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Belief in conspiracy theories and intentions to engage in everyday crime
Open accessAbstract
Belief in conspiracy theories is associated with negative outcomes such as political disengagement, prejudice, and environmental inaction. The current studies – one cross‐sectional ( N = 253) and one experimental ( N = 120) – tested the hypothesis that belief in conspiracy theories would increase intentions to engage in everyday crime. Study 1 demonstrated that belief in conspiracy theories predicted everyday crime behaviours when controlling for other known predictors of everyday crime (e.g., Honesty–Humility). Study 2 demonstrated that exposure to conspiracy theories (vs. control) increased intentions to engage in everyday crime in the future, through an increased feeling of anomie. The perception that others have conspired may therefore in some contexts lead to negative action rather than inaction.
Checked 2026-10-09 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Belief in conspiracy theories predicted greater everyday crime in a cross-sectional UK sample, and experimental exposure to conspiracy material increased future everyday crime intentions via anomie. The findings suggest conspiracy beliefs can promote active antisocial behavior, not only disengagement or inaction.
Key findings
- Study 1: conspiracy beliefs were positively correlated with everyday crime behaviors (r = .26, p < .001) and uniquely predicted them in hierarchical regression (β = .15, p < .05; Step 3 R² = .35, ΔR² = .02), controlling for demographics, HEXACO traits, and moral identity. Honesty-Humility was the strongest predictor (β = −.39, p < .001).
- Study 2: exposure to a conspiracy article increased intentions to engage in everyday crime in the future (conspiracy M = 2.50, SD = 1.39 vs. control M = 2.02, SD = .93; t(118) = −2.2464, p = .027, d = 0.41).
- Study 2 mediation: conspiracy exposure marginally increased anomie (conspiracy M = 4.32, SD = .97 vs. control M = 3.96, SD = 1.07; t(118) = −1.916, p = .058, d = 0.34), and anomie mediated the effect on everyday crime intentions (mean estimate = .12, SE = .07, 95% CI [.0060, .3012]). Disillusionment did not differ between conditions (t(118) = .118, p = .906).
- Manipulation check: conspiracy endorsement was higher in the conspiracy condition (M = 4.28, SD = 1.15) than control (M = 3.84, SD = 1.20; t(118) = −2.03, p = .044, d = 0.37).
Methods
- Study 1: cross-sectional online UK Prolific sample (abstract reports N = 252; Method reports N = 253: 93 male, 157 female, 3 transgender; M age = 36.97, SD = 11.71). Measures included HEXACO-60, Moral Identity Scale, general and specific conspiracy beliefs, and the Everyday Crime Scale for past behavior and intentions; conspiracy items were combined into one scale (α = .96) and everyday crime items into one scale (α = .84). Main analysis was hierarchical regression entering age/gender, HEXACO and moral identity, then conspiracy beliefs.
- Study 2: experimental UK Prolific sample of N = 120 (32 male, 88 female; M age = 33.88, SD = 10.35), randomized to a conspiracy article (n = 60) or control (n = 60). Measures included a conspiracy manipulation check, anomie, disillusionment, and future everyday crime intentions; mediation was tested with PROCESS Model 4 using 5,000 bootstraps.
Limitations
- Stated: social desirability may have affected self-reports; the outcome was intentions rather than actual behavior; financial situation could not be ruled out; the design could not test whether conspiracy theories appeal to those already predisposed to immoral behavior or alter perceived norms; longitudinal designs, alternative causal paths (e.g., anomie → conspiracy), and other mediators/moderators (e.g., moral disengagement, social identity) remain untested.
- Stated: Study 2 effect sizes were moderate, and Honesty-Humility explained the largest variance in Study 1.
- Evident from the text: Study 1 sample size is inconsistent (abstract N = 252 vs. Method N = 253), and Study 2’s anomie condition difference is only marginal (p = .058) even though the mediation confidence interval excludes zero.
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Claims the paper makes
36 Not checked yet · 17 Own result · 15 Own interpretation · 11 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study 2 demonstrated that exposure to conspiracy theories (vs.control) increased intentions to engage in everyday crime in the future”
- Also stated in: § Conspiracy theories and everyday crime · plain
“Next, a t-test revealed that being exposed to a conspiracy article (vs. control) influenced participants' levels of intention to engage in everyday crime in the future, t(118) = -2.2464,p = .027,d = 0.41.”
- Also stated in: § Conspiracy theories and everyday crime · plain
“Specifically, intentions to engage in everyday crime were significantly higher in the conspiracy condition (M = 2.50, SD = 1.39) than the control condition (M = 2.02, SD = .93).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Abstract
boosteddirectn = 120 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Conspiracy theories and everyday crime · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study 1 demonstrated that belief in conspiracy theories predicted everyday crime behaviours when controlling for other known predictors of everyday crime (e.g., Honesty-Humility).”
- Also stated in: § Results and discussion · boosted
“These results provide empirical evidence that belief in conspiracy theories plays a unique role in predicting a person's everyday crime behaviour when controlling for the effects of other known predictors.”
