Deep Learning in Remote Sensing: A Comprehensive Review and List of Resources
Open accessAbstract
Central to the looming paradigm shift toward data-intensive science, machine-learning techniques are becoming increasingly important. In particular, deep learning has proven to be both a major breakthrough and an extremely powerful tool in many fields. Shall we embrace deep learning as the key to everything? Or should we resist a black-box solution? These are controversial issues within the remote-sensing community. In this article, we analyze the challenges of using deep learning for remote-sensing data analysis, review recent advances, and provide resources we hope will make deep learning in remote sensing seem ridiculously simple. More importantly, we encourage remote-sensing scientists to bring their expertise into deep learning and use it as an implicit general model to tackle unprecedented, large-scale, influential challenges, such as climate change and urbanization.
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Self-citationJin, X., & Davis, C. H. (2006) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2006.12.011 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Zhou, P., Cheng, G., Liu, Z., Bu, S., & Hu, X. (2015) · Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/s11045-015-0370-3 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Very deep learning for ship discrimination in Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery
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Object Detection Based on Sparse Representation and Hough Voting for Optical Remote Sensing Imagery
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Wang, Y., Zhu, X. X., Zeisl, B., et al. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2016.2554563 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
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Wilmanski, M., Kreucher, C., & Lauer, J. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2220290 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Blaha, M., Vogel, C., Richard, A., Wegner, J. D., Pock, T., & Schindler, K. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.346 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
An Emulator Toolbox to Approximate Radiative Transfer Models with Statistical Learning
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Lagrange, A., Saux, B. L., Beaupère, A., Boulch, A., Chan-Hon-Tong, A., Herbin, S., Randrianarivo, H., & Ferecatu, M. (2015) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/igarss.2015.7326745 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
SAR ATR based on displacement- and rotation-insensitive CNN
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3D cost aggregation with multiple minimum spanning trees for stereo matching
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Zero-Shot Learning of SAR Target Feature Space With Deep Generative Neural Networks
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Self-citationToward Seamless Multiview Scene Analysis From Satellite to Street Level
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Self-citationMultitemporal Very High Resolution From Space: Outcome of the 2016 IEEE GRSS Data Fusion Contest
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Self-citationHu, J., Mou, L., Schmitt, A., et al. (2017) · Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE) · doi:10.1109/jurse.2017.7924565 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
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Ødegaard, N., Knapskog, A. O., Cochin, C., & Louvigné, J. C. (2016) · IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf) · doi:10.1109/radar.2016.7485270 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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Polarimetric Scattering and SAR Information Retrieval
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Self-citationSalberg, A.-B. (2015) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/igarss.2015.7326163 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fasbender, D., Tuia, D., Bogaert, P., et al. (2008) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1109/lgrs.2008.2000739 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationShao, W. Q., Yang, W. T., & Xia, G.-S. (2013) · International Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/01431161.2013.845925 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationDeep neural networks-based vehicle detection in satellite images
Jiang, Q., Cao, L., Cheng, M., Wang, C., & Li, J. (2015) · 2015 International Symposium on Bioelectronics and Bioinformatics (ISBB) · doi:10.1109/isbb.2015.7344954 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Preliminary Study on SAR Advanced Information Retrieval and Scene Reconstruction
Xu, F., Jin, Y., & Moreira, A. (2016) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1109/lgrs.2016.2590878 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationQin, F., Guo, J., & Sun, W. (2016) · Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1080/2150704x.2016.1258128 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Geospatial Correspondences for Multimodal Registration
Marcos, D., Hamid, R., & Tuia, D. (2016) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.550 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationSAR-Based Terrain Classification Using Weakly Supervised Hierarchical Markov Aspect Models
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Sparse Stereo Disparity Map Densification Using Hierarchical Image Segmentation
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Fast Binary Coding for the Scene Classification of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery
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Self-citationMou, L., Ghamisi, P., & Zhu, X. X. (2017) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/igarss.2017.8128169 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationHierarchical Recognition System for Target Recognition from Sparse Representations
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Vakalopoulou, M., Platias, C., Papadomanolaki, M., et al. (2016) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/igarss.2016.7729469 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Deep Learning for Generic Object Detection: A Survey
