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Emotional memories are not all created equal: evidence for selective memory enhancement.
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Human brain imaging studies have shown that greater amygdala activation to emotional relative to neutral events leads to enhanced episodic memory. Other studies have shown that fearful faces also elicit greater amygdala activation relative to neutral faces. To the extent that amygdala recruitment is sufficient to enhance recollection, these separate lines of evidence predict that recognition memory should be greater for fearful relative to neutral faces. Experiment 1 demonstrated enhanced memory for emotionally negative relative to neutral scenes; however, fearful faces were not subject to enhanced recognition across a variety of delays (15 min to 2 wk). Experiment 2 demonstrated that enhanced delayed recognition for emotional scenes was associated with increased sympathetic autonomic arousal, indexed by the galvanic skin response, relative to fearful faces. These results suggest that while amygdala activation may be necessary, it alone is insufficient to enhance episodic memory formation. It is proposed that a sufficient level of systemic arousal is required to alter memory consolidation resulting in enhanced recollection of emotional events.
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“Of course, subliminally seeing emotional facial expressions is not equivalent to inducing the corresponding full emotion (Adolphs et al., 2005; Anderson et al., 2006).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Anderson et al., 2006
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“, 2003; D’Argembeau and Van der Linden, 2007) or null effect of facial expression (Anderson et al., 2006; Ishai and Yago, 2006).”
Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., Brouwers, T. C., van den Hout, M., Klugkist, I. G., & de Jongh, A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1883924 · Cited by 9
Hoscheidt, S. M., Dongaonkar, B., Payne, J. D., & Nadel, L. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376746.013.0035 · Cited by 10
Overnight retention of emotional memories is influenced by BDNF Val66Met but not 5-HTTLPR
Harrington, M. O., Klaus, K., Vaht, M., Harro, J., Pennington, K., & Durrant, S. J. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.015 · Cited by 10
Age differences in selective memory of goal-relevant stimuli under threat.
Durbin, K. A., Clewett, D., Huang, R., & Mather, M. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000398 · Cited by 8
Affective Episodic Memory System for Virtual Creatures: The First Step of Emotion‐Oriented Memory
Martin, L., Rosales, J.-H., Jaime, K., & Ramos, F. (2021) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2021/7954140 · Cited by 7
“Emotionally aversive scenes specifically enhance recollection rather than familiarity [79].”
BackgroundPhysiological reactions at encoding selectively predict recognition of emotional images.
Pilarczyk, J., Sterna, R., Schwertner, E., Pacula, B., Bartoszek, M., & Kuniecki, M. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108429 · Cited by 9
Nawaz, S., & Omigie, D. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2185206 · Cited by 8
“, 2015) and that negatively valenced (unpleasant) scenes, events and object details are more likely to be remembered than neutral and positively-valenced ones (Anderson et al., 2006; Kensinger, 2009).”
BackgroundMihaylova, M., Vuilleumier, P. O., & Rimmele, U. (2019) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.049734.119 · Cited by 10
“Emotionally arousing stimuli attract attention (Anderson and Phelps 2001; Fox et al. 2001; Öhman et al. 2001; MacKay et al. 2004), enhance perception (Phelps et al. 2006; Bocanegra and Zeelenberg 2009; Todd et al. 2012), and increase sympathetic arousal (Anderson et al. 2006).”
BackgroundEffects of oxazepam on affective perception, recognition, and event-related potentials
Olofsson, J., Gospic, K. A. M., Petrović, P., Ingvar, M., & Wiens, S. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2141-z · Cited by 10
“After the stimulus encoding stage, arousal hence contributes to memory consolidation (Anderson et al. 2006; Kleinsmith and Kaplan 1963).”
BackgroundUnveiling negative memorable experiences of hotel guests: An innovative algorithmic analysis
Althubiti, K., Khan, M. S., Alhamdani, A., Lee, S. “., & Park, K. (2025) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104087 · Cited by 8
Bauch, E. M., & Bunzeck, N. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.010 · Cited by 4
O efeito do alerta emocional na qualidade da memória
Neufeld, C. B., Brust-Renck, P. G., Leite, L. S., & Palma, P. D. C. (2013) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/s0103-166x2013000300003 · Cited by 4
Saunders, J., Vallath, S., & Reed, P. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.086 · Cited by 5
“Also consistent with this finding is that subjective emotional arousal is associated with an increase in attention and encoding of salient stimuli in the environment (Anderson et al., 2006; Buchanan et al., 2006; Kensinger and Corkin, 2003).”
Kuhn, L. K., Bader, R., & Mecklinger, A. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00944-3 · Cited by 4
van Geusau, V. A., de Jongh, A., Nuijs, M. D., Brouwers, T. C., Moerbeek, M., & Matthijssen, S. J. M. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278052 · Cited by 5
Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation enhances episodic memory across valences and memory stages
Mary, A., Nematollahi, H., Torres, D., Chernyshkova, Y., Vonck, K. E. J., & Carrette, E. (2026) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2026.103051 · Cited by 3
Age-related reduction in anxiety and neural encoding of negative emotional memory
Chaudhary, S., Zhang, S., Chen, Y., Dominguez, J. C., Chao, H. H., & Li, C.-S. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1375435 · Cited by 3
“Previous studies observed higher sensitivity in recalling negative versus neutral images (Anderson et al., 2006; Rimmele et al., 2011; Xie and Zhang, 2017; Yeh et al., 2021).”
BackgroundRecalling Tough Times: Exploring the Effect of Acceptance on Autobiographical Memory in Daily Life
Colombo, D., Wrzesien, M., & Baños, R. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02301-0 · Cited by 6
“Consistent with the evidence that less arousing events are usually retrieved with fewer details (Anderson et al., 2006; Berntsen, 2002; Cahill & McGaugh, 1995; Phelps & Sha-rot, 2008), our results might suggest that intense acceptance deployment significantly decreased one’s arousal, thus also…”
Buratto, L. G., Zimmermann, N., Ferré, P., Joanette, Y., Fonseca, R. P., & Stein, L. M. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.07.002 · Cited by 3
A Diffusion Model Analysis of Decision Biases Affecting Delayed Recognition of Emotional Stimuli
Spaniol, J., Bowen, H. J., Patel, R., & Voß, A. (2021) · doi:10.32920/14637924.v1 · Cited by 3
Positive affect amplifies integration within episodic memories in the laboratory and the real worldPreprint
Pratt, J. G., Wemm, S., Harris, B. B., Huang, Y., Sinha, R., & Goldfarb, E. V. (2025) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053971.124 · Cited by 4
“Effects can also vary based on the type of negative stimulus, with memory bene fi ts observed for some (e.g., scenes) but not others (e.g., faces) relative to neutral (Anderson et al. 2006).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Anderson, A. K., Yamaguchi, Y., Grabski, W., & Lacka, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 711-718
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC1783624
- OpenAlex
- W2168638891
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- emotional memory, amygdala, fearful faces, recognition memory, episodic memory, memory consolidation, sympathetic activation, skin conductance, recollection, emotional scenes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Arousal, Emotions, Facial Expression, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Memory, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Reference Values, Recognition, Psychology
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