Mechanisms of Action of Bcl-2 Family Proteins
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The Bcl-2 family of proteins controls a critical step in commitment to apoptosis by regulating permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). The family is divided into three classes: multiregion proapoptotic proteins that directly permeabilize the MOM; BH3 proteins that directly or indirectly activate the pore-forming class members; and the antiapoptotic proteins that inhibit this process at several steps. Different experimental approaches have led to several models, each proposed to explain the interactions between Bcl-2 family proteins. The discovery that many of these interactions occur at or in membranes as well as in the cytoplasm, and are governed by the concentrations and relative binding affinities of the proteins, provides a new basis for rationalizing these models. Furthermore, these dynamic interactions cause conformational changes in the Bcl-2 proteins that modulate their apoptotic function, providing additional potential modes of regulation.
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BAX and BAK are the only BCL2 family members characterized so far in mammalian cells for their ability to form pores across the outer mitochondrial membrane and possibly other intracellular membranes.
“Together with BOK, BCL2 family apoptosis regulator (BOK) [47], BAX and BAK are the only BCL2 family members characterized so far in mammalian cells for their ability to form pores across the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and possibly other intracellular membranes [29, 42, 43].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
MOMP is controlled by pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 protein family.
“which is controlled by pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2, apoptosis regulator (BCL2) protein family, a group of proteins sharing one to four BCL2 homology (BH) domains (i.e., BH1, BH2, BH3, and BH4) [29, 42, 43].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
MOMP is antagonized by anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family, including BCL2, BCL-XL, MCL1, BCL-W, and BFL-1.
“MOMP is antagonized by anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family, including BCL2 itself, BCL2 like 1 (BCL2L1; best known as BCL-XL), MCL1, BCL2 family apoptosis regulator (MCL1), BCL2 like 2 (BCL2L2; best known as BCL-W), and BCL2 related protein A1 (BCL2A1; best known—in human—as BFL-1) [29, 42, 43].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
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Self-citationBcl‐xL regulates apoptosis by heterodimerization‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms
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Autophagy and Neuronal Cell Death in Neurological DisordersPreprint
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Molecular Details of Bax Activation, Oligomerization, and Membrane Insertion
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The structure of Bcl‐w reveals a role for the C‐terminal residues in modulating biological activity
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Still embedded together binding to membranes regulates Bcl-2 protein interactions
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Self-citationAutophagy and CancerPreprint
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Setoguchi, K., Otera, H., & Mihara, K. (2006) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601438 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Bcl‐xL sequesters its C‐terminal membrane anchor in soluble, cytosolic homodimers
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Germain, M., Mathai, J. P., & Shore, G. C. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m201235200 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
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The Molecular Mechanism of Noxa-induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in p53-Mediated Cell Death
Seo, Y.-W., Shin, J. N., Ko, K. H., Cha, J. H., Park, J. Y., Lee, B. R., Yun, C., Kim, Y., Seol, D., Kim, D., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m308785200 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Lucken‐Ardjomande, S., Montessuit, S., & Martinou, J. (2007) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402280 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Membrane promotes tBID interaction with BCLXL
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Assembly of Bcl-2 into microsomal and outer mitochondrial membranes
Janiak, F., Leber, B. F., & Andrews, D. W. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36960-0 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-apoptotic role of BID in inflammation and innate immunity
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Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Proteins Assist Bid in Bax-mediated Lipidic Pore Formation
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Self-citationRegulation of Bcl-2 Family Proteins by Posttranslational Modifications
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During Apoptosis Bcl-2 Changes Membrane Topology at Both the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria
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Self-citationMcl‐1–Bim complexes accommodate surprising point mutations via minor structural changes
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Conformational Changes in Bcl-2 Pro-survival Proteins Determine Their Capacity to Bind Ligands
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Post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of Bcl2
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Bfl-1/A1 functions, similar to Mcl-1, as a selective tBid and Bak antagonist
Simmons, M. J., Fan, G., Zong, W.-X., Degenhardt, K., White, E., & Gélinas, C. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210771 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Bax Forms an Oligomer via Separate, Yet Interdependent, Surfaces
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Self-citationPuma indirectly activates Bax to cause apoptosis in the absence of Bid or Bim
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Mitochondrial carriers and pores: Key regulators of the mitochondrial apoptotic program?