- Also stated in: § Results and discussion · plain
“Specifically, belief in conspiracy theories predicted everyday crime behaviours, alongside Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, Extraversion, and Openness to Experience.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Abstract
boostedcorrelationaln = 252- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results and discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was, however, no difference in the measure of disillusionment, t(118) = .118,p = .906.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Testing mediation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, belief in conspiracy theories was significantly positively correlated with everyday crime behaviours.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on bootstrapping with 5000 resamples using PROCESS Model 4, the mean estimates effect is .12(SE .07)with 95% confidence interval of .0060 to .3012.”
- Also stated in: § General discussion · plain
“However, whilst we found that anomie was a significant mediator of the relationship between conspiracy theories and criminal behaviour (Study 2), feelings of disillusionment did not mediate.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Testing mediation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § General discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant effects involving participant age or gender on the dependent measure (p > .05),so these factors are not discussed further.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Results and discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reading a conspiracy article (vs. control) influenced participants' levels of anomie, t(118) = -1.916,p = .058,d = 0.34.Specifically, anomie was marginally significantly higher in the conspiracy condition (M = 4.32, SD = 0.97) than the control condition (M = 3.96, SD = 1.07).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Testing mediation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, men were also more likely to engage in everyday crime.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Results and discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is worth noting, however, that Honesty-Humility was shown to explain the largest variance in predicting everyday crime, and in Study 2, the effect sizes, whilst robust, were of moderate size.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Study 1, belief in conspiracy theories predicted everyday crime behaviours when controlling for other known psychological predictors of everyday crime (e.g., Honesty-Humility).”
- Also stated in: § General discussion · plain
“| 3 | Conspiracy beliefs | | | .15* |”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § General discussion · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Criminal behaviours were also negatively associated with Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness-Anger, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience and Moral Identity (symbolisation), and positively associated with Extraversion.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Honesty-Humility was negatively correlated conspiracy beliefs, and Moral Identity (internalisation) was positively correlated with conspiracy beliefs.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using oblique rotation (promax), we conducted an exploratory factor analysis of the individual items of both scales.Statistical assumptions were met, and the analysis revealed one factor (eigenvalue 4.23), explaining 52.81 per cent of the variance.We therefore combined the items into one measure of everyday crime (α = .84).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Materials and procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is worth noting, however, that Honesty-Humility was shown to explain the largest variance in predicting everyday crime, and in Study 2, the effect sizes, whilst robust, were of moderate size.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Everyday crimes are common offences that most people are likely to commit at some point in their lives (Karstedt & Farrall, 2006).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Unethical behaviours and everyday crime
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Karstedt & Farrall, 2006
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Conspiracy theories appear to increase feelings of powerlessness and disillusionment (Jolley & Douglas, 2014b) rather than making people feel better.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Belief in conspiracy theories
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jolley & Douglas, 2014b
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They can fuel intergroup conflict and prejudice (e.g., Bilewicz, Winiewski, Kofta, & Wójcik, 2013;Kofta & Sedek, 2005;Golec de Zavala & Cichocka, 2012), which in turn can even generalize to other out-groups who are not involved in the alleged conspiracies (Jolley, Meleady, & Douglas, under review).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Belief in conspiracy theories
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bilewicz et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Kofta & Sedek, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Golec de Zavala & Cichocka, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, belief in organisational conspiracy theories-that is, believing that powerful groups act secretly to achieve objectives at the cost of employees-is associated with decreased commitment to the organisation, and with increased job dissatisfaction and willingness to leave the organisation (Douglas & Leite, 2017).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Belief in conspiracy theories
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Douglas & Leite, 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, conspiracy theories appear to discourage people from voting, from reducing their carbon footprint, and from vaccinating their children (Jolley & Douglas, 2014a, 2014b).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Belief in conspiracy theories
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jolley & Douglas, 2014a, 2014b
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Belief in conspiracy theories is associated with negative outcomes such as political disengagement, prejudice, and environmental inaction.”
