Personality Development and Growth in Women Across 30 Years: Three Perspectives
Open accessAbstract
This article addressesthree questions about personality development in a 30‐year longitudinal study of women (N = 78): (1) To what extent did the women maintain the same position inrelation to each other on personality characteristics over the 30 years, and what broad factorswere related to the amount of change in their rank order? (2) Did the sample as a whole increaseor decrease over time on indices of personality growth, and did they change in ways distinctive towomen? (3) Were experiential factors associated with individual differences in the amount ofchange? Results showed that personality was quite consistent while also showing that timeinterval was positively related to rank‐order change and age was negatively related to rank‐orderchange. Over the period from age 21 to age 52, the women increased on measures ofnorm‐orientation and complexity and showed changes on measures of Dominance andFemininity/Masculinity consistent with the hypothesis that changing sex roles would lead toincreases in Dominance and increases, then decreases, in Femininity/Masculinity. A third set ofresults showed that changes in Dominance and Femininity/Masculinity were associated with lifecircumstances such as marital tension, divorce, and participation in the paid labor force. Theimplications of the findings for personality development and growth are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Marital and family experiences shape personality.
“Others show that marital and family experiences shape personality (Helson and Picano [1990], Roberts, Helson and Klohnen [2002]).”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Roberts, Helson and Klohnen [2002]
Cites
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,644 · see citing works
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3 · Cited by 3,241 · see citing works
Self-citationHandbook for the sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16 PF)
Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,618 · see citing works
Vaillant, G. E. (2012) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674072152 · Cited by 1,502 · see citing works
Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., de Lima, M. P., Simões, A., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Marušić, I., Bratko, D., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., et al. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Conley, J. J. (1984) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(84)90133-8 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Personality change in women from college to midlife.
Helson, R., & Moane, G. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.1.176 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, B. W., & Caspi, A. (2003) · Understanding Human Development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0357-6_9 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeaking about feelings: Conceptions of emotion across the life span.
Labouvie‐Vief, G., DeVoe, M. R., & Bulka, D. (1989) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.4.4.425 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Reclaimed powers : toward a new psychology of men and women in later life
Gutmann, D. H. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Plaster or Plasticity: Are Adult Work Experiences Associated with Personality Change in Women?
Roberts, B. W. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00953.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality change in women from the early 40s to the early 50s.
Helson, R., & Wink, P. M. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.7.1.46 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors that influence the temporal stability of personality by questionnaire.
Schuerger, J. M., Zarrella, K. L., & Hotz, A. S. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.5.777 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Willett, J. B., AYOUB, C. C., & Robinson, D. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.1.38 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Aging and self-conceptions: Personality processes and social contexts.
Bengtson, V. L., Reedy, M. N., & Gordon, C. (1985) · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tyler, T. R., & Schuller, R. A. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.5.689 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Identity in three cohorts of midlife women.
Helson, R., Stewart, A. J., & Ostrove, J. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.3.544 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationPals, J. L. (1999) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00057 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The intersection of life stage and social events: Personality and life outcomes.
Duncan, L. E., & Agronick, G. S. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.3.558 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Negotiating the middle years: Ego-resiliency and successful midlife adjustment in women.
Klohnen, E. C., Vandewater, E. A., & Young, A. E. (1996) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.11.3.431 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAgronick, G. S., & Duncan, L. E. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1545 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Adult Age Differences in Personality Traits in the United States and the People's Republic of China
Yang, J., McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1998) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/53b.6.p375 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Is There Adult Development Distinctive to Women?
Helson, R., Pals, J. L., & Solomon, M. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50013-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationRetest Correlations in Neuroticism
Crook, M. N. (1941) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1941.10544366 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Age and cohort effects on personality factor scores across sexes and racial/ethnic groups
Johnson, R. C., Nagoshi, C. T., Ahern, F. M., Wilson, J. R. M., McClearn, G. E., & Vandenberg, S. G. (1983) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(83)90131-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nurses: where do they go from here?
Delamothe, T. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6620.449 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 28 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1 · Cited by 3,318 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
The economics and psychology of personality traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/umaror.2008001 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024950 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood.
Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.582 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating Five Factor Theory and social investment perspectives on personality trait development
Roberts, B. W., Wood, D., & Smith, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.08.002 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Self-citationThe kids are alright: Growth and stability in personality development from adolescence to adulthood.
Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.670 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Self-citationEmpirical and Theoretical Status of the Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2008) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849200462.n13 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Personality-relationship transaction in young adulthood.
Neyer, F. J., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.6.1190 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Lodi-Smith, J., & Roberts, B. W. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868306294590 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Self-citationTerracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., Brant, L. J., & Costa, P. T. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.493 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Low, K. S. D., Yoon, M., Roberts, B. W., & Rounds, J. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.713 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional plasticity: Conditions and effects of improving emotional competence in adulthood.
