-05-08
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- a006890-a006890
- ISSN
- 2157-1422 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3385939
- OpenAlex
- W2110488501
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 4
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P01AI090935)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Keywords
- HIV integration, integrase, retroviral replication, reverse transcription, integrase inhibitors, LEDGF/p75, transcriptionally active chromatin, host factors, nuclear trafficking, histones, DNA repair, HIV gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Cell Nucleus, DNA, Viral, HIV, Humans, Virus Replication, Virus Integration, HIV Integrase, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Reverse Transcription
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