The Extracellular Matrix: Not Just Pretty Fibrils
Open accessAbstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM proteins are important in phenomena as diverse as developmental patterning, stem cell niches, cancer, and genetic diseases. The ECM has many effects beyond providing structural support. ECM proteins typically include multiple, independently folded domains whose sequences and arrangement are highly conserved. Some of these domains bind adhesion receptors such as integrins that mediate cell-matrix adhesion and also transduce signals into cells. However, ECM proteins also bind soluble growth factors and regulate their distribution, activation, and presentation to cells. As organized, solid-phase ligands, ECM proteins can integrate complex, multivalent signals to cells in a spatially patterned and regulated fashion. These properties need to be incorporated into considerations of the functions of the ECM.
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ECM forms the scaffold of tissues and organs through the production of supramolecular aggregates such as fibrils and sheet-like networks.
“ECM forms the scaffold of tissues and organs through the production of supramolecular aggregates, such as fibrils and sheet-like networks [113, 114].”
From Tumor microenvironment complexity and therapeutic implications at a glance (2020) · cites this paper as [114]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says ECM provides structural support for organs and tissues and forms basement membranes beneath cell layers. The paper also discusses fibrils, but the passages in our copy do not describe ECM producing supramolecular aggregates or specify sheet-like networks as the means of support. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMechanical properties of the ECM, particularly stiffness, can mediate cell signaling and regulate physiological processes such as angiogenesis, organogenesis, immune response, and wound healing.
“mechanical properties of the ECMs, particularly rigidity or stiffness, can mediate cell signal and regulate the physiological processes, such as angiogenesis, organogenesis, immune response, and wound healing [4,5].”
From Substrate stiffness modulates bone marrow-derived macrophage polarization through NF-κB signaling pathway (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The Introduction says that ECM stiffness and deformability provide inputs into cell behavior, and the section on localized, multivalent signal integrators describes how deformability affects cellular responses. Our copy does not link stiffness specifically to angiogenesis, organogenesis, immune response, or wound healing, so the list of processes is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe ECM influences cell behavior in terms of cell migration and anchorage by transmitting external forces and cell signaling.
“The ECM is known to influence cell behavior in terms of cell migration, and anchorage, by serving as a medium to transmit external forces from environmental cues and even cell signaling throughout the entire lifespan of the cell and at critical phases in their lives [19,20].”
From Microfluidic modelling of the tumor microenvironment for anti-cancer drug development (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
ECM is not inert but provides a bioactive structure that controls cell behavior through chemical and mechanical signals.
“Traditionally, the ECM was considered to be an inert, space-filling material providing mechanical support and tissue integrity. However, in recent years, it has become clear that the matrix also provides a bioactive structure that fundamentally controls cell behavior through chemical and mechanical signals (136).”
From Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation (2014) · cites this paper as [136]
The ECM is a dynamic structure comprised of proteins and proteoglycans that remodels in responses to injury and inflammation.
“The ECM is a dynamic structure comprised of proteins and proteoglycans that remodels in responses to injury and inflammation.”
From The Vasculature in Prediabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [166]
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- Authors
- Hynes, R. O.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hynes, Richard O.
- ORCID
- Hynes, Richard O.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-11-27
- Volume
- 326
- Issue
- 5957
- Pages
- 1216-1219
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3536535
- OpenAlex
- W1584346353
- Semantic Scholar
- 6b7edb750c02be1e82dce85a0e972e5d1f15eb75
- Cited by
- 3,527
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 213 · 2025: 202 · 2024: 188 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 244 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 259 · 2019: 244 · 2018: 245 · 2017: 258 · 2016: 209 · 2015: 186 · 2014: 190 · 2013: 174 · 2012: 175
- FWCI
- 10.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- PMC
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL066105)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA017007, U54CA126515)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Bone and Dental Protein Studies
- Keywords
- extracellular matrix, integrins, cell-matrix adhesion, growth factor binding, growth factor presentation, developmental patterning, stem cell niche, cancer, genetic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Adhesion, Cell Physiological Phenomena, Extracellular Matrix, Humans, Models, Biological, Protein Binding, Signal Transduction, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
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