Cited by 919Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy CowsProbiotics and Fermented FoodsAnimal Diversity and Health Studies

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The complex microbiota of raw milk

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Quigley, Lisa, O'Sullivan, Orla, Stanton, Catherine, Beresford, Tom P., Ross, R. Paul, Fitzgerald, Gerald F., Cotter, Paul D.·2013·FEMS Microbiology Reviews

DOI 10.1111/1574-6976.12030

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Abstract

Here, we review what is known about the microorganisms present in raw milk, including milk from cows, sheep, goats and humans. Milk, due to its high nutritional content, can support a rich microbiota. These microorganisms enter milk from a variety of sources and, once in milk, can play a number of roles, such as facilitating dairy fermentations (e.g. Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Propionibacterium and fungal populations), causing spoilage (e.g. Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Bacillus and other spore-forming or thermoduric microorganisms), promoting health (e.g. lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) or causing disease (e.g. Listeria, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and mycotoxin-producing fungi). There is also concern that the presence of antibiotic residues in milk leads to the development of resistance, particularly among pathogenic bacteria. Here, we comprehensively review these topics, while comparing the approaches, both culture-dependent and culture-independent, which can be taken to investigate the microbial composition of milk.

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Authors: Quigley, L., O'Sullivan, O., Stanton, C., Beresford, T. P., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., & Cotter, P. D.
Affiliations: Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
University College Cork (IE)
Corresponding author: Cotter, Paul D.
ORCID: Stanton, Catherine
Beresford, Tom P.
Ross, R. Paul
Cotter, Paul D.
Venue: FEMS Microbiology Reviews
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2013-09
Volume: 37
Issue: 5
Pages: 664-698
ISSN: 0168-6445 (ISSN-L)
1574-6976
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12030
OpenAlex: W2104638531
Cited by: 919
References: 323
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 5.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: FEMS Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Teagasc
FP7 Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Biotechnology
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Animal Diversity and Health Studies
Keywords: raw milk microbiota, milk spoilage, dairy fermentation, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Listeria, Salmonella, antibiotic resistance, antibiotic residues, mycotoxigenic fungi, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, thermoduric bacteria, cow's milk, sheep milk, goat milk, breast milk
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Milk, Milk, Human, Food Safety, Food Storage, Microbiota

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