International pharmacy students' perceptions towards artificial intelligence in medicine—A multinational, multicentre cross‐sectional study
Open accessAbstract
Aims: To explore international undergraduate pharmacy students' views on integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into pharmacy education and practice. Methods: This cross‐sectional institutional review board‐approved multinational, multicentre study comprised an anonymous online survey of 14 multiple‐choice items to assess pharmacy students' preferences for AI events in the pharmacy curriculum, the current state of AI education, and students' AI knowledge and attitudes towards using AI in the pharmacy profession, supplemented by 8 demographic queries. Subgroup analyses were performed considering sex, study year, tech‐savviness, and prior AI knowledge and AI events in the curriculum using the Mann–Whitney U ‐test. Variances were reported for responses in Likert scale format. Results: The survey gathered 387 pharmacy student opinions across 16 faculties and 12 countries. Students showed predominantly positive attitudes towards AI in medicine (58%, n = 225) and expressed a strong desire for more AI education (72%, n = 276). However, they reported limited general knowledge of AI (63%, n = 242) and felt inadequately prepared to use AI in their future careers (51%, n = 197). Male students showed more positive attitudes towards increasing efficiency through AI ( P = .011), while tech‐savvy and advanced‐year students expressed heightened concerns about potential legal and ethical issues related to AI ( P < .001/ P = .025, respectively). Students who had AI courses as part of their studies reported better AI knowledge ( P < .001) and felt more prepared to apply it professionally ( P < .001). Conclusions: Our findings underline the generally positive attitude of international pharmacy students towards AI application in medicine and highlight the necessity for a greater emphasis on AI education within pharmacy curricula.
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A study by Busch et al. involving 387 pharmacy students from 12 countries found that 58% held positive attitudes towards AI in medicine, while 63% reported limited general knowledge of AI.
“A study by Busch et al. involving 387 pharmacy students from 12 countries found that 58% of students held positive attitudes towards AI in medicine, while 63% reported limited general knowledge of AI [51].”
From Medical, dental, and nursing students’ attitudes and knowledge towards artificial intelligence: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
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Munusamy, S., Rao, S., & Rajagopalan, V. (2026) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.1016/j.ajpe.2026.101943 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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“As the use of AI continues to expand in pharmacy practice, it is increasingly important to incorporate AI education into pharmacy curricula to ensure that future pharmacists are adequately equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills[5].”
Venkatesan, K., Asiri, Y., Muralidharan, P., Sivadasan, D., Elfadil, H., Alharthi, N. M., Osman, H. A., Alavudeen, S. S., Khan, N. A., Easwaran, V., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1736417 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Iwasawa, M., Kobayashi, M., & Otori, K. (2025) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2025.102555 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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AI integration into undergraduate health education streams- a multicenter study in Sri Lanka
Mariyanayagam, S. L., Rasathurai, S., Jayasinghe, R. M., Dassanayake, D., Tennakoon, S., & Jayasinghe, R. D. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-09796-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
GÜVEN, D. C., Kazancı, E. G., Ören, A., SEVER, L., & ÜNLÜ, P. (2024) · Journal of Bursa Faculty of Medicine · doi:10.61678/bursamed.1390634 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Obiekwe, S. J., Omaga, I. B., Ukadike, M. M., Edeh, G. C., Iheanyi, C. E., Anisiobi, P. U., Favour, C. B., Ogenyi, S. I., & Obi, E. (2024) · Apollo Medicine · doi:10.1177/09760016241287301 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with a study conducted among similar populations [18,19,20] but contrasts with the study by Civaner et al., where respondents believed that AI would be a partner tool and not a job displacement tool.”
InfluentialWei, L., & Chiu, H. (2025) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.70106 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chang, C. T., Wong, Y. J., Thum, C. C., & Chan, H. (2025) · Malaysian Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.52494/maljpharmv11101 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shabana, S., AlSaad, D., Madi, L., Sankar, B., Ahmed, A., Elkassem, W., & Hail, M. A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.89990 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Moreover, aligning with the literature, the majority of participants believe that AI can reduce medication errors and detect drug-related problems (DRPs) [17].”
