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Adaptive thermogenesis in adipocytes: Is beige the new brown?
Open accessAbstract
One of the most promising areas in the therapeutics for metabolic diseases centers around activation of the pathways of energy expenditure. Brown adipose tissue is a particularly appealing target for increasing energy expenditure, given its amazing capacity to transform chemical energy into heat. In addition to classical brown adipose tissue, the last few years have seen great advances in our understanding of inducible thermogenic adipose tissue, also referred to as beige fat. A deeper understanding of the molecular processes involved in the development and function of these cell types may lead to new therapeutics for obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases.
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“Brite adipocytes can express UCP1 and, as such, can participate in the maintenance of body temperature 90.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [90]
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“This process is characterized by the appearance of brite (from brown‐in‐white) adipocytes, also called beige adipocytes, mainly in subcutaneous WAT.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [90]
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BackgroundBiology of Beige Adipocyte and Possible Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
Lizcano, F., & Vargas, D. (2016) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2016/9542061 · Cited by 38
Do estrogens enhance activation of brown and beiging of adipose tissues?
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Towards a Better Understanding of Beige Adipocyte Plasticity
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Natural Bioactive Compounds as Potential Browning Agents in White Adipose Tissue
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Comprehensive molecular characterization of human adipocytes reveals a transient brown phenotype
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“However, the identification of brown-in-white/brite/beige adipocytes has led to the assumption that a small proportion of inducible adipocytes is naturally present in some classical WAT depots [17].”
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The Role of Thyrotropin Receptor Activation in Adipogenesis and Modulation of Fat Phenotype
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“Importantly, recent data have suggested that brown adipocytes can be detected also in adult human subjects and its amount is inversely correlated with BMI, suggesting a potential protection against obesity (Wu et al. 2012, 2013).”
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“This is in contrast to brown adipocytes where the thermogenic genes are expressed all the time, at least at basal levels (Wu et al., 2013).”
ResultEpimuscular Fat in the Human Rotator Cuff Is a Novel Beige Depot
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“The beige adipocytes start to express BAT-specific genes and transform into the phenotype closer to brown adipocytes, producing more mitochondria and heat [9].”
BackgroundCharacterization of the central neural projections to brown, white, and beige adipose tissue
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“in WATs usually results in increased EE (39).”
BackgroundEpigenetics and Obesity: A Relationship Waiting to Be Explained
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Of mice and men: novel insights regarding constitutive and recruitable brown adipocytes
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Genetic backgrounds determine brown remodeling of white fat in rodents
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“To date, many transcriptional regulators of fat remodeling have been identified (comprehensively reviewed in [49,50]) and among them, only a few are repressors of brown remodeling in subcutaneous fat depot, including Foxa3 [51], p107 [52], RIP140 [53,54], and Rev-erba [48].”
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“PRDM16 activates the expression of thermogenic and mitochondrial genes [49].”
BackgroundPON2 Deficiency Leads to Increased Susceptibility to Diet-Induced Obesity
Shih, D. M., Meng, Y., Sallam, T., Vergnes, L., Shu, M. L., Reue, K., Tontonoz, P., Fogelman, A. M., Lusis, A. J., & Reddy, S. T. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8010019 · Cited by 32
“Several secretory factors such as catecholamines, FGF21, and irisin have been shown to promote beiging of WAT [3].”
BackgroundFang, C., Kim, H., Yanagisawa, L. L., Bennett, W. A., Sirven, M. A., Alaniz, R. C., Talcott, S. T., & Mertens‐Talcott, S. U. (2019) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201800937 · Cited by 31
Reguero, M., de Cedrón, M. G., Wagner, S., Reglero, G., Quintela, J. C., & de Molina, A. R. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13040866 · Cited by 32
“UCP1 is responsible for cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis and it is directly implicated in the phenotypic change of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes [43,44].”
BackgroundNon-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies of brown adipose tissue recruitment in humans
Lee, P., & Greenfield, J. R. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.025 · Cited by 31
Luan, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, S., You, M., Xu, P. C., Chung, S., Kurita, T., Zhu, J., & Kim, S. (2022) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12864 · Cited by 31
“WAT browning is detrimental as it accelerates energy expenditure and cachexia progression.(10) Unexpectedly, UCP1 appears to be up-regulated in visceral”
BackgroundBrown and beige fat: the metabolic function, induction, and therapeutic potential
Qian, S., Huang, H., & Tang, Q. (2015) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-015-0382-2 · Cited by 33
“While sympathetic signaling undoubtedly plays a role in regulating brown or beige fat function in vivo, many other hormones and factors such as Irisin, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh), thyroid hormone, natriuretic peptides (NP) have been shown to regulate energy expenditure in adipose tissue and have been discusse…”
BackgroundWnt inhibition enhances browning of mouse primary white adipocytes
Lo, K. A., Ng, P. Y., Kabiri, Z., Virshup, D. M., & Sun, L. (2016) · Adipocyte · doi:10.1080/21623945.2016.1148834 · Cited by 31
“A third type of fat, known as beige or brite (brownin-white) fat, are brown fat-like cells found in certain depots of white fat.(2) Beige adipocytes have been traced to have a smooth muscle-like,(3) endothelial or perivascular cell origin.”
BackgroundSakellariou, P., Valente, A., Carrillo, A. E., Metsios, G. S., Nadolnik, L. I., Jamurtas, A. Z., Koutedakis, Y., Boguszewski, C. L., Andrade, C. M. B., Svensson, P., et al. (2016) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.006 · Cited by 31
Ferguson, A. L., Kok, L., Luong, J., Bergh, M. V. D., Bell-Anderson, K. S., Fazakerley, D. J., & Byrne, S. N. (2019) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.02.006 · Cited by 30
The circadian clock control of adipose tissue physiology and metabolism
Lekkas, D., & Paschos, G. K. (2019) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2019.05.001 · Cited by 26
“WAT, but exhibits functional plasticity in terms of its ability to function like BAT (Wu et al., 2013).”
