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Reliability of signals from a chronically implanted, silicon-based electrode array in non-human primate primary motor cortex
Abstract
Multiple-electrode arrays are valuable both as a research tool and as a sensor for neuromotor prosthetic devices, which could potentially restore voluntary motion and functional independence to paralyzed humans. Long-term array reliability is an important requirement for these applications. Here, we demonstrate the reliability of a regular array of 100 microelectrodes to obtain neural recordings from primary motor cortex (MI) of monkeys for at least three months and up to 1.5 years. We implanted Bionic (Cyberkinetics, Inc., Foxboro, MA) silicon probe arrays in MI of three Macaque monkeys. Neural signals were recorded during performance of an eight-direction, push-button task. Recording reliability was evaluated for 18, 35, or 51 sessions distributed over 83, 179, and 569 days after implantation, respectively, using qualitative and quantitative measures. A four-point signal quality scale was defined based on the waveform amplitude relative to noise. A single observer applied this scale to score signal quality for each electrode. A mean of 120 (+/- 17.6 SD), 146 (+/- 7.3), and 119 (+/- 16.9) neural-like waveforms were observed from 65-85 electrodes across subjects for all recording sessions of which over 80% were of high quality. Quantitative measures demonstrated that waveforms had signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) up to 20 with maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of over 1200 microv with a mean SNR of 4.8 for signals ranked as high quality. Mean signal quality did not change over the duration of the evaluation period (slope 0.001, 0.0068 and 0.03; NS). By contrast, neural waveform shape varied between, but not within days in all animals, suggesting a shifting population of recorded neurons over time. Arm-movement related modulation was common and 66% of all recorded neurons were tuned to reach direction. The ability for the array to record neural signals from parietal cortex was also established. These results demonstrate that neural recordings that can provide movement related signals for neural prostheses, as well as for fundamental research applications, can be reliably obtained for long time periods using a monolithic microelectrode array in primate MI and potentially from other cortical areas as well.
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“In fact, after appropriate control in experimental models to test their biocompatibility and efficacy [18], LIFEs have been recently used to control artificial devices [6,7,22-25] showing good results during short-term trials with human amputees.”
From Decoding of grasping information from neural signals recorded using peripheral intrafascicular interfaces (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“These trials showed that subjects are able to control a one-degree of freedom hand prosthesis through online processing of the efferent neural signals, and that repeatable sensory feedback may be received by stimulating afferent fibers [22,23] corresponding to the missing hand/fingers territories.”
From Decoding of grasping information from neural signals recorded using peripheral intrafascicular interfaces (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
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The effect of aging on EEG brain oscillations related to sensory and sensorimotor functions
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“For instance, Suner et al., 2005 compared the UEA and microwires, obtaining mean SNRs of 13.6 dB and 14.8 dB, respectively [94].”
BackgroundInfluentialOptimizing the automatic selection of spike detection thresholds using a multiple of the noise level
Rizk, M., & Wolf, P. D. (2009) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-009-0451-2 · Cited by 27
“In order to account for this, we scaled the SNR values presented in [38] by 4/3 so that they would corre-”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSomatosensory responses in a human motor cortex
Shaikhouni, A., Donoghue, J. P., & Hochberg, L. R. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00368.2012 · Cited by 27
“…provided informed consent and underwent medical and surgical screening procedures, the sensor was implanted into the " knob " region of her left precentral gyrus (Yousry et al. 1997) with the use of a pneumatic inserter device (Hochberg et al. 2006; Rousche and Normann 1992; Suner et al. 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationDecoder calibration with ultra small current sample set for intracortical brain–machine interface
Zhang, P., Ma, X., Chen, L., Zhou, J., Wang, C., Li, W., & He, J. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aaa8a4 · Cited by 26
“It has been reported that intracortical neural recording with floating microelectrode array enables the acquisition of massive and relatively stable neural signals in signal-unit level across days to years [12, 55].”