- Also stated in: § Belief in conspiracy theories and intentions to engage in everyday crime · plain
“including political disengagement, prejudice, and environmental inaction (see Douglas et al., 2017 for a review).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Douglas et al., 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Belief in conspiracy theories and intentions to engage in everyday crime · plain
In the paper
“In a similar vein, van Gelder and de Vries (2016) found that Honesty-Humility and Conscientiousness predicted White Collar Crime (WCC) behaviours, which are crimes committed by employees against their employing organisation.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Unethical behaviours and everyday crime
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Gelder and de Vries (2016)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Specifically, in the HEXACO model of personality (Lee & Ashton, 2004), Honesty-Humility (which embodies people's moral conscience) is an important predictor of unethical business decisions (Lee & Ashton, 2008).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Unethical behaviours and everyday crime
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee & Ashton, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, conspiracy theories are associated with increased levels of mistrust (Einstein & Glick, 2015;Jolley & Douglas, 2014b), cynicism (Swami, Chamorro-Premuzic, & Furnham, 2010) and anomie-or a general feeling of unrest and dissatisfaction (Abalakina-Paap, Stephan, Craig, & Gregory, 1999).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Unethical behaviours and everyday crime
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Einstein & Glick, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Jolley & Douglas, 2014b
- Not checked yetcites Swami, Chamorro-Premuzic, & Furnham, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, moral identity predicts a lower likelihood of lying in a salary negotiation and a greater likelihood of acting in a prosocial way (Aquino, Freeman, Reed, Lim, & Felps, 2009;Winterich, Aquino, Mittal, & Swartz, 2013).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Unethical behaviours and everyday crime
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aquino, Freeman, Reed, Lim, & Felps, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Winterich, Aquino, Mittal, & Swartz, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent review, Douglas et al. (2017) suggested that social factors, such as anomie and feelings of alienation, are likely to be exacerbated by conspiracy theories.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Unethical behaviours and everyday crime
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Douglas et al. (2017)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is also a robust individual-level correlate of criminal behaviour (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990;Pratt & Cullen, 2000), alongside Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, which consistently predict criminal and anti-social behaviour (Miller & Lynam, 2001).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Unethical behaviours and everyday crime
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990
- Not checked yetcites Pratt & Cullen, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Miller & Lynam, 2001
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Specifically, the imbalance between cultural goals (i.e., what is expected at the individual level) and the means available to individuals to achieve what is expected, are is likely to result in anomie, which in turn increases deviant behaviour and crime.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Unethical behaviours and everyday crime
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Merton (1938Merton ( , 1957) )
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given that social reality is often uncertain, people will often look to others to infer what the expected attitudes, beliefs and behaviours are that will help them navigate the social world (Festinger, 1950;Reynolds, Subašić, & Tindall, 2014).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Unethical behaviours and everyday crime
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Festinger, 1950
- Not checked yetcites Reynolds, Subašić, & Tindall, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, we know that conspiracy theories are associated with anomie (Abalakina-Paap et al., 1999) and that anomie, in turn, is associated with unethical behaviours (Ramaseshan & Ewing, 2001).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Study 2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abalakina-Paap et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Ramaseshan & Ewing, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Following recommendations regarding sample size calculations to receive stable correlations (n = 250; Schönbrodt & Perugini, 2013), 253 participants (93 male, 157 female and three transgender; Mage = 36.97,SD = 11.71) were recruited via the online recruitment platform, Prolific Academic.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Method Participation and design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schönbrodt & Perugini, 2013
plainn = 253- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These scales were presented in random order.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Materials and procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (conspiracy theory article [n = 60] vs. control [n = 60]).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Participation and design
plainn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Participants were then asked to read twelve statements about conspiracy theories, which were used as a manipulation check (Jolley & Douglas, 2014b, α = .91).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Materials and procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jolley & Douglas, 2014b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presentation of the scales was counterbalanced.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Materials and procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A small-medium effect size determined from previous research (e.g., Jolley & Douglas, 2014a, 2014b) required a sample size of approximately 120 for 80% power of detecting the effect.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Participation and design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jolley & Douglas, 2014a, 2014b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presentation of the two scales was counterbalanced.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Materials and procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results demonstrated that being exposed to a pro-conspiracy account (vs.control) directly increase feelings of anomie, leading to an increased intention to engage in everyday crime in the future.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Testing mediation
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A key contextual factor may be feeling empowered by the action or inaction.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is consistent with recent theorising suggesting that social factors, such as alienation and anomie, may not only be psychological antecedents of belief in conspiracy theories, but they might also be exacerbated by exposure to conspiracy theories (Douglas et al., 2017).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Douglas et al., 2017
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, this finding also supports the idea that beliefs in conspiracy theories are dynamic and vary according to the social context, including being influenced by people's epistemic, existential, and social motives (Douglas et al., 2017).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Douglas et al., 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disillusionment may promote more passive responses to conspiracy theories (e.g., political inaction) rather than active responses (e.g., engaging in crime).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Alongside predictors such as Honesty-Humility, which is a consistent predictor of everyday crime (van Gelder & de Vries, 2016), belief in conspiracy theories was also a significant positive predictor of such behaviour.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Gelder & de Vries, 2016
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, social desirability may have played a role in the participants' answers in our studies.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous research has demonstrated that conspiracy theories can lead to disengagement from politics, climate science, vaccination and the workplace (Douglas & Leite, 2017;Jolley & Douglas, 2014a, 2014b).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Douglas & Leite, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Jolley & Douglas, 2014a, 2014b
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It demonstrates that conspiracy theories do not always lead to apathy and inaction.Instead, conspiracy theories might lead people to actively engage in antisocial behaviour.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This was surprising since previous research has found that disillusionment was influenced by conspiracy theories, and that disillusionment mediated the relationship between exposure to conspiracy theories and both political and environmental intentions (Jolley & Douglas, 2014b).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jolley & Douglas, 2014b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding resonates with the work of Imhoff and Bruder (2014) who found that people who believed in conspiracy theories were more likely to take political action such as organizing a protest.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Imhoff and Bruder (2014)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, whilst in the current research we were able to provide casual evidence that conspiracy theories predict everyday crime via feelings of anomie, we were unable to examine the possibility that conspiracy theories appeal to those who are already predisposed to immoral behaviour.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, research has shown that moral disengagement may account for decisions to engage in WCC behaviours (Egan, Hughes, & Palmer, 2015).”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Egan, Hughes, & Palmer, 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also allowed us to measure a range of everyday crime behavioural intentions instead of focusing on a single behavioural indicator.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although participants on Prolific Academic are predominantly in fulltime employment (see Prolific Academic, 2018), differences in financial security could plausibly determine attitudes and behaviours associated with crime.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is plausible that a different causal path may also exist.That is, greater anomie might lead to higher conspiracy belief, which could predict intentions to engage in everyday crimes.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation of the current research is that we cannot rule out the possibility that participants' criminal behaviours were the result of their financial situation rather than their conspiracy beliefs.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the current investigation did allow us to study the sensitive topic of everyday crime whilst ensuring anonymity to participants who took part.”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > General discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The role of conspiracy theories in predicting everyday crime is unexplored, and researchers have paid less attention to whether conspiracy beliefs lead individuals to engage in unethical behaviours themselves.