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Pivotal role of Harakiri in the induction and prevention of gentamicin-induced hearing loss
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An Internal EELD Domain Facilitates Mitochondrial Targeting of Mcl-1 via a Tom70-dependent Pathway
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C-terminal Residues Regulate Localization and Function of the Antiapoptotic Protein Bfl-1
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Helix 6 of tBid is necessary but not sufficient for mitochondrial binding activity
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Structure assembly of Bcl-xL through α5–α5 and α6–α6 interhelix interactions in lipid membranes
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Galluzzi, L., Vitale, I., Aaronson, S. A., Abrams, J. M., Adam, D., Agostinis, P., Alnemri, E. S., Altucci, L., Amelio, I., Andrews, D. W., et al. (2018) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4 · Cited by 6,680 · see citing works
Self-citationControl of apoptosis by the BCL-2 protein family: implications for physiology and therapy
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BCL-2 family proteins: changing partners in the dance towards death
Kale, J., Osterlund, E. J., & Andrews, D. W. (2018) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2017.186 · Cited by 1,574 · see citing works
Self-citationP53 in survival, death and metabolic health: a lifeguard with a licence to kill.
Kruiswijk, F., Labuschagne, C. F., & Vousden, K. H. (2015) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm4007 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Thirty years of BCL-2: translating cell death discoveries into novel cancer therapies
Delbridge, A. R. D., Grabow, S., Strasser, A., & Vaux, D. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc.2015.17 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Many players in BCL-2 family affairs
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Mitochondria—Judges and Executioners of Cell Death Sentences
Bhola, P. D., & Letai, A. (2016) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.019 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
An Autoinhibited Dimeric Form of BAX Regulates the BAX Activation Pathway
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Huang, Y., Liu, N., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Long, S., Luo, G., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2019.1688951 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Bok is a genuine multi-BH-domain protein that triggers apoptosis in the absence of Bax and Bak
Einsele-Scholz, S., Malmsheimer, S., Bertram, K., Stehle, D., Johänning, J., Manz, M., Daniel, P. T., Gillissen, B. F., Schulze-Osthoff, K., & Essmann, F. (2016) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.181727 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Regulation of apoptosis by an intrinsically disordered region of Bcl-xL
Follis, A. V., Llambi, F., Kalkavan, H., Yao, Y., Phillips, A. H., Park, C.-G., Marassi, F. M., Green, D. R., & Kriwacki, R. W. (2018) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-018-0011-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Combined inhibition of KRASG12C and mTORC1 kinase is synergistic in non-small cell lung cancer
Kitai, H., Choi, P. H., Yang, Y. C., Boyer, J. A., Whaley, A., Pancholi, P., Thant, C., Reiter, J., Chen, K., Markov, V., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50063-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Binding of the BH3 domain-only proteins such as BIM, PUMA, and BID to BCL2 family members like MCL-1 inhibits the anti-apoptotic effects of the latter and induces apoptosis 26 .”
BackgroundRoles of HIF1α- and HIF2α-regulated BNIP3 in hypoxia-induced injury of neurons
Zhu, L., Qi, B., & Hou, D. (2019) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2019.01.022 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shamas-Din, A., Kale, J., Leber, B., & Andrews, D. W.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2013-04-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- a008714-a008714
- ISSN
- 1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3683897
- OpenAlex
- W2139347878
- Cited by
- 705
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 9
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Keywords
- Bcl-2 family proteins, apoptosis, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, pro-apoptotic proteins, anti-apoptotic proteins, protein-protein interaction, protein conformational change, membrane binding, pore-forming proteins
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Membrane Permeability, Cell Survival, Cytoplasm, Humans, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Apoptosis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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