BH3 Domains of BH3-Only Proteins Differentially Regulate Bax-Mediated Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization Both Directly and Indirectly
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Using a Bax-dependent membrane-permeabilization assay, we show that peptides corresponding to the BH3 domains of Bcl-2 family "BH3-only" proteins have dual functions. Several BH3 peptides relieved the inhibition of Bax caused by the antiapoptotic Bcl-x(L) and/or Mcl-1 proteins, some displaying a specificity for either Bcl-x(L) or Mcl-1. Besides having this derepression function, the Bid and Bim peptides activated Bax directly and were the only BH3 peptides tested that could potently induce cytochrome c release from mitochondria in cultured cells. Furthermore, Bax activator molecules (cleaved Bid protein and the Bim BH3 peptide) synergistically induced cytochrome c release when introduced into cells along with derepressor BH3 peptides. These observations support a unified model of BH3 domain function, encompassing both positive and negative regulation of other Bcl-2 family members. In this model, the simple inhibition of antiapoptotic functions is insufficient to induce apoptosis unless a direct activator of Bax or Bak is present.
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Upon induction of apoptosis, BAX retrotranslocation ceases as the mitochondrial pools of BAX and BAK undergo direct or indirect activation by pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins.
“Upon induction of apoptosis, BAX retrotranslocation ceases as the mitochondrial pools of BAX and BAK undergo direct or indirect activation (see below) by pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins [48, 56–59].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
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Phosphorylation alters Bim‐mediated Mcl‐1 stabilization and priming
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Mitochondrial Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases
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- Authors
- Kuwana, T., Bouchier-Hayes, L., Chipuk, J. E., Bonzon, C., Sullivan, B. A., Green, D. R., & Newmeyer, D. D.
- Affiliations
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kuwana, Tomomi
- Newmeyer, Donald D.
- Venue
- Molecular Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 525-535
- ISSN
- 1097-2765 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094052642
- Cited by
- 1,185
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 38.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG024157)
- National Cancer Institute (CA 69381, P01CA069381)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM50284, R01GM050284, R01GM062289, GM62289)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI040646, AI40646)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- BH3 domain, BH3-only proteins, Bax, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, Bcl-2 family proteins, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, Bid, building information modeling, cytochrome c release, apoptosis, Bax activation, anti-apoptotic proteins, Bak
- MeSH terms
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11, Amino Acid Sequence, Carrier Proteins, HeLa Cells, Humans, Intracellular Membranes, Membrane Proteins, Mitochondria, Molecular Sequence Data, Neoplasm Proteins, Peptide Fragments, Permeability, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Apoptosis, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Mitochondrial Proteins, Cytochromes c, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, bcl-X Protein, BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
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