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Hippocampal sharp wave bursts coincide with neocortical “up-state” transitions
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The sleeping neocortex shows nested oscillatory activity in different frequency ranges, characterized by fluctuations between “up-states” and “down-states.” High-density neuronal ensemble recordings in rats now reveal the interaction between synchronized activity in the hippocampus and neocortex: Electroencephalographic sharp waves in the hippocampus were more probable during down-states than during up-states, and tended to coincide with transitions from down-states to up-states. The form of cortical activity fluctuations and their interactions with sharp waves depend on sleep depth: In deeper sleep stages, characterized by strong neocortical oscillation in the delta range or slower (∼0.8-4 Hz), sharp-wave-triggered peri-event time histograms (PETH) are consistent with a longer duration for down-states than for up-states. In lighter sleep, the sharp-wave-triggered PETH suggested longer up-states than down-states. These results highlight the interplay in the hippocampal/neocortical loop: Decreased neocortical input during down-states may be a factor in generation of sharp waves. In turn, sharp waves may facilitate down-to-up transitions. This interplay may reflect joint memory trace reactivation in the hippocampus and in the neocortex, possibly contributing to consolidation of long-term memory: Off-line reactivation of recent neural activity patterns in the hippocampus occurs during 50-100-msec electroencephalographic sharp waves, corresponding to pyramidal-cell population bursts. The neocortical up-states starting in correspondence with sharp waves may be influenced by the reactivated information carried by the hippocampal sharp wave.
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“Generation of spindles in the thalamus and generation of SW-Rs in the hippocampus are distinctly suppressed during the down-phase of the slow oscillation, and this is followed by a rebound in spindle and SW-R activity during the succeeding depolarizing up-state (66, 215, 597, 829 -832, 925, 1088).”
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“empirically somewhere within association cortex, thought to be the repository of long-term memory (Battaglia et al., 2004; Dash et al., 2004; Rauchs et al., 2005; Girardeau et al., 2009; Wang and Morris, 2010; Insel and Takehara-Nishiuchi, 2013; Wiltgen and Tanaka, 2013; de Voogd et al., 2016; Sekeres et al., 2018).”
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“Interaction between hippocampal SWRs and the slow waves There are now strong pieces of evidence showing that the occurrence of hippocampal SWR and delta waves or down states are not independent.”
ResultInfluentialŠanda, P., Malerba, P., Jiang, X., Krishnan, G., Cash, S., Halgren, E., & Bazhenov, M. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/568881 · Cited by 7
“Another common reference points of the SO are transitions between Up and Down states; it was reported that SWRs commonly follow transition from Down to Up state in the cortical network [Sirota et al., 2003, Battaglia et al., 2004, Isomura et al., 2006, M¨olle et al., 2006].”
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Angulo-García, D., Ferraris, M., Ghestem, A., Nallet-Khosrofian, L., Bernard, C., & Quilichini, P. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/474973 · Cited by 7
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“85 However, this paradox may be explained by OFC-hippocampal coac-tivitybeingcoordinatedbyothermechanismsthanthosedirectlydependingonSWRs,whileitisalsorelevanttorecallthattheActivestatesas defined here are not identical to Up states.”
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“Bi-stable neuronal activity patterns with depolarized “on-” and hyperpolarized “off-” states give rise to delta waves and are thought to enable NREM sleep to function in memory consolidation (Battaglia et al., 2004) and synaptic homeostasis (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014).”
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Levenstein, D., Buzsáki, G., & Rinzel, J. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/312587 · Cited by 5
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“%) of sharp wave (SW) events contain an embedded ripple (SWR) event [35], and that the abundance of SW and SWRs typically follows the same directionality, we focused on MMP-2/9-modulation of SW events, also crucial for learning and memory [53 – 55].”
Learning-dependent gating of hippocampal inputs by frontal interneurons
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“…et al., 2009), 2) the suppression sleep SWR impairs memory performance (Girardeau et al., 2009; Maingret et al., 2016), and 3) SWRs are coupled to the active, UP-state of Slow Oscillation (SO; <1Hz) in specific associative areas in the neocortex (Battaglia et al., 2004; Sirota et al., 2003).”
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Schomburg, E. W. (2014) · doi:10.7907/7txg-7m48 · Cited by 3
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“Using an extensive array of electrodes covering a large portion of the rat neocortex, Battaglia et al. (2004) demonstrated that up and down states are characterized by a large degree of coherence across the entire neocortex, with virtually all cortical neurons shutting down during a down state and…”
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“…2014; Manita et al. 2015), in memory, in which sharp-wave events at a local hippocampal circuit might be related to more global cortical activity (Battaglia et al. 2004) or in cortical processing in general, as a mean to quantify neuronal ‘population coupling’ or ‘packet-based communication’…”
BackgroundSelf-citationUP-DOWN cortical dynamics reflect state transitions in a bistable balanced network
Jercog, D., Roxin, A., Barthó, P., Luczak, A., Compte, A., & de la Rocha, J. (2016) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/083626 · Cited by 2
“…can generate more complex UP-DOWN patterns than the isolated cortex, with subcortical activity in many areas correlating with transition times (Battaglia et al., 2004; Crunelli et al., 2015; Crunelli and Hughes, 2010; David et al., 2013; Lewis et al., 2015; Slézia et al., 2011; Ushimaru et…”
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Schenberg, E. E. (2010) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.47.2010.tde-08092010-144121
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“Experimentally, Battaglia et al. have reported that electroencephalographic sharp waves from the hippocampus are correlated with the down–up transition of slow-wave sleep, suggestive of a role for slow waves in long-term memory [ 47 ].”
