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Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations
Open accessAbstract
Exercise stimulates the release of proteins with autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine functions produced in skeletal muscle, termed myokines. Based on the current state of knowledge, the major physiological function of myokines is to protect the functionality and to enhance the exercise capacity of skeletal muscle. Myokines control adaptive processes in skeletal muscle by acting as paracrine regulators of fuel oxidation, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and regulation of the extracellular matrix. Endocrine functions attributed to myokines are involved in body weight regulation, low-grade inflammation, insulin sensitivity, suppression of tumor growth, and improvement of cognitive function. Muscle-derived regulatory RNAs and metabolites, as well as the design of modified myokines, are promising novel directions for treatment of chronic diseases.
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“Importantly, it is worth noting that the production of “positive” myokines is as much promoted by physical exercise as it is repressed by physical inactivity, highlighting the importance of lifestyle for healthspan 112.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Alterations in myokine production associated with physical inactivity may also mediate the onset of obesity.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Physical inactivity, that can be both a cause and a consequence of obesity, is known to be associated with decreased insulin sensitivity, reduced postprandial lipid metabolism, decreased muscle mass, and obesity.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [112]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hoffmann, C., & Weigert, C.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- ORCID
- Weigert, Cora
- Venue
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2017-04-07
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- a029793
- ISSN
- 2157-1422 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5666622
- OpenAlex
- W2605110590
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 228
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 3
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01GI0925)
- Rigshospitalet
- Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (SAW-FBN-2013-3)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- myokines, skeletal muscle endocrine function, exercise adaptation, paracrine signaling, muscle hypertrophy, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix, low-grade inflammation, insulin sensitivity, body weight regulation, tumor suppression, cognitive function, muscle metabolites, chronic disease treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Chronic Disease, Humans, Exercise, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal
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