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Personality Development and Growth in Women Across 30 Years: Three Perspectives
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This article addressesthree questions about personality development in a 30‐year longitudinal study of women (N = 78): (1) To what extent did the women maintain the same position inrelation to each other on personality characteristics over the 30 years, and what broad factorswere related to the amount of change in their rank order? (2) Did the sample as a whole increaseor decrease over time on indices of personality growth, and did they change in ways distinctive towomen? (3) Were experiential factors associated with individual differences in the amount ofchange? Results showed that personality was quite consistent while also showing that timeinterval was positively related to rank‐order change and age was negatively related to rank‐orderchange. Over the period from age 21 to age 52, the women increased on measures ofnorm‐orientation and complexity and showed changes on measures of Dominance andFemininity/Masculinity consistent with the hypothesis that changing sex roles would lead toincreases in Dominance and increases, then decreases, in Femininity/Masculinity. A third set ofresults showed that changes in Dominance and Femininity/Masculinity were associated with lifecircumstances such as marital tension, divorce, and participation in the paid labor force. Theimplications of the findings for personality development and growth are discussed.
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“Others show that marital and family experiences shape personality (Helson and Picano [1990], Roberts, Helson and Klohnen [2002]).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Roberts, B. W., Helson, R., & Klohnen, E. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- ORCID
- Roberts, Brent W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-102
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2044247072
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 43948, R01MH043948)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- personality development, women, longitudinal change, rank-order stability, personality consistency, complexity, dominance, gender roles, marital tension, divorce, living conditions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Analysis of Variance, California, Employment, Family Characteristics, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Personality Development, Women, Multivariate Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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