On Traits, Situations, and Their Integration: A Developmental Perspective

Roberts, Brent W.; Pomerantz, Eva M.

doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_5

Cited by 134Personality Traits and PsychologyPsychological Testing and AssessmentEgo Development and Educational Practices

On Traits, Situations, and Their Integration: A Developmental Perspective

Roberts, Brent W., Pomerantz, Eva M.·2004·Personality and Social Psychology Review

DOI 10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_5

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Abstract

The question of whether the person or the situation is largely responsible for behavior has plagued psychology intermittently for the last half century. Studies of the heritability, stability, and consensual validity of traits have clearly demonstrated the existence of traits. However, there is continuing controversy about the role of traits and situations in the enterprise of personality psychology. The goal of this article is to describe how insights yielded from adopting a developmental approach can foster the successful integration of the person and the situation across the life span. Five key lessons are described: (a) age matters--studying different age groups can lead to biases for and against traits and situations; (b), if age matters, time matters more--longitudinal and within-participant designs demonstrate that traits and situations are reciprocally related; (c) examine multiple types of change--focusing on one type, such as mean-level change, can lead to inappropriate conclusions about the merits of persons or situations; (d) be sensitive to levels of analysis--the relative breadth of persons and situations may determine the relative influence of the two; (e) pay attention to process--process models lead inextricably to transactional explanations.

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Dispositional traits have substantial heritability.
“A considerable body of research speaks to the longitudinal continuity of dispositional traits, their substantial heritability , and their ability to predict important life outcomes, such as psychological well-being, job success, and mortality (McAdams, 2009; Ozer & Benet-Martinez, 2006; Roberts & Pomerantz, 2004).”
From The Problem of Meaning in Personality Psychology from the Standpoints of Dispositional Traits, Characteristic Adaptations, and Life Stories (2010) · cites this paper as Roberts & Pomerantz, 2004
Dispositional traits predict important life outcomes such as psychological well-being, job success, and mortality.
“A considerable body of research speaks to the longitudinal continuity of dispositional traits, their substantial heritability , and their ability to predict important life outcomes, such as psychological well-being, job success, and mortality (McAdams, 2009; Ozer & Benet-Martinez, 2006; Roberts & Pomerantz, 2004).”
From The Problem of Meaning in Personality Psychology from the Standpoints of Dispositional Traits, Characteristic Adaptations, and Life Stories (2010) · cites this paper as Roberts & Pomerantz, 2004
Dispositional traits show longitudinal continuity.
“A considerable body of research speaks to the longitudinal continuity of dispositional traits, their substantial heritability , and their ability to predict important life outcomes, such as psychological well-being, job success, and mortality (McAdams, 2009; Ozer & Benet-Martinez, 2006; Roberts & Pomerantz, 2004).”
From The Problem of Meaning in Personality Psychology from the Standpoints of Dispositional Traits, Characteristic Adaptations, and Life Stories (2010) · cites this paper as Roberts & Pomerantz, 2004

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The Central Question in Entrepreneurial Cognition Research 2007
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Back to the future: Personality and Assessment and personality development
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What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed?
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Between the mass and the class: Antecedents of the “bandwagon” luxury consumption behavior
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Narrative Identity Processing of Difficult Life Experiences: Pathways of Personality Development and Positive Self‐Transformation in Adulthood
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Predicting homework effort: Support for a domain-specific, multilevel homework model.
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Situation-based contingencies underlying trait-content manifestation in behavior
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Integration of Social Identities in the Self: Toward a Cognitive-Developmental Model
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Personality Development From Late Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Differential Stability, Normative Maturity, and Evidence for the Maturity‐Stability Hypothesis
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Predicting homework motivation and homework effort in six school subjects: The role of person and family characteristics, classroom factors, and school track
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Conscientiousness and achievement motivation predict performance
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Personality development and organizational behavior.
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Contextualizing Personality Psychology
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Cross‐Sectional Age Differences and Longitudinal Age Changes of Personality in Middle Adulthood and Old Age
Allemand, M., Zimprich, D., & Hertzog, C. (2007) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00441.x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
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Does extrinsic goal framing enhance extrinsic goal-oriented individuals' learning and performance? An experimental test of the match perspective versus self-determination theory.
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Personality psychology of situations
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Personality and Pathways of Influence on Physical Health
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Personality Trait Development in Adulthood
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Changing personality traits: Some considerations from psychotherapy process-outcome research for intervention efforts on intentional personality change.
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Self and Identity across the Life Span
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Childhood Personality Predicts Long‐Term Trajectories of Shyness and Aggressiveness in the Context of Demographic Transitions in Emerging Adulthood
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The Concept of Situations
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Informative phenotypes for genetic studies of psychiatric disorders
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Misconceptions of Traits Continue to Persist
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Becoming the Harvard Man: Person-Environment Fit, Personality Development, and Academic Success
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Using Multiple Methods in Personality Psychology.
Roberts, B. W., Harms, P. D., Smith, J. L., Wood, D., & Webb, M. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11383-022 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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Why Identities Fluctuate: Variability in Traits as a Function of Situational Variations in Autonomy Support
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Do Agreeableness and Neuroticism Explain Age Differences in the Tendency to Forgive Others?
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A foundation beam for studying morality from a personological point of view: Are individual differences in moral behaviors and thoughts consistent?
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The process and mechanisms of personality change
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Conscientiousness, the Transtheoretical Model of Change, and Exercise: A Neo‐Socioanalytic Integration of Trait and Social‐Cognitive Frameworks in the Prediction of Behavior
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Studying Lives in Time: A Narrative Approach
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Revisiting the changing and stable properties of coping utilization using latent class growth analysis: A longitudinal investigation with soccer referees
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Self-citation

Authors: Roberts, B. W., & Pomerantz, E. M.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Roberts, Brent W.
Pomerantz, Eva M.
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 402-416
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_5
OpenAlex: W2030233546
Cited by: 134
References: 166
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 9.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R03 AG 19414, R01 AG21178, R03AG019414, R01AG021178)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH057505, R01 MH57505)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
Keywords: person-situation interaction, personality traits, situational influences, developmental perspective, lifespan development, heritability of personality, trait stability, longitudinal study design, within-participant design, levels of analysis, process model, age differences in personality
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Behavior, Environment, Humans, Human Development, Personality, Psychological Theory, Time Factors

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On Traits, Situations, and Their Integration: A Developmental Perspective

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