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Self-citationCognitive Algorithms and Systems of Episodic Memory, Semantic Memory, and Their Learnings
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“Such synchronization is attributed to be the evidence of memory consolidation from the hippocampus into the neocortex (Battaglia, et al., 2004).”
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Self-citationPreoptic area influences sleep-related seizures in a genetic epilepsy mouse model
Potesta, C. V., Cargile, M., Yan, A., Xiong, S., Macdonald, R. L., Gallagher, M. J., & Zhou, C. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf187 · Cited by 1
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“…populations during offline periods — which are temporally coupled with transient cortical activities (Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1996; Siapas and Wilson, 1998; Kudrimoti et al., 1999; Sirota et al., 2003; Battaglia et al., 2004; Isomura et al., 2006; Wierzynski et al., 2009; Logothetis et al., 2012).”
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“, wavelet analysis is most appropriate for studying timelocalized events, such as ripples or spindles (Battaglia et al., 2004; Bosnyakova et al., 2006; Sitnikova et al., 2009; Luijtelaar et al., 2011), whereas Fourier decomposition is used for describing the oscillatory patterns of LFPs (Roopun et al.”
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Inhibition is the hallmark of CA3 intracellular dynamics around awake ripples
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“Increased synchrony in neocortical-hippocampal networks might have led to an improvement in memory consolidation (Siapas and Wilson, 1998; Sirota et al., 2003; Battaglia et al., 2004).”
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Sharp wave-ripple clusters enhance hippocampal-neocortical engagement for memory consolidationPreprint
Vöröslakos, M., Lafferty, C. K., Zheng, Z., Paleologos, N., Chinigò, E., McClain, K., Aykan, D., Yoon, E., & Buzsáki, G. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714843
Swanson, R., Chinigò, E., Levenstein, D., Vöröslakos, M., Mousavi, N., Wang, X.-J., Basu, J., & Buzsáki, G. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619879
“An unexpected observation, in light of previous claims [14], [17], [18], was the absence of SWRs preceding and thus putatively inducing UP states.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPreoptic area controls sleep-related seizure onset in a genetic epilepsy mouse model
Potesta, C. V., Cargile, M. S., Yan, A., Xiong, S., Macdonald, R. L., Gallagher, M. J., & Zhou, C.-W. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.24.568593
“At the same time, during sleep, cortical neurons within thalamocortical circuitry exhibit up/down-state alteration 7,33-40 .”
BackgroundRapid runtime learning by curating small datasets of high-quality items obtained from memory
German, J., Cui, G., Xu, C., & Jacobs, R. A. (2023) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011445
Brain state-dependent cortico-hippocampal network dynamics are modulated by postnatal stimuliPreprint
Shinohara, Y., Koketsu, S., Hirase, H., & Ueki, T. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.25.424297
“While the modulation of cortico-hippocampal dynamics after memory acquisition is outside the scope of this paper, examination of post-SWR co-activation of various cortical areas will be valuable (Battaglia et al., 2004; Wang and Ikemoto, 2016).”
BackgroundJiang, X., Shamie, I., Doyle, W., Friedman, D., Dugan, P. C., Devinsky, O., Eskandar, E., Cash, S., Thesen, T., & Halgren, E. (2017) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/221275
System identification for sleep-mediated, stimulation-enhanced memory consolidation
Lepage, K., & Vijayan, S. (2017) · Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers · doi:10.1109/acssc.2017.8335196
“Experimental work has shown that there is coordination between these oscillations [3, 24, 32, 33] and that sequences of neuronal activation that occur during awake behavior are reactivated during subsequent sleep in the hippocampus [22, 34, 38] and the neocortex [20] during these oscillatory events.”
BackgroundResponse to ‘Hippocampus as a wormhole: gateway to consciousness’
Faw, M., & Faw, B. (2017) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1447
Markova, O., Tsugorka, T. M., Dovgan’, A. V., Stepanyuk, A. R., & Cherkas, V. (2008) · Neurophysiology · doi:10.1007/s11062-008-9014-7
Propagation of Hippocampal Ripples to the Neocortex by Way of a Subiculum-Retrospleanial PathwayPreprint
Nitzan, N., McKenzie, S., English, D., Beed, P., Oldani, S., Tukker, J. J., Buzsáki, G., & Schmitz, D. (2019) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3381954
Neural Synchrony and Memory In and Out of Sleep
Benchenane, K., & Peyrache, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21117-6 · Cited by 1
Inter-regional synchronization in the hippocampal system by oscillations
Sullivan, D. W. (2013) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t33n221m
“oscillation, dominant during slow wave sleep (Steriade et al., 1993; Sirota et al., 2003; Isomura et al., 2006; Battaglia et al., 2004).”
Dream Therapy: Correlation of Dream Contents with Encephalographic and Cardiovascular Activations
da Rosa, A. C., & Rodrigues, J. (2011) · The frontiers collection · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18047-7_5
“During REM after procedural task learning, the firing sequence of hippocampal neurons seemed similar to that of the task learning phase ( Battaglia et al. 2004 ).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Battaglia, F. P., Sutherland, G. R., & McNaughton, B. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 697-704
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC534698
- OpenAlex
- W1986823100
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH046823, R37MH046823)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008400)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep, hippocampal-neocortical interaction, sleep depth, delta oscillations, memory consolidation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cortical Synchronization, Electroencephalography, Hippocampus, Membrane Potentials, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Sleep, Neocortex, Rats
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