BackgroundPhysical Principles for Scalable Neural Recording
Marblestone, A. H., Zamft*, B. M., Maguire, Y. G., Shapiro, M. G., Cybulski, T. R., Glaser, J. I., eAmodei, D., eStranges, P. B., eKalhor, R., Dalrymple, D., et al. (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.3389/fncom.2013.00137 · Cited by 271
“For example, the recording sites at the tip of a Utah or Duke multi-electrode array are typically viable in chronic recordings of up to 18 months in primates [61, 68], whereas in array formats with multiple electrodes along each shaft, such as the Michigan array, chronic recordings of up to 4 months have been reported…”
BackgroundGalashan, F. O., Rempel, H. C., Meyer, A., Gruber-Dujardin, E., Kreiter, A. K., & Wegener, D. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00508.2010 · Cited by 25
“…these tissue reactions include use of biocompatible materials such as polymers (Musallam et al. 2007; Rousche et al. 2001; Schmidt et al. 1988; Suner et al. 2005) and ceramics (Moxon et al. 2004; Singh et al. 2003) for electrode insulation as well as coating electrodes with antiinflammatory…”
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“Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was assessed for each isolated unit by dividing the mean peak-to-peak voltage of the isolated unit by twice the standard deviation of the estimated noise [23].”
MethodA convolutional neural network for estimating synaptic connectivity from spike trains
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Decoding grasp aperture from motor-cortical population activity
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Thin-film epidural microelectrode arrays for somatosensory and motor cortex mapping in rat
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“…et al., 2003), (2) silicone-based electrode arrays like the Utah electrode array (UIEA; Rousche and Normann, 1998), the Bionic silicone probe (Suner et al., 2005), the ‘silicone-substrate intracortical microelectrode system’ (“Michigan probe”, Kipke et al., 2004; Vetter et al., 2004) or a…”
An Advanced 2.5-D Heterogeneous Integration Packaging for High-Density Neural Sensing Microsystem
Hu, Y., Huang, Y., Huang, P.-T., Wu, S.-L., Chang, H.-C., Yang, Y.-T., You, Y.-H., Chen, J.-M., Huang, Y., Lin, Y., et al. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/ted.2017.2660763 · Cited by 22
Hermetic and Bioresorbable Packaging Materials for MEMS Implantable Pressure Sensors: A Review
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“Parylene-C has long been employed in neurotechnology, particularly as a coating for these reasons [63], [64].”
BackgroundFlexible multichannel electrodes for acute recording in nonhuman primates
Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Zheng, R., Xu, X., Yang, X., Gui, Q., Yang, X., Wang, Y., Cui, H., & Pei, W. (2023) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-023-00550-y · Cited by 22
Development of an invasive brain-machine interface with a monkey model
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“…be found in supplementary data table 2 [12, 17, 30, 90, 94, 96, 97, 101, 114, 115, 121, 131, 136, 142, 153, 168, 170, 223, 241, 242, 244, 331, 379, 389, 390, 393, 394, We encourage interested readers to perform their own analyses on our aggregated data, as some useful conclusions may perhaps be…”
InfluentialAn automated system for rapid evaluation of high-density electrode arrays in neural prostheses
John, S. E., Shivdasani, M. N., Leuenberger, J., Fallon, J. B., Shepherd, R. K., Millard, R. E., Rathbone, G. D., & Williams, C. E. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/3/036011 · Cited by 21
Adaptive Movable Neural Interfaces for Monitoring Single Neurons in the Brain
Muthuswamy, J., Anand, S., & Sridharan, A. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2011.00094 · Cited by 21
“…like neuronal migration, movement, and knocking of implants around the animal cage during animal behavior, influence of circadian rhythms, inherent neuronal circuit variations, and several other unexplored factors (Suner et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2006; Biran et al., 2007; Tolias et al., 2007).”
BackgroundCan motor volition be extracted from the spinal cord?
Prasad, A., & Şahin, M. (2012) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-9-41 · Cited by 19
Eleryan, A., Vaidya, M., Southerland, J., Badreldin, I. S., Balasubramanian, K., Fagg, A. H., Hatsopoulos, N., & Oweiss, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2014.00023 · Cited by 20
Embedded Ultrathin Cluster Electrodes for Long-Term Recordings in Deep Brain Centers
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“The electrode impedance is influenced by the properties of the electrode-tissue interface, increasing with a progressive immune reaction [50].”
BackgroundEmerging Penetrating Neural Electrodes: In Pursuit of Large Scale and Longevity
Luan, L., Yin, R., Zhu, H., & Xie, C. (2023) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-090622-050507 · Cited by 23
“For instance, Utah or microwire arrays, which have enabled relatively large-scale recordings (hundreds of neurons) from primates (32–35), carry only one recording site on the tip of each wire in a volume of 20–100 μm in diameter and a few millimeters in length.”
