Peer support interventions in type 2 diabetes: Review of components and process outcomes
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This review seeks to identify (a) the various components and process outcomes of type 2 diabetes peer support (PS) interventions and (b) the measures implemented to monitor intervention fidelity and evaluate outcomes in these studies. METHODS: The MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database), CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and PsycINFO databases were searched from inception to May 2019. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data from eligible articles via the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist (why, what, who provided, how, where, when and how much, tailoring, modifications, and how well). RESULTS: Twenty-three trials were included. The total number of participants was 7178. Most interventions were in primary care. Although face-to-face was the most common modality of contact, rates of contact were highest for telephone. Potential peer leaders (PLs) were identified primarily through recommendations from health professionals, based on their communication skills, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and coaching interest. PLs were mostly female, university educated, and had a long history of diabetes (≥ 10 years). PL training varied significantly in length and content; the two most frequent topics were communication skills and diabetes knowledge. Although several studies implemented methods to evaluate "intervention fidelity," only few rigorously assessed the two key components of fidelity, "adherence" and "competence," through audio- and video-taping or direct observations. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of PS on participants' health outcomes is well investigated; however, the implementation and evaluation strategies vary significantly across these studies. In the present review, we define the various components of PS interventions and propose suggestions for enhancing the implementation and evaluation of future PS models.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Group-based CBT provides patients with opportunities to communicate with team members and obtain social support that is beneficial to behavior changes.
“On the other hand, group-based CBT 79 will provide patients with opportunities to communicate with team members and obtain social support that is beneficial to behavior changes 80 .”
From The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention on patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
Cites
Hoffmann, T. C., Glasziou, P. P., Boutron, I., Milne, R., Perera, R., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Barbour, V., Macdonald, H., Johnston, M., et al. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g1687 · Cited by 10,548 · see citing works
Self-Management Education for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Norris, S. L., Lau, J., Smith, S. J., Schmid, C. H., & Engelgau, M. M. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.7.1159 · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Armijo‐Olivo, S., Stiles, C. R., Hagen, N. A., Biondo, P. D., & Cummings, G. G. (2012) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01516.x · Cited by 1,539 · see citing works
Goldman, E. B. L., & Schafer, A. I. (2015) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Lodi-Smith, J., & Roberts, B. W. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868306294590 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Community-Based Peer-Led Diabetes Self-management
Lorig, K. R., Ritter, P. L., Villa, F., & Armas, J. M. (2009) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721709335006 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Daousi, C., Casson, I. F., Gill, G. V., MacFarlane, I. A., Wilding, J. P. H., & Pinkney, J. H. (2006) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pmj.2005.039032 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Fisher, L., Glasgow, R. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-2175 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
2017 national standards for diabetes self-management education and support
Beck, J., Greenwood, D. A., Blanton, L., Bollinger, S. T., Butcher, M. K., Condon, J. E., Cypress, M., Faulkner, P., Fischl, A. H., Francis, T., et al. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci17-0025 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Thom, D. H., Ghorob, A., Hessler, D., Vore, D. D., Chen, E., & Bodenheimer, T. (2013) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1443 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Behavioral Programs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Pillay, J., Armstrong, M. J., Butalia, S., Donovan, L. E., Sigal, R. J., Vandermeer, B., Chordiya, P., Dhakal, S., Hartling, L., Nuspl, M., et al. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-1400 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Philis‐Tsimikas, A., Fortmann, A., Ocana, L. L., Walker, C., & Gallo, L. C. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2081 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Overview of Peer Support Models to Improve Diabetes Self-Management and Clinical Outcomes
Heisler, M. (2007) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/diaspect.20.4.214 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Tang, T. S., Funnell, M., Sinco, B., Piatt, G., Palmisano, G., Spencer, M. S., Kieffer, E. C., & Heisler, M. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2161 · Cited by 188 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Eighteen studies defined eligibility criteria for PL recruitment.(11-20,22-25,27,29,30,32) Most studies required a personal history of diabetes as an eligibility criterion.”
BackgroundMethodBehavioral Programs for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Pillay, J., Armstrong, M. J., Butalia, S., Donovan, L., Sigal, R. J., Chordiya, P., Dhakal, S., Vandermeer, B., Hartling, L., Nuspl, M., et al. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-1399 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Peer support for patients with type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial
Smith, S. M., Paul, G., Kelly, A., Whitford, D. L., O’Shea, E., & O'Dowd, T. C. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d715 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Spencer, M. S., Kieffer, E. C., Sinco, B., Piatt, G., Palmisano, G., Hawkins, J., Lebron, A., Espitia, N., Tang, T., Funnell, M., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-0978 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationChan, J. C. N., Sui, Y., Oldenburg, B. F., Zhang, Y., Chung, H. H. Y., Goggins, W. B., Au, S., Brown, N., Ozaki, R., Wong, R. Y. M., et al. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.655 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Dale, J., Caramlau, I., Sturt, J., Friede, T., & Walker, R. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.09.014 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-Management Education and Support
Sherifali, D., Berard, L., Gucciardi, E., MacDonald, B., & Macneill, G. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.006 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, T. S., Funnell, M. M., Sinco, B. R., Spencer, M. S., & Heisler, M. (2015) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1819 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationDebussche, X., Besançon, S., Balcou-Debussche, M., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191262 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Qualities of an effective teacher: what do medical teachers think?