InfluentialEnglish as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) and Its Impact on Plurilingual Students' Language Rights
Rosmayanti, V. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2670-2.ch008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thuy, L. T., Sen, H. T. N., Giang, N. H., Huynh, B. H., & Ha, V. T. N. (2025) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2025.101145 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Que, R., Zhang, X. H., & Wan, H. (2026) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2026.2621729 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Are Pharmacy Programs Obligated to Train Students to Use AI for Clinical Practice?
Nagel, A. K., Díaz‐Cruz, E. S., Edwards, K. L., Fadda, H. M., Gonyeau, M. J., Gumina, G., Prudencio, J. B., Sampognaro, L. A., Strachan, D. A., Amburgh, J. A. V., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.1016/j.ajpe.2026.101951 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Karaoba, D. D., Candiri, B., Yılmaz, R. C., & Perçin, A. (2026) · Acibadem Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.31067/acusaglik.1846765 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“7,12,14,21,23,38–43 Many of these studies also support the integration of AI into education programs or curricula.”
InfluentialGoverning the unseen: A systematic review of AI literacy among language teachers in higher education
Deng, Y., Çelik, F., & Duran, V. (2026) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100658 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Business Practices in the Age of AI
Maurya, S. K., & Kaur, J. (2024) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3212-2.ch013
Novice2Expert Research Framework
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Python’s Impact on AI and Medicine
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“AI has already marked its presence in the education sector, and the integration of AI into pharmacy education has initiated a novel era defined by personalized and adaptive learning experiences [2, 3].”
Rahim, N. R. B. A., & Ismail, F. N. (2022) · Annals of Pharmacy Education Safety and Public Health Advocacy · doi:10.51847/wsxojzvirp
Latent Profiles of Turkish Pre-Service Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence
Demirdiş, B. (2026) · Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education · doi:10.14686/buefad.1710784
Alharbi, M. M., Alharbi, E. M., Albishi, M., & Alharthi, M. W. (2026) · Letters in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/lms.lms_16_25
Perception of Pharmacy Students on the Integration of AI in Clinical-Decision-Making
Sobh, A., Hamad, M. A. H., Al-Khayyat, N. S., Khawam, R. M., Mahmoud, R. H. H., Razaq, M. Q. A., Husain, R. A., Mohammed, A. T., Hasson, A. B., Hamid, A. A. A., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical Medical Research · doi:10.61466/ijcmr4020002
“Prior evidence shows that students exposed to AI coursework report higher preparedness and confidence 9 , supporting calls from international organizations to embed AI and digital health training within pharmacy education 13, 16 .”
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“This aligns with findings by Busch et al. (2023), where 63% of pharmacy students reported limited general knowledge of AI despite favorable attitudes [19].”
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A Practice Maturity Model for Moving from Digital Tools to Intelligence-Augmented Pharmacy
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Exploring Artificial Intelligence-Generated Feedback for Pharmacy Students
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Kıran, B. (2026) · Journal of Research in Pharmacy · doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1993269
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Embracing artificial intelligence (AI) with the help of pharmacy students
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- Authors
- Busch, F., Hoffmann, L., Truhn, D., Palaian, S., Alomar, M., Shpati, K., Makowski, M. R., Bressem, K. K., & Adams, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen (DE)
- Ajman University (AE)
- Albanian University (AL)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Busch, Felix
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-10-06
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 649-661
- ISSN
- 0306-5251 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2125
- OpenAlex
- W4386878026
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
- Funders
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, pharmacy education, pharmacy students, student attitudes, AI knowledge, AI curriculum, artificial intelligence in healthcare, AI ethics, international students
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Cross-Sectional Studies, Curriculum, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Students, Pharmacy
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