BackgroundChen, G., Dodson, B., Hedges, D. M., Steffensen, S. C., Harb, J. N., Puleo, C., Galligan, C., Ashe, J. M., Vanfleet, R. R., & Davis, R. C. (2018) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00038 · Cited by 20
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“SNRs were calculated using the following formula SNR = A/(2 × SDnoise), where the amplitude A is the peak-to-peak voltage of the mean event-related potential, and SDnoise is the standard deviation of the noise [50] .”
MethodShort report: surgery for implantable brain-computer interface assisted by robotic navigation system
Jiang, H., Wang, R., Zheng, Z., Zhu, J., Qi, Y., Xu, K., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-022-05235-5 · Cited by 18
“Previously reported surgically implanted microelectrode array used the pneumatic device technique that was fixed to a frame or head holder [12, 14].”
MethodPlasticity and Recovery after Dorsal Column Spinal Cord Injury in Nonhuman Primates
Reed, J. L., Liao, C., Qi, H., & Kaas, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Neuroscience · doi:10.4137/jen.s40197 · Cited by 19
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A novel microwire interface for small diameter peripheral nerves in a chronic, awake murine model
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“The SNR results reported here can also be compared to previous work where Suner et al [49] tracked SNR over time from electrode arrays implanted in the motor cortex of three macaques, showing no diminishing trends over time or any decline in Debnath et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialChronic sensory-motor activity in behaving animals using regenerative multi-electrode interfaces,
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“Since, the spectral properties of residual waveforms and background activity in in vivo neuronal recordings are similar [10], noise was defined as the collection of residual waveforms obtained after subtracting the mean waveform from each individual waveform within the unit [11] and SNR as described in (1)”
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Ahmadi, N., Adiono, T., Purwarianti, A., Constandinou, T. G., & Bouganis, C.-S. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3159225 · Cited by 18
“Nevertheless, spike recordings are not chronically stable, and the number of observable units progressively decline over time [9]–[11].”
BackgroundAutomatic extracellular spike denoising using wavelet neighbor coefficients and level dependency
Liu, X., Wan, H., Shang, Z., & Li, S. (2014) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2014.08.055 · Cited by 18
Carbon monofilament electrodes for unit recording and functional MRI in same subjects
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“The SNR for each recorded unit was calculated as the ratio of the peak-to-peak voltage amplitude of the average waveform and 2 times the standard deviation of the residual noise (Suner et al., 2005).”
Neuromotor prosthetic to treat stroke-related paresis: N-of-1 trial
Serruya, M. D., Napoli, A., Satterthwaite, N., Kardine, J., McCoy, J., Grampurohit, N., Talekar, K. S., Middleton, D. M., Mohamed, F. B., Kogan, M., et al. (2022) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-022-00105-8 · Cited by 17
WaveMAP for identifying putative cell types from in vivo electrophysiology
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“To ensure the accurate sorting of low-amplitude spikes, a minimum SNDR of 12 dB, corresponding to an NRMSE of less than 25%, is recommended [25].”
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“However, in-vivo human applications involving the use of recording microelectrodes require the ability to chronically record action potentials from ensembles of single neurons indefinitely or at least for decades [5,12,13].”
BackgroundLudwig, K. A., Miriani, R. M., Langhals, N. B., Marzullo, T., & Kipke, D. R. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/4/046009 · Cited by 17
“[2, 10, 13, 22, 39, 44–50].”
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Brain Computer Interfaces for Silent Speech
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“18 Electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity recording is another invasive approach in which the sensors are placed not inside but on the surface of the brain.”
BackgroundStimulation and Recording of the Hippocampus Using the Same Pt-Ir Coated Microelectrodes
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“which is comparable to ‘good’ recordings from commercially available microelectrode arrays [31].”
ResultMultielectrode and Multitransistor Arrays for In Vivo Recording
Vassanelli, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8038-0_8 · Cited by 15
Minimally-Invasive Neural Interface for Distributed Wireless Electrocorticogram Recording Systems
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Cortical neuroprosthetics from a clinical perspective
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Bottlenecks to clinical translation of direct brain-computer interfaces
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“By literally handing prototypes to experienced surgeons to test in animal models and human cadavers, engineers could gain immediate feedback about helpful or limiting design features that no amount of bench work could reveal (Suner et al., 2005; Som et al., 2014).”
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“Similar characterizations of chronic signal quality of invasive neural interfacing systems have been reported by other groups (Nicolelis et al 2003, Suner et al 2005, Chestek et al 2011).”
