A Unified Model of Mammalian BCL-2 Protein Family Interactions at the Mitochondria
Open accessAbstract
During apoptosis, the BCL-2 protein family controls mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), but the dynamics of this regulation remain controversial. We employed chimeric proteins composed of exogenous BH3 domains inserted into a tBID backbone that can activate the proapoptotic effectors BAX and BAK to permeabilize membranes without being universally sequestered by all antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins. We thus identified two "modes" whereby prosurvival BCL-2 proteins can block MOMP, by sequestering direct-activator BH3-only proteins ("MODE 1") or by binding active BAX and BAK ("MODE 2"). Notably, we found that MODE 1 sequestration is less efficient and more easily derepressed to promote MOMP than MODE 2. Further, MODE 2 sequestration prevents mitochondrial fusion. We provide a unified model of BCL-2 family function that helps to explain otherwise paradoxical observations relating to MOMP, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dynamics.
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Most pro-survival BCL2 family members inhibit BAX and BAK by preventing their oligomerization and pore-forming activity either directly, upon physical sequestration at the OMM, or indirectly, following the sequestration of BH3-only activators.
“Thus, most pro-survival BCL2 family members inhibit BAX and BAK by preventing their oligomerization and pore-forming activity either directly, upon physical sequestration at the OMM, or indirectly, following the sequestration of BH3-only activators [29, 64, 79, 110].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [110]
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- Authors
- Llambi, F., Moldoveanu, T., Tait, S. W. G., Bouchier-Hayes, L., Temirov, J., McCormick, L. L., Dillon, C. P., & Green, D. R.
- Affiliations
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Green, Douglas R.
- Venue
- Molecular Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 517-531
- ISSN
- 1097-2765 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3221787
- OpenAlex
- W2027482010
- Cited by
- 596
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 18.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Abbott Laboratories
- American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM096208, R37GM052735, GM 096208, R01GM052735, GM-52735)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI040646, AI40646)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- Bcl-2 family proteins, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, apoptosis, BH3-only proteins, Bax, Bak, tBid, fusion protein, mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, HeLa Cells, Humans, Mammals, Mitochondria, Liver, Permeability, Protein Binding, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Transfection, Signal Transduction, Sequence Alignment, Apoptosis, Mice, Knockout, Cytochromes c, bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, bcl-X Protein, BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Mitochondrial Membranes, Mice, Molecular Sequence Annotation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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