Kotsou, I., Nelis, D., Grégoire, J., & Mikolajczak, M. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023047 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Helson, R., Jones, C. J., & Kwan, V. S. Y. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.752 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationThe aging workforce: Realities, myths, and implications for organizations.
Hedge, J. W., Borman, W. C., & Lammlein, S. E. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11325-000 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13810 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.43.4.972 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
The Economics and Psychology of Personality TraitsPreprint
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1135909 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Love, work, and changes in extraversion and neuroticism over time.
Scollon, C. N., & Diener, E. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1152 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Helson, R., Kwan, V. S. Y., John, O. P., & Jones, C. (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00010-7 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationBoyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., & Powdthavee, N. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0006-z · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Is “maturing out” of problematic alcohol involvement related to personality change?
Littlefield, A. K., Sher, K. J., & Wood, P. K. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015125 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Roberts, B. W., & Caspi, A. (2003) · Understanding Human Development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0357-6_9 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCullough, M. E., Enders, C. K., Brion, S. L., & Jain, A. R. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.78 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Roberts, B. W., & Bogg, T. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00264.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationSmall, B. J., Hertzog, C. K., Hultsch, D. F., & Dixon, R. A. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.3.p166 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Personality and having children: A two-way relationship.
Jokela, M., Kivimäki, M., Elovainio, M., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014058 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Midlife concerns and short‐term personality change in middle adulthood
van Aken, M. A. G., Denissen, J. J. A., Branje, S., Dubas, J. S., & Goossens, L. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.603 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
On Traits, Situations, and Their Integration: A Developmental Perspective
Roberts, B. W., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_5 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality Trait Development in Adulthood
Roberts, B. W., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Caspi, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_26 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationLehnart, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.606 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Impulsive Personality and Alcohol Use: Bidirectional Relations Over One Year
Kaiser, A. J., Bonsu, J. A., Charnigo, R. J., Milich, R. S., & Lynam, D. R. (2016) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.473 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Wagner, J., Ram, N., Smith, J., & Gerstorf, D. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000071 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Hoff, K. A., Briley, D. A., Wee, C., & Rounds, J. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000140 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Long-term correlated change in personality traits in old age.
Allemand, M., Zimprich, D., & Martin, M. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0013239 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
A Literature Review of Social Mood
Olson, K. R. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1207/s15427579jpfm0704_2 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Up and Down in Middle Age: Monotonic and Nonmonotonic Changes in Roles, Status, and Personality.
Helson, R., & Soto, C. J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.194 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationVecchione, M., Alessandri, G., Barbaranelli, C., & Caprara, G. V. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.033 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The development of personality across the lifespan
Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.015 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
De‐investment in work and non‐normative personality trait change in young adulthood
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., Bogg, T., & Caspi, A. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.607 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationTemperament and brain networks of attention
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0254 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Reisenzein, R., & Weber, H. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Multiple, Distinct Ways that Personality Contributes to Alcohol Use Disorders
Littlefield, A. K., & Sher, K. J. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00296.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Sutin, A. R., Costa, P. T., Wethington, E., & Eaton, W. W. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0018751 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Is Character Fate, or Is There Hope to Change My Personality Yet?
Edmonds, G. W., Jackson, J. J., Fayard, J. V., & Roberts, B. W. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00037.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom Adolescence to Later Adulthood: Femininity, Masculinity, and Androgyny in Six Age Groups
Strough, J., Leszczynski, J. P., Neely, T. L., Flinn, J. A., & Margrett, J. A. (2007) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9282-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Identity change in adulthood: The contribution of defense mechanisms and life experiences
Cramer, P. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00070-9 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
College-educated women's personality development in adulthood: Perceptions and age differences.
Zucker, A. N., Ostrove, J. M., & Stewart, A. J. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.236 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Personality Development across the Life Span
Denissen, J. J. A., van Aken, M. A. G., & Roberts, B. W. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781444343120.ch3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationContinuity and Change in Values in Midlife: Testing the Age Stability Hypothesis
Stockard, J., Carpenter, G., & Kahle, L. R. (2014) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2014.882215 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Personality change in later adulthood is predicted by defense mechanism use in early adulthood
Cramer, P. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00528-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-regulation and control in personality functioning
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.027 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Desarrollo de soft skills una alternativa a la escasez de talento humano
Maya, M. T., & Orellana, B. S. (2016) · INNOVA Research Journal · doi:10.33890/innova.v1.n12.2016.81 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kasen, S., Chen, H., Sneed, J. R., Crawford, T. N., & Cohen, P. R. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.944 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pasupathi, M., Weeks, T. L., & Rice, C. (2006) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x06289425 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Personality in cross-cultural perspective
Dragūns, J. G. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.035 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Charles, S. T., & Pasupathi, M. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.3.524 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mõttus, R., Johnson, W., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lavner, J. A., Weiss, B., Miller, J. D., & Karney, B. R. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000491 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Senescence of personality in a wild bird
Class, B., & Brommer, J. E. (2016) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2096-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Calvo‐Salguero, A., García‐Martínez, J. M. A., & Sánchez, A. M. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9354-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Brommer, J. E., & Class, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Zoology · doi:10.1186/1742-9994-12-s1-s2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Perspectives de la théorie des cinq facteurs (TCF) : traits et culture
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2006) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2005.09.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Divorce and personality development across middle adulthood
ALLEMAND, M., HILL, P. L., & LEHMANN, R. (2015) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12067 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ben‐Eliyahu, A., & Zeidner, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.041 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Blackie, L., & Jayawickreme, E. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1970 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Early mothering experience and personality change.