MethodFailure Modes of Implanted Neural Interfaces
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“Eachprobewasgenerallyconsideredacceptablefor neuralrecordingandtherefore,invivoimplantationifthemagnitudeof mostchannelsat1kHzwerebetween100 – 1000 k Ω 14,38,133 – 135 .”
Garcia-Garcia, M. G., Márquez-Chin, C., & Popović, M. R. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77090-2 · Cited by 12
Impact of Impedance Levels on Recording Quality in Flexible Neural Probes
Han, J., Choi, J., Jeong, H., Park, D., Cheong, E., Sung, J., & Choi, H. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24072300 · Cited by 13
“Whereas in vitro studies have demonstrated that cellular and biomolecular interactions increase with a decrease in the impedance of the electrodes [33], in vivo studies have suggested a weak association between recording quality and low impedance [24,34].”
BackgroundIn the Spotlight: Neuroengineering
Thakor, N. V. (2011) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2011.2174126 · Cited by 13
Upstream γ-synchronization enhances odor processing in downstream neurons
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Connecting the Brain to Itself through an Emulation
Serruya, M. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00373 · Cited by 15
Predicting neural recording performance of implantable electrodes
Harris, A. R., Allitt, B. J., & Paolini, A. G. (2019) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c8an02214c · Cited by 13
Kang, Y. N., Chou, N., Jang, J., Byun, D., Kang, H., Moon, D.-J., Kim, J., & Kim, S. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2019.2917916 · Cited by 13
“where Vpp is the average value of the peak-to-peak amplitude of the spikes and σ is the standard deviation of the noise [44], [45].”
BackgroundSauter-Starace, F., Bibari, O., Berger, F. R., Caillat, P., & Benabid, A. (2009) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2009.5109247 · Cited by 13
Kim, J.-H., Baek, D.-H., Kim, D. H., & Park, D. (2022) · Current Applied Physics · doi:10.1016/j.cap.2022.05.001 · Cited by 12
Population interactions between parietal and primary motor cortices during reach
Menzer, D. L., Rao, N. G., Bondy, A., Truccolo, W., & Donoghue, J. P. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00851.2012 · Cited by 12
“methods are described elsewhere (Suner et al. 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationSpatial phase sensitivity of complex cells in primary visual cortex depends on stimulus contrast
Hamish Meffin, A., Hietanen, M. A., Cloherty, S. L., & Ibbotson, M. R. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00431.2015 · Cited by 12
Nano-scale transistors for interfacing with brain: design criteria, progress and prospect
El‐Atab, N., Shaikh, S. F., & Hussain, M. M. (2019) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ab3534 · Cited by 12
Increasing the Performance of Cortically-Controlled Prostheses
Shenoy, K. V., Santhanam, T. H., Ryu, S. I., Afshar, A., Yu, B. M., Gilja, V., Linderman, M. D., Kalmar, R. S., Cunningham, J. P., Kemere, C. T., et al. (2006) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2006.260912 · Cited by 12
“…that electrode arrays are able to record from the same cortical area for many months or even a few years without substantial signal degradation [28], it is also well recognized that immunological responses, and likely other still unidentified mechanisms, cause complete or near complete signal…”
BackgroundBiotolerability of Intracortical Microelectrodes
Fernández, E., & Botella, P. (2018) · Advanced Biosystems · doi:10.1002/adbi.201700115 · Cited by 11
Mokienko, O. A. (2024) · Современные технологии в медицине · doi:10.17691/stm2024.16.1.08 · Cited by 12
Chen, F., Chameh, H. M., Movahed, M., Wahn, H., Mu, X., Ding, P., Xue, T., Straguzzi, J. N., Roszko, D. A., Sharma, A., et al. (2025) · npj Biosensing · doi:10.1038/s44328-025-00024-3 · Cited by 19
A statistical description of neural ensemble dynamics
Long, J. D., II (2011) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2011.00052 · Cited by 11
“generating datasets that record the output of ever increasing numbers of neurons (Nicolelis et al., 2003; Suner et al., 2005; Nicolelis, 2008).”
BackgroundQuality Metrics of Spike Sorting Using Neighborhood Components Analysis
Liu, X., Wan, H., & Li, S. (2014) · The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal · doi:10.2174/1874120701408010060 · Cited by 11
“In most cases, the quality assessment was done subjectively by a human observer [2, 3], but the subjective methods don’t permit comparison of data quality across different studies, and unfortunately they are predisposed to personal bias.”
