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RETRACTED: Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment
Abstract
Procrastination is all too familiar to most people. People delay writing up their research (so we hear!), repeatedly declare they will start their diets tomorrow, or postpone until next week doing odd jobs around the house. Yet people also sometimes attempt to control their procrastination by setting deadlines for themselves. In this article, we pose three questions: (a) Are people willing to self-impose meaningful (i.e., costly) deadlines to overcome procrastination? (b) Are self-imposed deadlines effective in improving task performance? (c) When self-imposing deadlines, do people set them optimally, for maximum performance enhancement? A set of studies examined these issues experimentally, showing that the answer is "yes" to the first two questions, and "no" to the third. People have self-control problems, they recognize them, and they try to control them by self-imposing costly deadlines. These deadlines help people control procrastination, hit they are not as effective as some externally imposed deadlines in improving task performance.
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“For example, Ariely and Wertenbroch (2002) compared student performance under no-choice fixed working schedules determined by the teacher versus choice working schedules (the students could determine their own schedules) and found that performance was better when students had to follow the no-choice fixed working schedules.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Ariely and Wertenbroch, 2002
In the citing paper
“Although such deadlines may work to reduce procrastination, they may actually reduce performance (Ariely and Wertenbroch, 2002).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Ariely and Wertenbroch, 2002
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- INSEAD (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Ariely, Dan
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 219-224
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2107406322
- Cited by
- 1,266
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 10.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Update notices
- retraction (2026-09-02)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Keywords
- procrastination, self-control, precommitment, task performance, self-control problems
- MeSH terms
- Behavior, Humans, Pilot Projects, Students, Task Performance and Analysis, Self Efficacy
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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