“However, researchers have paid less attention to whether conspiracy beliefs lead individuals to engage in unethical behaviours themselves.”
“However, the role of conspiracy theories in predicting everyday crime remains unexplored.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“People holding stronger conspiracy theory beliefs are more open to everyday crimes [24]”
From The dark side of social movements: social identity, non-conformity, and the lure of conspiracy theories (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(118) = -2.03reported p = .044 · recomputed p = .045
“t(118) = -2.03,p = .044”
- Consistentt(118) = -2.2464reported p = .027 · recomputed p = .027
“t(118) = -2.2464,p = .027”
- Consistentt(118) = -1.916reported p = .058 · recomputed p = .058
“t(118) = -1.916,p = .058”
- Consistentt(118) = 0.118reported p = .906 · recomputed p = .906
“t(118) = .118,p = .906”
- ConsistentF(1, 118) = 5reported p = .027 · recomputed p = .027
“F(1,118) = 5.00, p = .027”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Testing mediation
“[0.48 (.22)**]”
§ CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EVERYDAY CRIME 1 > Conspiracy theories and everyday crime
“Next, a t-test revealed that being exposed to a conspiracy article (vs. control) influenced participants' levels of intention to engage in everyday crime in the future, t(118) = -2.2464,p = .027,d = 0.41.”
Citations
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“Specifically, in the HEXACO model of personality (Lee & Ashton, 2004), Honesty-Humility (which embodies people’s moral conscience) is an important predictor of unethical business decisions (Lee & Ashton, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInformal social communication.
Festinger, L. (1950) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0056932 · Cited by 1,732
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Jolley D., Exposure to intergroup conspiracy theories promotes generalized prejudice
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Understanding Conspiracy Theories
Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12568 · Cited by 1,511
Self-citationAntecedents and consequences of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs: A systematic review
van Mulukom, V., Pummerer, L., Alper, S., Bai, H., Čavojová, V., Farias, J. E. M., Kay, C. S., Lazarević, L. B., Lobato, E. J. C., Marinthe, G., et al. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114912 · Cited by 437
“2014b) and health (Jolley and Douglas, 2014a) contexts, as well as to higher feelings of anomie (Jolley et al., 2019), which describes perceptions of alienation, the disorderliness of the (social) world and general dissatisfaction.”
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031329 · Cited by 376
Self-citationImhoff, R., Dieterle, L., & Lamberty, P. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619896491 · Cited by 208
“…theories decreases intentions to engage in politics and civic behaviors (Jolley & Douglas, 2014a, 2014b) but increases intentions to engage in everyday crime (Jolley et al., 2019), a finding interpretable as a quid pro quo reaction to the perceived legal noncompliance on the side of the powerful.”
BackgroundConspiracy theories and the conspiracy mindset: implications for political ideology
Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.015 · Cited by 264
Self-citationSternisko, A., Cichocka, A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.02.007 · Cited by 197
Alper, S., Bayrak, F., & Yilmaz, O. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00903-0 · Cited by 192
Suspicion of institutions: How distrust and conspiracy theories deteriorate social relationships
van Prooijen, J., Spadaro, G., & Wang, H. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.013 · Cited by 195
Mistrust and misinformation: A two-component, socio-epistemic model of belief in conspiracy theories
Pierre, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v8i2.1362 · Cited by 202
Marinthe, G., Brown, G., Delouvée, S., & Jolley, D. (2020) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12449 · Cited by 159
“Previous work has showcased that conspiracy believers are motivated by self-interests (e.g., Cichocka et al., 2016) and adopt self-serving behaviours (e.g., Jolley et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAkther, T., & Nur, T. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261869 · Cited by 140
“Thus, perceived norms of conspiracy belief may influence personal BC, especially if people perceive groups with which they identify strongly as endorsing conspiracy theories [46, 47].”
BackgroundThe entertainment value of conspiracy theories
van Prooijen, J., Ligthart, J., Rosema, S., & Xu, Y. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12522 · Cited by 131
“Finally, consistent with previous research (Jolley & Douglas, 2014b; Jolley et al., 2019), exposing participants to a conspiracy theory increased their belief in it, F(1, 298) = 91.”
Bowes, S. M., Costello, T. H., Ma, W., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12588 · Cited by 97
“Given the links between externalizing features, such as impulsivity and violence propensity (Jolley et al., 2019; Swami, Weis, et al., 2016), and conspiracy beliefs, in future work it may be helpful to clarify the relations between externalizing disorder features and conspiracy beliefs.”