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Deep learning in remote sensing applications: A meta-analysis and review
Ma, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Ye, Y., Yin, G., & Johnson, B. A. (2019) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.04.015 · Cited by 2,456 · see citing works
Object detection in optical remote sensing images: A survey and a new benchmark
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Deep Learning for Hyperspectral Image Classification: An Overview
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Perspectives in machine learning for wildlife conservation
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Self-citationSelf-Supervised Learning in Remote Sensing: A review
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Self-citationKellenberger, B., Marcos, D., & Tuia, D. (2018) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.06.028 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationBonafilia, D., Tellman, B., Anderson, T., & Issenberg, E. (2020) · 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) · doi:10.1109/cvprw50498.2020.00113 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
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On Creating Benchmark Dataset for Aerial Image Interpretation: Reviews, Guidances, and Million-AID
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Self-citationNeupane, B., Horanont, T., & Aryal, J. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13040808 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Tackling climate change with machine learning
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A bird's-eye view of deep learning in bioimage analysis
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Deep Learning in Hyperspectral Unmixing: A Review
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Blind Hyperspectral Unmixing Using Autoencoders: A Critical Comparison
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Benchmarking and scaling of deep learning models for land cover image classification
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“, the remote sensing community has been exploiting deep learning methods to propel the research and development of new applications at scale (Zhu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundQi, X., de Almeida, G. A. M., & Maldonado, S. (2024) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131263 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Lyu, H., Lu, H., Mou, L., Li, W., Wright, J., Li, X., Li, X., Zhu, X., Wang, J., Yu, L., et al. (2018) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs10030471 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationApplications and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Space Missions
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GeoAI at ACM SIGSPATIAL: progress, challenges, and future directions
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Khoshboresh Masouleh, M., & Shah-Hosseini, R. (2019) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.07.009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ikegwu, A. C., Nweke, H. F., Mkpojiogu, E., Anikwe, C. V., Igwe, S. A., & Alo, U. R. (2024) · Energy Informatics · doi:10.1186/s42162-024-00307-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
On the foundations of Earth foundation models
Zhu, X. X., Xiong, Z., Wang, Y., Stewart, A. J., Heidler, K., Wang, Y., Yuan, Z., Dujardin, T., Xu, Q., & Shi, Y. (2026) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-03127-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationPrint Defect Mapping with Semantic Segmentation
Valente, A. C., Wada, C., Neves, D., Neves, D., Perez, F. V. M., Megeto, G. A. S., Cascone, M. H., Gomes, O., & Lin, Q. (2020) · 2020 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) · doi:10.1109/wacv45572.2020.9093470 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Applications of semantic segmentation are diverse, including medical image analysis [14], remote sensing [22] and autonomous driving [15].”
BackgroundMultimodal supervised contrastive learning in remote sensing downstream tasks
Berg, P., Uzun, B., Pham, M.-T., & Courty, N. (2024) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1109/lgrs.2024.3385995 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zhu, X. X., Tuia, D., Mou, L., Xia, G.-S., Zhang, L., Xu, F., & Fraundorfer, F.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Wuhan University (CN)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Graz University of Technology (AT)
- Venue
- IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 8-36
- ISSN
- 2168-6831 (ISSN-L)
- 2473-2397
- 2373-7468
- OpenAlex
- W2764034829
- Cited by
- 3,400
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 616 · 2025: 502 · 2024: 385 · 2023: 358 · 2022: 411 · 2021: 424 · 2020: 329 · 2019: 266 · 2018: 109
- FWCI
- 160.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine (publishedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (150593)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41431175, 61571134, ERC-2016-StG-714087, 41501462)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hunan Normal University
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt
- China Scholarship Council (ERC-2016-StG-714087)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Technische Universität München
- Université de Lausanne
- Universität Zürich
- Wuhan University
- Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wageningen University and Research
- Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics
- Wageningen University Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Remote-Sensing Image Classification
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Remote Sensing and Land Use
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Keywords
- deep learning, remote sensing, machine learning, black-box models, remote sensing data analysis, climate change, urbanization, big data analytics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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