BackgroundTuning Curves for Arm Posture Control in Motor Cortex Are Consistent with Random Connectivity
Lalazar, H., Abbott, L. F., & Vaadia, E. (2016) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004910 · Cited by 12
“After training, a chronic 96 microelectrodes array with 1.5 mm electrodes (Blackrock Microsys-tems) was implanted in the arm area of contralateral rostral M1 (S1A Fig) using the surgery protocol described elsewhere [77].”
MethodInfluentialReconstructing grasping motions from high-frequency local field potentials in primary motor cortex
Zhuang, J., Truccolo, W., Vargas-Irwin, C. E., & Donoghue, J. P. (2010) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2010.5626228 · Cited by 11
“Detailed descriptions of array structure and surgical implantation procedures are given in [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBansal, A. K., Singer, J. M., Anderson, W. S., Golby, A. J., Madsen, J. R., & Kreiman, G. (2012) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00458.2012 · Cited by 10
“Some studies recording either action potentials or field potentials in the monkey's motor and visual system have described stable neuronal signals over the course of several weeks (Bondar et al. 2009; Chao et al. 2010; Nicolelis et al. 2003; Suner et al. 2005; Tolias et al. 2007).”
BackgroundParikh, H., Marzullo, T., & Kipke, D. R. (2009) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/6/2/026004 · Cited by 12
“SNR was based on the individual waveforms given by the formula SNR = A 2 ∗ SDNoise , (1) where A is the amplitude of the peak-to-peak voltage of the mean waveform, and SDNoise is the standard deviation of the noise (see Suner et al (2005) for details of the method).”
MethodImplantable silicon neural probes with nanophotonic phased arrays for single-lobe beam steering
Chen, F., Sharma, A., Xue, T., Jung, Y., Gövdeli, A., Mak, J. C. C., Chameh, H. M., Movahed, M., Brunk, M. G. K., Luo, X., et al. (2024) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-024-00328-8 · Cited by 10
“The fi nalselectedspikeclustersfollow fourcriteria:(1)isolationdistance >10,(2)likelihoodratio ≤ 0.3 21,71 ,(3)SNR ≥ 3 72 , and (4) the percentage of spikes with refractory period violation (<2 ms) <2% 73 .”
InfluentialParker, R. A., Negi, S., Davis, T. S., Keefer, E. W., Wiggins, H., House, P. A., & Greger, B. E. (2012) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346050 · Cited by 10
Solarana, K., Ye, M., Gao, Y., Rafi, H., & Hammer, D. X. (2020) · Neurophotonics · doi:10.1117/1.nph.7.1.015004 · Cited by 11
“glial sheath on its own is responsible for degrading signal quality, as evidenced by modeling results(46) and studies that successfully continued to record signals even after scar formation.(12,47)”
BackgroundBrinda, A. K., Doyle, A. M., Blumenfeld, M., Krieg, J. D. S., Alisch, J. S. R., Spencer, C., Lecy, E., Wilmerding, L. K., DeNicola, A. L., Johnson, L. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abfc1c · Cited by 10
“While the reactive tissue response to cortical microelectrode implantation has been well studied in rodents [10–15], primates [16, 17], and humans [18, 19], less is known about how the time course of the tissue response to DBS lead implantation [20] affects the ability to record neural activity…”
Hahn, N. V., Stein, E. A., Donoghue, J. P., Simeral, J. D., Hochberg, L. R., & Willett, F. R. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.25330310 · Cited by 15
“Like prior assessments in nonhuman primates (Suner et al. 2005; Chestek et al. 2011; Barrese et al. 2013; Sponheim et al. 2021), here we evaluated the percentage of electrodes which successfully recorded neural spiking waveforms over time (array “yield”).”
Self-citationSlippery Epidural ECoG Electrode for High-Performance Neural Recording and Interface
Alahi, M. E. E., Liu, Y., Khademi, S., Nag, A., Wang, H., Wu, T., & Mukhopadhyay, S. C. (2022) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios12111044 · Cited by 10
“In addition, the combination of high electrode impedance and the distributed capacitance between the electrode and the recording amplifier from the BCI device reduces the high-frequency response of the electrodes [23].”
BackgroundBidirectional mechanisms and emerging strategies for implantable bioelectronic interfaces
Yan, Z., Gao, W., Duan, Y.-Y., Zhou, H., Ni, C., Huang, L., & Ye, Z. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.06.014 · Cited by 13
“However, changes in the neuron ‒ electrode distance and the formation of connective tissue sheaths around the electrode constrain the long-term stability of signal acquisition [28].”