Singh, S., Pai, D., Sinha, N., Kaur, A., Soe, H. K., & Barua, A. (2013) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-13-128 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Simmons, D. S., Prevost, A. T., Bunn, C., Holman, D., Parker, R. A., Cohn, S. R., Donald, S., Paddison, C. A. M., Ward, C., Robins, P., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120277 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A peer support intervention in improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
Peimani, M., Monjazebi, F., Ghodssi-Ghassemabadi, R., & Nasli‐Esfahani, E. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2017.10.007 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Gagliardino, J. J., Arrechea, V., Assad, D., Gagliardino, G. G., González, L., Lucero, S., Rizzuti, L., Zufriategui, Z., & Clark, C. M. (2012) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2368 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Peer Coaches to Improve Diabetes Outcomes in Rural Alabama: A Cluster Randomized Trial
Safford, M., Andreae, S., Cherrington, A., Martin, M. Y., Halanych, J., Lewis, M. W., Patel, A., Johnson, E., Clark, D., Gamboa, C. M., et al. (2015) · Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1798 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Effects of Providing Peer Support on Diabetes Management in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Yin, J. J., Wong, R. Y. M., Au, S., Chung, H. G., Lau, M., Lin, L., Tsang, C., Lau, K., Ozaki, R., So, W. Y., et al. (2015) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1853 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
van der Wulp, I., de Leeuw, J. R. J., Gorter, K. J., & Rutten, G. E. H. M. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03629.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Tang, T. S., Funnell, M. M., Gillard, M. L., Nwankwo, R. B., & Heisler, M. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.12.013 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationWho Can Provide Diabetes Self-Management Support in Primary Care?
Siminerio, L. M., Ruppert, K. M., & Gabbay, R. A. (2013) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721713492570 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Anzaldo-Campos, M. C., Contreras, S. C., Vargas-Ojeda, A. C., Menchaca-Díaz, R., Fortmann, A. L., & Philis‐Tsimikas, A. (2016) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2015.0283 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ghorob, A., Vivas, M. M., Vore, D. D., Ngo, V., Bodenheimer, T. S., Chen, E., & Thom, D. H. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-208 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Paz-Pacheco, E., Sandoval, M. A., Ardena, G. J. R., Paterno, E., Juban, N., Lantion-Ang, F. L., Jimeno, C., Patal, P., & Bongon, J. (2017) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423616000335 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Moreno, E. G., Mateo‐Abad, M., García, L. O. D. R., Vrotsou, K., Pena, E. D. C., Sánchez, Á., Carazo, C. M., Ortiz, J. C. A., Portu, M. Á. R., Elorriaga, K. P., et al. (2018) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2018.10.001 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Assah, F. K., Atanga, E. N., Enoru, S. T., Sobngwi, E., & Mbanya, J. C. (2015) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12720 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Personality Accounts for the Connection Between Volunteering and Health
King, H. R., Jackson, J. J., Morrow-Howell, N. L., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu012 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effect of peer support on diabetes distress: a cluster randomized controlled trial
Ju, C., Shi, R., Li, Y., Ye, X., Jia, M., Han, J., Yang, T., Lu, Q. R., Jin, H., Cai, X., et al. (2018) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13625 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
New directions for diabetes prevention and management in behavioral medicine
Stetson, B. A., Minges, K. E., & Richardson, C. R. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9802-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Johansson, T., Keller, S., Winkler, H., Ostermann, T., Weitgasser, R., & Sönnichsen, A. C. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2016/3248547 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
the Australasian Peers for Progress Diabetes Project Investigators, Riddell, M. A., Dunbar, J., Absetz, P., Wolfe, R. S., Li, H., Brand, M., Aziz, Z., & Oldenburg, B. F. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3538-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Cost of Diabetes in Canada: The Economic Tsunami
Doucet, G., & Beatty, M. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/s1499-2671(10)41005-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Intervention fidelity: Ensuring application to practice for youth and families
Faulkner, M. S. (2011) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2011.00305.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ahmadi, Z., Sadeghi, T., & Loripoor, M. (2017) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyx068 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The digital divide: Trends in global mobile and broadband Internet access from 2000-2010.
Ronquillo, C., & Currie, L. M. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Li, Y., Storch, E. A., Ferguson, S., Li, L., Buys, N., & Sun, J. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109965 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Afshar, R., Tang, T. S., Askari, A. S., Sidhu, R., Brown, H., & Sherifali, D.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Afshar, Rowshanak
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-12-06
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 315-338
- ISSN
- 1753-0393 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-0407
- OpenAlex
- W2982281400
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- peer support, type 2 diabetes, peer leaders, intervention fidelity, intervention components, primary care, process outcomes, TIDieR checklist, HbA1c
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Self Care, Self-Help Groups, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