BackgroundInfluentialConspiracy beliefs prospectively predict health behavior and well-being during a pandemic
van Prooijen, J., Etienne, T. W., Kutiyski, Y., & Krouwel, A. P. M. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004438 · Cited by 108
“…theories lowers people ’ s favorability toward vaccinating children (Jolley & Douglas, 2014), and that exposure to governmental conspiracy theories increases people ’ s willingness to commit minor forms of crime (e.g. filing false insurance claims; Jolley, Douglas, Leite, & Schrader, 2019).”
Are conspiracy theories harmless?
Douglas, K. M. (2021) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2021.10 · Cited by 92
“…willingness to conspire themselves (Douglas & Sutton, 2011), more relaxed attitudes towards gun ownership (Uscinski & Parent, 2014) and are more likely to engage in everyday small crimes such as running red traffic lights and paying for goods with cash to avoid taxation (Jolley et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationvan Prooijen, J., Rodrigues, T. C., Bunzel, C., Georgescu, O., Komáromy, D., & Krouwel, A. P. M. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12802 · Cited by 105
The psychological and political correlates of conspiracy theory beliefs
Uscinski, J. E., Enders, A., Diekman, A., Funchion, J., Klofstad, C. A., Kübler, S., Murthi, M., Premaratne, K., Seelig, M. I., Verdear, D., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25617-0 · Cited by 86
Conspiracy beliefs and the individual, relational, and collective selves
Biddlestone, M., Green, R., Cichocka, A. K., Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12639 · Cited by 96
Self-citationDoes lack of control lead to conspiracy beliefs? A meta‐analysis
Stojanov, A., & Halberstadt, J. B. (2020) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2690 · Cited by 96
Pantazi, M., Papaioannou, K., & van Prooijen, J. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12779 · Cited by 86
Jolley, D., Douglas, K. M., Skipper, Y., Thomas, E., & Cookson, D. (2021) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12368 · Cited by 58
Self-citationPsychological benefits of believing conspiracy theories
van Prooijen, J. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101352 · Cited by 70
Antecedents and consequences of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs: a systematic reviewPreprint
van Mulukom, V., Pummerer, L., Alper, S., Bai, H., Čavojová, V., Farias, J. E. M., Kay, C. S., Lazarević, L. B., Lobato, E. J. C., Marinthe, G., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/u8yah · Cited by 71
Jolley, D., Douglas, K. M., Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A. K., & Sutton, R. M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12829 · Cited by 68
Self-citationAre misinformation, antiscientific claims, and conspiracy theories for political extremists?
Enders, A. M., & Uscinski, J. E. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220960805 · Cited by 69
“Since beliefs in dubious ideas lead to negative medical, social, and political outcomes (Jolley et al., 2019; Oliver & Wood, 2014b; van der Linden, 2015), understanding beliefs in misinformation, antiscientific claims, and conspiracy theories has become a critical area of study for researchers (Douglas et al.”
BackgroundThere are higher levels of conspiracy beliefs in more corrupt countries
Alper, S. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2919 · Cited by 67
Reflective thinking predicts lower conspiracy beliefs: A meta-analysis
Yelbuz, B. E., Madan, E., & Alper, S. (2022) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500008913 · Cited by 76
“believer (Allington et al., 2020; Douglas & Sutton, 2015; Jolley et al., 2019; Jolley et al., 2020), such as reducing willingness to vaccinate against serious diseases and viruses (Bertin et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialContemporary trends in psychological research on conspiracy beliefs. A systematic review
Pilch, I., Turska–Kawa, A., Wardawy-Dudziak, P., Olszanecka-Marmola, A., & Smołkowska-Jędo, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1075779 · Cited by 76
“, 2021), criminal intentions and support for violence (Jolley et al., 2019; Jolley and Paterson, 2020).”
BackgroundŠrol, J., Čavojová, V., & Mikušková, E. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726076 · Cited by 74
Allington, D., Buarque, B., & Flores, D. B. (2020) · Language and Literature International Journal of Stylistics · doi:10.1177/0963947020971997 · Cited by 62
Social and Cognitive Aspects of the Vulnerability to Political Misinformation
Pantazi, M., Hale, S. A., & Klein, O. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12797 · Cited by 81
Cause and effect: On the antecedents and consequences of conspiracy theory beliefs
Uscinski, J. E., Enders, A. M., Klofstad, C., & Stoler, J. B. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101364 · Cited by 62
Of precarity and conspiracy: Introducing a socio‐functional model of conspiracy beliefs
Adam‐Troian, J., Chayinska, M., Paladino, M. P., Uluğ, Ö. M., Vaes, J., & Wagner‐Egger, P. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12597 · Cited by 80
“Likewise, it is possible that precarity leads to higher perceptions of anomie, the collapse of societal fabric, which are themselves linked with higher levels of conspiracy beliefs (Jolley et al., 2019; Salvador Casara et al., 2022).”
