EnerCage: A Smart Experimental Arena With Scalable Architecture for Behavioral Experiments
Open accessAbstract
Wireless power, when coupled with miniaturized implantable electronics, has the potential to provide a solution to several challenges facing neuroscientists during basic and preclinical studies with freely behaving animals. The EnerCage system is one such solution as it allows for uninterrupted electrophysiology experiments over extended periods of time and vast experimental arenas, while eliminating the need for bulky battery payloads or tethering. It has a scalable array of overlapping planar spiral coils (PSCs) and three-axis magnetic sensors for focused wireless power transmission to devices on freely moving subjects. In this paper, we present the first fully functional EnerCage system, in which the number of PSC drivers and magnetic sensors was reduced to one-third of the number used in our previous design via multicoil coupling. The power transfer efficiency (PTE) has been improved to 5.6% at a 120 mm coupling distance and a 48.5 mm lateral misalignment (worst case) between the transmitter (Tx) array and receiver (Rx) coils. The new EnerCage system is equipped with an Ethernet backbone, further supporting its modular/scalable architecture, which, in turn, allows experimental arenas with arbitrary shapes and dimensions. A set of experiments on a freely behaving rat were conducted by continuously delivering 20 mW to the electronics in the animal headstage for more than one hour in a powered 3538 cm(2) experimental area.
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Because non-human primates need large roaming areas, the short-range wireless power methods used for rodents are inadequate for powering their neural recording systems.
“Due to the large roaming space required by NHPs, the short-range wireless power harvesting methods described for rodents, such as in [67] and [64], are not sufficient to wirelessly power neural recording systems for NHP studies.”
From Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
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Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers
Ng, K. A., Greenwald, E., Xu, Y. P., & Thakor, N. V. (2016) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-015-1431-3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jow, U.-M., McMenamin, P., Kiani, M., Manns, J. R., & Ghovanloo, M.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghovanloo, Maysam
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 139-148
- ISSN
- 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2531
- PMC
- PMC3925464
- OpenAlex
- W2037492536
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 4.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R21EB009437)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Keywords
- wireless power transfer, implantable electronics, freely moving animals, planar spiral coil, magnetic sensors, power transfer efficiency, rat behavior, scalable architecture
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Equipment Design, Male, Miniaturization, Neurosciences, Electric Power Supplies, Telemetry, User-Computer Interface, Prostheses and Implants, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats, Wireless Technology
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