Mian, S. Y., Honey, J. R., Carnicer‐Lombarte, A., & Barone, D. G. (2021) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios11080275 · Cited by 11
“BCIs aim to record nuanced, relatively weak currents, with a great number and variety of individual action potentials; to record these with sufficient accuracy requires small, delicately formed electrodes, which are easily deformed or enveloped by scar tissue [8].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRocca, A., Lehner, C., Wekesa, E., Luna, E., Fernández-Cornejo, V., Abarca-Olivas, J., Soto‐Sánchez, C., Fernández-Jover, E., & González-López, P. (2023) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2023.8.jns23772 · Cited by 9
Harris, A. R., Hutchinson, R., Molino, P. J., Kapsa, R. M. I., Clark, G. M., Paolini, A. G., & Wallace, G. G. (2016) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0711607jes · Cited by 9
Sun, C., Cao, Y. H., Huang, J., Huang, K., Lu, Y., & Zhong, C. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac494e · Cited by 8
“The SNR for a given cluster was calculated using the following formula (Suner et al 2005): SNR = App/(2× SDε) , where App (amplitude) is the peak-to-peak voltage amplitude of the mean waveform of each unit, and SDε is the standard deviation of noise ε in a single unit.”
MethodDoes impedance matter when recording spikes with polytrodes?Preprint
Neto, J. P., Baião, P., Lopes, G., Frazão, J., Nogueira, J., Fortunato, E. M. C., Barquinha, P. M. C., & Kampff, A. R. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/270058 · Cited by 9
Wang, Y., Graham, E. S., & Unsworth, C. P. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac1bc1 · Cited by 8
“The voltage SNR was calculated as the ratio between the mean of the peak-to-peak amplitudes and the standard deviation of signal computed over the 60 s baseline [4, 45, 46].”
Machine learning decoding of single neurons in the thalamus for speech brain-machine interfaces
Tankus, A., Rosenberg, N., Ben-Hamo, O., Stern, E., & Strauss, I. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad4179 · Cited by 9
“Firing rate stability was evaluated according to the slopes of linear fits of successive average firing rates computed in 30 second baseline time bins [61, 62].”
MethodSariev, A., Chung, J., Jung, D., Sharif, F., Lee, J. Y., Kim, S., & Royer, S. (2017) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/56438 · Cited by 8
Wang, D., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Zhang, S., & Zheng, X. (2014) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/11/4/049501 · Cited by 9
Chen, F., Chameh, H. M., Movahed, M., Wahn, H., Mu, X., Ding, P., Xue, T., Straguzzi, J. N., Roszko, D. A., Sharma, A., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567101 · Cited by 8
Electrodeposition of PEDOT:ClO 4 on non-noble tungsten microwire for nerve and brain recordings
Güemes, A., Dominguez‐Alfaro, A., Mizuta, R., Velasco‐Bosom, S., Carnicer‐Lombarte, A., Barone, D. G., Mecerreyes, D., & Malliaras, G. G. (2023) · Materials Advances · doi:10.1039/d3ma00949a · Cited by 7
Hu, R., Fan, P., Wang, Y., Shan, J., Jing, L., Xu, W., Mo, F., Wang, M., Luo, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2023.05.015 · Cited by 7
“The SNR was calculated by using the formula [28] : SNR = 𝑉 ∕2 𝜎 , where V was the peak-to-peak value of the mean spike waveform and 𝜎 was the standard deviation of the baseline noise.”
Ohmae, S., Takahashi, T., Lu, X., Nishimori, Y., Kodaka, Y., Takashima, I., & Kitazawa, S. (2015) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/12/3/036014 · Cited by 7
“We cut and flipped the dura over the arcuate and precentral sulci and inserted the array into the FEF with a standard pneumatic insertion technique [9, 23].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Suner, S., Fellows, M. R., Vargas-Irwin, C., Nakata, G. K., & Donoghue, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 524-541
- ISSN
- 1534-4320 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0210
- OpenAlex
- W2113853842
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 6.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-25074)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- chronic neural recording, primary motor cortex, non-human primates, macaque, signal-to-noise ratio, neuroprosthetics, parietal cortex, long-term implantation
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Equipment Design, Female, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Male, Microelectrodes, Motor Cortex, Primates, Sensitivity and Specificity, Silicon, Reproducibility of Results, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Equipment Failure Analysis
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