PreprintCited by 393Exercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle Physiology and DisordersAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

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Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations

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Hoffmann, Christoph, Weigert, Cora·2017·Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

DOI 10.1101/cshperspect.a029793PMC PMC5666622

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Abstract

Exercise stimulates the release of proteins with autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine functions produced in skeletal muscle, termed myokines. Based on the current state of knowledge, the major physiological function of myokines is to protect the functionality and to enhance the exercise capacity of skeletal muscle. Myokines control adaptive processes in skeletal muscle by acting as paracrine regulators of fuel oxidation, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and regulation of the extracellular matrix. Endocrine functions attributed to myokines are involved in body weight regulation, low-grade inflammation, insulin sensitivity, suppression of tumor growth, and improvement of cognitive function. Muscle-derived regulatory RNAs and metabolites, as well as the design of modified myokines, are promising novel directions for treatment of chronic diseases.

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WHO. 2010. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. WHO Press, Geneva.

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Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines
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Authors: Hoffmann, C., & Weigert, C.
Affiliations: Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
Helmholtz Munich (DE)
ORCID: Weigert, Cora
Venue: Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Published: 2017-04-07
Volume: 7
Issue: 11
Pages: a029793
ISSN: 2157-1422 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029793
PMC: PMC5666622
OpenAlex: W2605110590
Cited by: 393
References: 228
Citations by year: 2026: 51 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 3
Type: posted content
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, other-oa)
PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01GI0925)
Rigshospitalet
Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (SAW-FBN-2013-3)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords: myokines, skeletal muscle endocrine function, exercise adaptation, paracrine signaling, muscle hypertrophy, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix, low-grade inflammation, insulin sensitivity, body weight regulation, tumor suppression, cognitive function, muscle metabolites, chronic disease treatment
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Chronic Disease, Humans, Exercise, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal

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Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations

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