BackgroundLukić, P., & Živanović, M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110876 · Cited by 59
How social identity shapes conspiratorial belief
Robertson, C. E., Pretus, C., Rathje, S., Harris, E. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101423 · Cited by 57
Bertin, P., Marinthe, G., Biddlestone, M., & Delouvée, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104252 · Cited by 55
Hornsey, M. J., Pearson, S. G., Kang, J., Sassenberg, K., Jetten, J., Lange, P. A. M. V., Medina, L. G., Amiot, C. E., Ausmees, L., Baguma, P., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2888 · Cited by 52
Conspiracy beliefs as an adaptation to historical trauma
Bilewicz, M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101359 · Cited by 50
Papaioannou, K., Pantazi, M., & van Prooijen, J. (2022) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12602 · Cited by 47
Belief in conspiracy theories and non-normative behavior
Pummerer, L. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101394 · Cited by 46
The antidepressant hoax: Conspiracy theories decrease health‐seeking intentions
Natoli, E., & Marques, M. D. (2020) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12426 · Cited by 50
Hattersley, M., Brown, G. D. A., Michael, J., & Ludvig, E. A. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104956 · Cited by 47
Hartmann, M., & Müller, P. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211073656 · Cited by 46
“Some researchers have used the HEXACO model of personality rather than the Big 5, and found that the additional variable honesty-humility was negatively associated with both preventive behaviour and conspiracy beliefs (Jolley et al., 2019; Volk et al., 2021).”
MethodAustralasian Public Awareness and Belief in Conspiracy Theories: Motivational Correlates
Marques, M. D., Ling, M., Williams, M. N., Kerr, J. R., & McLennan, J. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12746 · Cited by 51
Injustice Without Evidence: The Unique Role of Conspiracy Theories in Social Justice Research
van Prooijen, J. (2021) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-021-00376-x · Cited by 48
“, 2021; Rottweiler & Gill, 2020), a willingness to commit minor forms of crime (Jolley et al., 2019), extremism, populism, and radicalization (Bartlett & Miller, 2010; Krouwel et al.”
BackgroundHow conspiracy theories can stimulate political engagement
Kim, Y. (2019) · Journal of Elections, Public Opinion, and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2019.1651321 · Cited by 32
McCarthy, M., Murphy, K., Sargeant, E., & Williamson, H. (2021) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12291 · Cited by 40
Generalized Dispositional Distrust as the Common Core of Populism and Conspiracy Mentality
Thielmann, I., & Hilbig, B. E. (2023) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12886 · Cited by 37
Group-oriented motivations underlying conspiracy theories
van Prooijen, J. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241240696 · Cited by 35
“This may be reflected in a myriad of ways, such as increased unethical behavior (e.g., crime; see Jolley et al., 2019), societal unrest (e.g., the Capitol Hill riots; violent protests during the coronavirus pandemic; see also Imhoff et al., 2021), increased support for populist parties,…”
Conspiracy theories as opportunistic attributions of power
Nera, K., Bertin, P., & Klein, O. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101381 · Cited by 34
Behavior in cheating paradigms is linked to overall approval rates of crowdworkers
Schild, C., Lilleholt, L., & Zettler, I. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2195 · Cited by 37
The impact of social desirability bias on conspiracy belief measurement across cultures
Smallpage, S., Enders, A., Drochon, H., & Uscinski, J. E. (2022) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2022.1 · Cited by 28
Interconnectedness and (in)coherence as a signature of conspiracy worldviews
Miani, A., Hills, T. T., & Bangerter, A. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq3668 · Cited by 35
“Belief in CTs is also associated with political extremism and violence (8, 9) and increased intentions to engage in everyday crime (10).”
LOCO: The 88-million-word language of conspiracy corpus
Miani, A., Hills, T. T., & Bangerter, A. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01698-z · Cited by 36
“Moreover, transmission can also be motivated strategically, independently of belief, to influence constituencies, such as when CTs or fake news is intentionally shared on social media to affect outcomes like voter behavior (Bangerter et al., 2020; Douglas et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential“Is It the Message or the Messenger?”: Conspiracy Endorsement and Media Sources
Mancosu, M., & Vegetti, F. (2020) · Social science computer review · doi:10.1177/0894439320965107 · Cited by 33
“, 2020), and even engagement with petty crime (Jolley et al., 2019).”
BackgroundThe Creativity of Conspiracy Theories
Bonetto, É., & Arciszewski, T. (2021) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.497 · Cited by 27
The stock market is rigged? Conspiracy beliefs and distrust predict lower stock market participation
Fiagbenu, M. E. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3981 · Cited by 27
COVID-19 Conspiracies, Trust in Authorities, and Duty to Comply with Social Distancing Restrictions
Murphy, K., McCarthy, M., Sargeant, E., & Williamson, H. (2022) · International Criminology · doi:10.1007/s43576-021-00042-x · Cited by 34
“Holding a conspiracy-prone worldview has also been linked to greater willingness to accept violence as a justifiable course of action and to engage in criminal behaviour (Jolley & Paterson, 2020; Jolley et al., 2019).”
BackgroundA longitudinal analysis of conspiracy beliefs and Covid-19 health responses
van Prooijen, J., Amodio, D. M., Boot, A. B., Eerland, A., Etienne, T. W., Krouwel, A. P. M., Onderčo, M., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., & Zwaan, R. A. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002938 · Cited by 30
Wagner-Egger, P., Adam-Troian, J., Cordonier, L., Cafiero, F., & Bronner, G. (2022) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.556 · Cited by 20
The sociodemographic correlates of conspiracism
Enders, A. M., Klofstad, C., Diekman, A. B., Drochon, H. H., de Waal, J. R., Littrell, S., Premaratne, K., Verdear, D., Wuchty, S., & Uscinski, J. E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64098-1 · Cited by 31
Čavojová, V., Šrol, J., & Mikušková, E. B. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04284-y · Cited by 19
“That is probably because people high in conspiracy thinking do not trust the government and seem to prefer non-normative actions that contradict government regulations (Jolley et al., 2019; Marinthe et al., 2020).”
