Brown and beige fat: Development, function and therapeutic potential
Abstract
Adipose tissue, best known for its role in fat storage, can also suppress weight gain and metabolic disease through the action of specialized, heat-producing adipocytes. Brown adipocytes are located in dedicated depots and express constitutively high levels of thermogenic genes, whereas inducible 'brown-like' adipocytes, also known as beige cells, develop in white fat in response to various activators. The activities of brown and beige fat cells reduce metabolic disease, including obesity, in mice and correlate with leanness in humans. Many genes and pathways that regulate brown and beige adipocyte biology have now been identified, providing a variety of promising therapeutic targets for metabolic disease.
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Three types of adipose tissues have been identified so far: WAT, BAT, and beige or brite (BIWAT).
“Three types of adipose tissues have been identified so far: The WAT [218], the BAT [219,220], and the beige or brite (brown in white) adipose tissue (BIWAT) [220].”
From Mitochondrial Uncoupling: A Key Controller of Biological Processes in Physiology and Diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [220]
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“Activation of PPAR γ has been observed to induce Ucp1 expression, express beige-characterized precursor cells, and facilitate the differentiation of adipocyte subpopulations (Harms and Seale, 2013).”
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- Authors
- Harms, M., & Seale, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Seale, Patrick
- ORCID
- Seale, Patrick
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2013-09-29
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1252-1263
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- OpenAlex
- W2119649463
- Cited by
- 2,328
- References
- 194
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 169 · 2023: 156 · 2022: 195 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 208 · 2019: 236 · 2018: 234 · 2017: 238 · 2016: 200 · 2015: 170 · 2014: 104 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 17.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1dp2od007288-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Keywords
- brown adipocytes, beige adipocytes, thermogenesis, obesity, metabolic disorders, adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, thermogenic gene expression, obesity treatment, adipocyte development
- MeSH terms
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha, Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Humans, Metabolic Diseases, Sympathetic Nervous System, Transcription Factors, Adipocytes, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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