The “Skinny” on brown fat, obesity, and bone
Devlin, M. J. (2014) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22661 · Cited by 33
Yoshida, H., Kanamori, Y., Asano, H., Hashimoto, O., Murakami, M., Kawada, T., Matsui, T., & Funaba, M. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.036 · Cited by 29
Hui, S. C. N., Ko, J. K. L., Zhang, T., Shi, L., Yeung, D. K. W., Wang, D., Chan, Q., & Chu, C. W. (2017) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.25632 · Cited by 30
Bauters, D., Cobbaut, M., Geys, L., Lint, J. V., Hemmeryckx, B., & LIJNEN, H. R. (2017) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.004 · Cited by 30
Paracrine Role of the Endothelium in Metabolic Homeostasis in Health and Nutrient Excess
Luk, C., Haywood, N. J., Bridge, K., & Kearney, M. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.882923 · Cited by 30
Adipocyte HIF2α functions as a thermostat via PKA Cα regulation in beige adipocytes
Han, J. S., Jeon, Y. G., Oh, M., Lee, G., Nahmgoong, H., Han, S. M., Choi, J., Kim, Y. Y., Shin, K. C., Kim, J., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30925-0 · Cited by 30
Browning and Graying: Novel Transcriptional Regulators of Brown and Beige Fat Tissues and Aging
Mueller, E. (2016) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00019 · Cited by 30
Dong, H., Qin, M., Wang, P., Li, S., & Wang, X. (2023) · Adipocyte · doi:10.1080/21623945.2023.2266147 · Cited by 33
“Heat production is achieved by uncoupling fatty acid oxidation and ATP production through UCP1 on the inner membrane of mitochondria, causing energy to dissipate in the form of heat [45].”
BackgroundBrown and beige adipose tissue: New therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders
Magro, B. S., & Dias, D. P. M. (2024) · Health Sciences Review · doi:10.1016/j.hsr.2024.100148 · Cited by 34
Biodegradable Polymeric Microsphere-Based Drug Delivery for Inductive Browning of Fat
Jiang, C., Kuang, L., Merkel, M. P., Yue, F., Cano-Vega, M. A., Narayanan, N., Kuang, S., & Deng, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00169 · Cited by 29
Obesity Alters B Cell and Macrophage Populations in Brown Adipose Tissue
Peterson, K. R., Flaherty, D. K., & Hasty, A. H. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21982 · Cited by 29
Singh, S. P., Greenberg, M., Glick, Y., Bellner, L., Favero, G., Rezzani, R., Rodella, L. F., Agostinucci, K. J., Shapiro, J. I., & Abraham, N. G. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9010040 · Cited by 29
“PGC-1α acts as a dominant regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis by inducing the expression of UCP1 and key enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain [49].”
BackgroundAdiponectin and Leptin Adipocytokines in Metabolic Syndrome: What Is Its Importance?
Albarracin, M. L. G., & Torres, A. Y. F. (2020) · Dubai Diabetes and Endocrinology Journal · doi:10.1159/000510521 · Cited by 32
The Sick Adipose Tissue: New Insights Into Defective Signaling and Crosstalk With the Myocardium
Bermúdez, V., Durán, P., Rojas, E., Diaz, M. P., Rivas, J., Nava, M., Chacín, M., de Bravo, M. C., Carrasquero, R., Ponce, C. C., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.735070 · Cited by 31
Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Friend or foe to brown and beige adipose tissue?
Francis, C. E., Allee, L., Nguyen, H., Grindstaff, R. D., Miller, C. N., & Rayalam, S. (2021) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2021.152972 · Cited by 31
Perruchot, M., Lefaucheur, L., Barreau, C., Casteilla, L., & Louveau, I. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00151.2013 · Cited by 29
“With the recent identification of beige adipocytes, cells intermediate between white and brown adipocytes (50), it may be relevant to determine whether those cells are present or not in the pig.”
BackgroundJanoschek, R., Bae‐Gartz, I., Vohlen, C., Alcazar, M. A. A., Dinger, K., Appel, S., Dötsch, J., & Hucklenbruch‐Rother, E. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21486 · Cited by 29
Regulation of white and brown adipocyte differentiation by RhoGAP DLC1
Sim, C. K., Kim, S.-Y., Brunmeir, R., Zhang, Q., Li, H., Dharmasegaran, D., Leong, C., Lim, Y. Y., Han, W., & Xu, F. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174761 · Cited by 29
Thermogenic adipocytes: lineage, function and therapeutic potential
Pollard, A., & Carling, D. (2020) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20200298 · Cited by 30
Histone Deacetylases and Cardiometabolic Diseases
Yiew, K. H., Chatterjee, T. K., Hui, D. Y., & Weintraub, N. L. (2015) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.115.305046 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Wu, J., Cohen, P., & Spiegelman, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2013-02-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 234-250
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC3576510
- OpenAlex
- W2170874580
- Cited by
- 828
- References
- 204
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 91 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 46
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
- American Heart Association
- JPB Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (DK31405)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK031405, DK-31405, K01DK094824, RC4DK090861, DK90861, R37DK031405)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Keywords
- beige adipocytes, brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, energy expenditure, adaptive thermogenesis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders, adipogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Uncoupling Protein 1, Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Humans, Ion Channels, Obesity, Adipocytes, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Thermogenesis, Mitochondrial Proteins
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