Alternative rapamycin treatment regimens mitigate the impact of rapamycin on glucose homeostasis and the immune system
Open accessAbstract
Inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway by the FDA-approved drug rapamycin has been shown to promote lifespan and delay age-related diseases in model organisms including mice. Unfortunately, rapamycin has potentially serious side effects in humans, including glucose intolerance and immunosuppression, which may preclude the long-term prophylactic use of rapamycin as a therapy for age-related diseases. While the beneficial effects of rapamycin are largely mediated by the inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), which is acutely sensitive to rapamycin, many of the negative side effects are mediated by the inhibition of a second mTOR-containing complex, mTORC2, which is much less sensitive to rapamycin. We hypothesized that different rapamycin dosing schedules or the use of FDA-approved rapamycin analogs with different pharmacokinetics might expand the therapeutic window of rapamycin by more specifically targeting mTORC1. Here, we identified an intermittent rapamycin dosing schedule with minimal effects on glucose tolerance, and we find that this schedule has a reduced impact on pyruvate tolerance, fasting glucose and insulin levels, beta cell function, and the immune system compared to daily rapamycin treatment. Further, we find that the FDA-approved rapamycin analogs everolimus and temsirolimus efficiently inhibit mTORC1 while having a reduced impact on glucose and pyruvate tolerance. Our results suggest that many of the negative side effects of rapamycin treatment can be mitigated through intermittent dosing or the use of rapamycin analogs.
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Selective MTORC1 inhibition via everolimus or modulation of MTOR- and AKT-independent pathways with 10-NCP are more successful in neurons.
“Alternative methods have proven more successful in neurons, however, including selective MTORC1 inhibition via everolimus [385–387], or modulation of MTOR- and AKT-independent pathways with 10-NCP, an N10-substituted derivative of the heterocyclic dye compound and antipsychotic analog phenoxazine [384].”
From Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [387]
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- Authors
- Arriola Apelo, S. I., Neuman, J. C., Baar, E. L., Syed, F. A., Cummings, N. E., Brar, H. K., Pumper, C. P., Kimple, M. E., & Lamming, D. W.
- Affiliations
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lamming, Dudley W.
- Venue
- Aging Cell
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-10-13
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28-38
- ISSN
- 1474-9718 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-9726
- PMC
- PMC4717280
- OpenAlex
- W2156506572
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Aging Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association (1‐14‐BS‐115)
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (P30 CA014520)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- rapamycin, mTOR signaling, mTORC1, mTORC2, intermittent dosing, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, pyruvate tolerance, immunosuppression, everolimus, temsirolimus, rapamycin analogs, age-related diseases, lifespan extension
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Glucose, Homeostasis, Immune System, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Signal Transduction, Glucose Intolerance, Sirolimus, Cell Proliferation, Insulin-Secreting Cells
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