Stopping the Steal: The Ecology of Conspiracy in a Politically Polarized Nation
Allain, M. L., Bhattarai, A., McNeally, P. B., & Medina, R. (2023) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2023.2223255 · Cited by 19
“In support of the findings of Beckett (2020), Douglas and Sutton (2011), Greenspan (2020), and Jolley et al. (2019), we expect that those Whites most affected by changing demographics or economies might also be more likely to believe con-spiracy theories that support the success of their racial or…”
Pummerer, L., Ditrich, L., Winter, K., & Sassenberg, K. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221144150 · Cited by 19
“Given that earlier research on everyday crimes and the violation of COVID-19 regulations assessed the belief in specific theories (Jolley et al., 2019; Pummerer, Bo¨hm, et al., 2022), we also opted for a well-established measure of belief in conspiracy theories (Lewandowsky et al., 2013), rather…”
Verschwörungsmentalität und Extremismus – Befunde aus Befragungsstudien in der Schweiz
Baier, D., & Manzoni, P. (2020) · Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform · doi:10.1515/mks-2020-2044 · Cited by 6
“Dass Verschwörungstheorien zudem das Verhalten beeinflussen, belegt eine Studie von Jolley et al. (2019).”
BackgroundRejection of the status quo: Conspiracy theories and preference for alternative political systems
Papaioannou, K., Pantazi, M., & van Prooijen, J. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12754 · Cited by 18
Szymaniak, K., Zajenkowski, M., Fronczyk, K., Leung, S. J., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104374 · Cited by 17
Evil perceptions mediate the association between trait anger and generic conspiracy beliefs
Harmon‐Jones, E., & Szymaniak, K. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112303 · Cited by 13
Rasul, M. E., Ahmed, S., Cho, J., & Gil‐López, T. (2025) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2025.2495803 · Cited by 19
“…of misinformation on podcasts, we propose the following hypothesis: Political scientists have found that beliefs in misinformation and conspiracy theories are linked to adverse political outcomes such as increased criminal behavior and extremism (Jolley et al., 2019; van Prooijen et al., 2015).”
The relationship between conspiracy theory beliefs and political violence
Enders, A. M., Klofstad, C., & Uscinski, J. E. (2024) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-163 · Cited by 17
“…(Rathje, 2022), and a willingness to engage in Machiavellian tactics and criminal behavior (Pavlović & Wertag, 2021)––also predict conspiracy theory beliefs (Douglas & Sutton, 2011; Enders, Klofstad, et al., 2023; Jolley et al., 2019; Klofstad et al., 2024; Uscinski, Enders, Diekman, et al., 2022).”
Caroti, D., Adam‐Troian, J., & Arciszewski, T. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3969 · Cited by 14
The psychological study of conspiracy theories: Strengths and limitations
van Prooijen, J., & Imhoff, R. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101465 · Cited by 13
Crime and Punishment in Times of Pandemics
Sarel, R. (2020) · European Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1007/s10657-021-09720-7 · Cited by 14
Schrader, T., Jolley, D., Jolley, R. P., & Krahenbuhl, S. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241247985 · Cited by 8
“Jolley et al. (2019) also demonstrated that exposure to conspiracy theories about significant events (e.g., 9/11) led to stronger intentions to engage in everyday crimes (e.g., accepting cash for items sold to avoid tax).”
Self-citationEngaging with Conspiracy Believers
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., Biddlestone, M., Green, R., & Toribio‐Flórez, D. (2024) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-024-00741-0 · Cited by 14
Self-citationCicco, G. D., Molinario, E., Contu, F., Pierro, A., Douglas, K. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07710-5 · Cited by 12
“Conspiracy beliefs, indeed, have been shown to be linked to violent political engagement (Imhoff et al., 2021), as well as non-violent behaviors such as science denialism (van Mulukom et al., 2022) or everyday crime (Jolley et al., 2019).”
Self-citationImhoff, R., Dieterle, L., & Lamberty, P. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/v4pb9 · Cited by 7
Hagen, R. (2019) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12547 · Cited by 9
Are rules made to be broken? Conspiracy exposure promotes aggressive behavior
Poon, K., Chan, R. S. W., & Lai, H. (2023) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12947 · Cited by 11
The Societal Impacts of Covid-19: A Transnational Perspective
Bozkurt, V., Dawes, G. D., Gülerce, H., & Westenbroek, P. (2021) · Istanbul University Press eBooks · doi:10.26650/b/ss49.2021.006 · Cited by 19
Blanchard, A., Keenan, G. S., Heym, N., & Sumich, A. L. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.112060 · Cited by 10
Jungkunz, S., Fahey, R. A., & Hino, A. (2024) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217241259229 · Cited by 12
“…seem futile from the perspective of a conspiracy theorist” (Imhoff et al., 2021: 73)—in fact, conspiracy belief appears to diminish the individual’s willingness to participate in the social contract, increasing the likelihood of violent and anti-social behaviors generally (Jolley et al., 2019).”