Paris, R., & Helson, R. (2002) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037//0893-3200.16.2.172 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationDeYoung, C. G., & Blain, S. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.026 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
School or Work? The Choice May Change Your Personality
Golle, J., Rose, N., Göllner, R., Spengler, M., Stoll, G., Hübner, N., Rieger, S., Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., Roberts, B. W., et al. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797618806298 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Middle Ages: Change in Women's Personalities and Social Roles
Newton, N. J., & Stewart, A. J. (2010) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01543.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Crossover, Degendering, or…? A Multidimensional Approach to Life-Span Gender Development
Lemaster, P., Delaney, R. K., & Strough, J. (2015) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0563-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Conceptual and methodological issues in the study of the personality-and-culture relationship
Allïk, J., Realo, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1077851 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Discovery of unexpected paternity after direct‐to‐consumer DNA testing and its impact on identity
Grethel, M., Lewis, J. M., Freeman, R., & Stone, C. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12752 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Psychosocial functioning in young men predicts their personality stability over 15 years
Lönnqvist, J., Mäkinen, S., Paunonen, S. V., HENRIKSSON, M. M., & Verkasalo, M. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.08.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Lifespan Perspective on Dependency and Self-Criticism: Age-Related Differences from 18 to 59
Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., Mongrain, M., & Zuroff, D. C. (2013) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-013-9163-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Distinguishing Post-traumatic Growth from Psychological Adjustment Among Rwandan Genocide Survivors
Blackie, L. E. R., Jayawickreme, E., Hitchcott, N., & Joseph, S. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-59177-7_18 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Clark, D. R., Pidduck, R. J., & Tietz, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-08-2021-0639 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Reisenzein, R., Hildebrandt, A., & Weber, H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.009 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
André, M., Lissner, L., Bengtsson, C., Hällström, T., Sundh, V., & Björkelund, C. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494810371247 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Assertive toddler, self-efficacious adult: Child temperament predicts personality over forty years
Blatný, M., Jelínek, M., & Osecká, T. P. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.024 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Five-Factor Theory and personality development
Mõttus, R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804674-6.00007-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chronic Trauma Effects on Personality Traits in Police Officers
Wills, J. L., & Schuldberg, D. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22089 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Associations Between Femininity and Women's Political Behavior During Midlife
Cole, E. R., & Sabik, N. J. (2010) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01600.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Personality and Defense Mechanisms in Late Adulthood
Yu, Y., Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Honjo, S. (2008) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264308317535 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Stability and Change in Typical Intellectual Engagement in Old Age Across 5 Years
Mascherek, A., & Zimprich, D. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr101 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Robinson, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.031 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Consensus and Controversy
McCrae, R. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.013 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
von Borell, C., Weiß, A., & Penke, L. (2019) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-019-2633-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Personality, Relationships, and Health: a Dynamic transactional Perspective
Neyer, F. J., & Lehnart, J. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470713860.ch9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ghanaian Female Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Canada: Experiences, Challenges, and Coping Strategies
Nkrumah, A. (2016) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2016.410005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Jones, C. J., Peskin, H., & Livson, N. H. (2010) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-010-9108-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Burch, G. S. J., & Anderson, N. R. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.046 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Personality and social relations
Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., Knack, J. M., & Rex‐Lear, M. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.032 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mental health trajectories after juridical divorce: Does personality matter?
Hald, G. M., Wimmelmann, C. L., Øverup, C. S., Ciprić, A., Sander, S., & Strizzi, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12737 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
How Does Gender Identity Affect the Relationship Between Strain and Negative Emotions?
Keith, S., McClure, T. E., Vasquez, L. M., Reed, M. J., & May, D. C. (2015) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2014.1000555 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evolutionary Personality Psychology
Lewis, D. M. G., Al-Shawaf, L., & Buss, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.022 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stroink, M. L. (2004) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.144.3.273-292 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Development of Personality across the Life Span
Atherton, O. E., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.017 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Roberts, B. W., Helson, R., & Klohnen, E. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- ORCID
- Roberts, Brent W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-102
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2044247072
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 43948, R01MH043948)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- personality development, women, longitudinal change, rank-order stability, personality consistency, complexity, dominance, gender roles, marital tension, divorce, living conditions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Analysis of Variance, California, Employment, Family Characteristics, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Personality Development, Women, Multivariate Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
