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Photon and graviton mass limits

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Goldhaber, Alfred Scharff, Nieto, Michael Martin·2010·Reviews of Modern Physics
DOI 10.1103/revmodphys.82.939
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Abstract

Efforts to place limits on deviations from canonical formulations of electromagnetism and gravity have probed length scales increasing dramatically over time. Historically, these studies have passed through three stages: (1) testing the power in the inverse-square laws of Newton and Coulomb, (2) seeking a nonzero value for the rest mass of photon or graviton, and (3) considering more degrees of freedom, allowing mass while preserving explicit gauge or general-coordinate invariance. Since the previous review the lower limit on the photon Compton wavelength has improved by four orders of magnitude, to about one astronomical unit, and rapid current progress in astronomy makes further advance likely. For gravity there have been vigorous debates about even the concept of graviton rest mass. Meanwhile there are striking observations of astronomical motions that do not fit Einstein gravity with visible sources. ``Cold dark matter'' (slow, invisible classical particles) fits well at large scales. ``Modified Newtonian dynamics'' provides the best phenomenology at galactic scales. Satisfying this phenomenology is a requirement if dark matter, perhaps as invisible classical fields, could be correct here too. ``Dark energy'' might be explained by a graviton-mass-like effect, with associated Compton wavelength comparable to the radius of the visible universe. Significant mass limits are summarized in a table.

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Metadata

Authors
Goldhaber, A. S., & Nieto, M. M.
Affiliations
State University of New York (US)
ORCID
Nieto, Michael Martin
Venue
Reviews of Modern Physics
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
2010-03-23
Volume
82
Issue
1
Pages
939-979
ISSN
  • 0034-6861 (ISSN-L)
  • 1539-0756
DOI
10.1103/revmodphys.82.939
OpenAlex
W2076997212
Cited by
445
References
295
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
FWCI
15.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
link.aps.org/licenses/aps-default-license (vor)
Locations
  • Reviews of Modern Physics (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Keywords
photon mass, graviton mass, modified gravity, Compton wavelength, dark matter, MOND, dark energy, gauge invariance, general coordinate invariance, cosmological constraints

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