Poier, S., & Suchanek, M. (2024) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-024-02210-5 · Cited by 12
“…between conspiracy beliefs and adherence to government guidelines (Freeman et al. 2022) or social distancing behavior (Marinthe et al. 2020), while there were, e.g., positive relations to non-normative behavior which counteract governmental regulations (Marinthe et al. 2020; Jolley et al. 2019).”
Of Precarity and Conspiracy: Introducing A Socio-Functional Model of Conspiracy BeliefsPreprint
Adam‐Troian, J., Chayinska, M., Paladino, M. P., Uluğ, Ö. M., Vaes, J., & Wagner‐Egger, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mnfrd · Cited by 9
Jolley, D., PATERSON, J. L., & Thomas, R. (2023) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000529 · Cited by 10
Self-citationAlper, S., Toribio‐Flórez, D., Capraro, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2024) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506241302878 · Cited by 9
“Thus, unsurprisingly, believing in conspiracy theories is related to a lack of trust in others (Abalakina-Paap et al., 1999; Douglas et al., 2019; Douglas & Sutton, 2018; Goertzel, 1994; Golec de Zavala & Federico, 2018; van Prooijen & Acker, 2015) and with lower levels of trust in governments,…”
InfluentialSelf-citationHartmann, M., & Müller, P. (2021) · doi:10.31124/advance.16644889.v1 · Cited by 8
How Are Conspiracy Beliefs Associated with Generosity?Preprint
Alper, S., Toribio‐Flórez, D., Douglas, K. M., & Capraro, V. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fdyxr · Cited by 8
Self-citationBode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2025) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197565896.001.0001 · Cited by 10
Bullying and Conspiracy Theories
Jolley, D., & Lantian, A. (2022) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000492 · Cited by 7
Self-citationConspiracy beliefs and majority influence
Pummerer, L., Fock, L., Winter, K., & Sassenberg, K. (2024) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2024.2397491 · Cited by 6
“…norms (Pummerer et al., 2022), intentions to engage in everyday crimes and non-normative political action (Imhoff & Bruder, 2014; Imhoff et al., 2021; Jolley et al., 2019), and fewer intentions to vaccinate (Hornsey et al., 2018; Winter; Pummerer et al., 2022) – to just mention some examples.”
How belief in conspiracy theories could harm sustainability
van Prooijen, J., Šrol, J., & Maglić, M. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02243-0 · Cited by 6
“Also, recall that conspiracy beliefs predict an increased willingness to commit financial crimes 90–93 .”
How Belief in Conspiracy Theories Addresses Some Basic Human Needs
Wheeler, E. A. (2020) · Identity in a changing world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38270-4_11 · Cited by 6
Religion, conspiracy theory and consumer ethics: a moderated mediation analysis
Arli, D. I. (2022) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-03-2022-0111 · Cited by 6
Phillips, J. B. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251328116 · Cited by 5
“…with lowering institutional trust (Imhoff & Lamberty, 2018), fostering prejudice (e.g. antisemitism see Bilewicz et al., 2013), criminal behavior (Jolley et al., 2019), political violence (Jolley & Paterson, 2020), and radicalization and violent extremism (e.g. see Douglas et al. ’ s discussion…”
InfluentialKolinsky, R., Justino, J., Arnal, C., Tossonian, M., Rautu, I.-S., Bouali, H., Morais, J., & Klein, O. (2021) · Cadernos de Linguística · doi:10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id319 · Cited by 7
Vally, Z. (2021) · Mental Health Effects of COVID-19 · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824289-6.00001-5 · Cited by 5
Mouafo, A. V. D., Nzekaih, H. K. E., & Messanga, G. A. (2023) · Current Research in Psychology · doi:10.3844/crpsp.2023.10.23 · Cited by 4
“Conspiracy theories are attempts to explain important political and social events and circumstances highlighting conspiracies hatched by two or more powerful actors (Douglas et al ., 2019; Jolley et al ., 2022).”
BackgroundThe social psychology of conspiracy theories: Key insights and future challenges
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2025) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2024.10.004 · Cited by 6
Self-citationPummerer, L., Gkinopoulos, T., Douglas, K. M., Jolley, D., & Sassenberg, K. (2024) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2024.2442906 · Cited by 8
“Given the typical action tendencies of anger, it is likely that this emotion also plays a role in the relations between conspiracy beliefs and intentions to engage in everyday crimes (in the UK, Jolley et al., 2019), collective action (in German facebook groups, Frischlich, 2022), non-normative behaviors (in Greece an…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Jolley, D., Douglas, K. M., Leite, A. C., & Schrader, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Staffordshire (GB)
- University of Kent (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jolley, Daniel
- Venue
- British Journal of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-01-19
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 534-549
- ISSN
- 0144-6665 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8309
- OpenAlex
- W2909408410
- Semantic Scholar
- c6166d1b0d39491fc8eb8cf3b070be4cc493289e
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 46.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- British Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Staffordshire Online Repository (Staffordshire University) (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Psychological Society
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- conspiracy theories, everyday crime, anomie, honesty-humility, political disengagement, prejudice
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anomie, Crime, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Politics, Social Behavior, Thinking
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