The contagion of mortality: A terror management health model for pandemics
Open accessAbstract
The novel coronavirus, COVID‐19, proliferates as a contagious psychological threat just like the physical disease itself. Due to the growing death toll and constant coverage this pandemic gets, it is likely to activate mortality awareness, to greater or lesser extents, depending on a variety of situational factors. Using terror management theory and the terror management health model, we outline reactions to the pandemic that consist of proximal defences aimed at reducing perceived vulnerability to (as well as denial of) the threat, and distal defences bound by ideological frameworks from which symbolic meaning can be derived. We provide predictions and recommendations for shifting reactions to this pandemic towards behaviours that decrease, rather than increase, the spread of the virus. We conclude by considering the benefits of shifting towards collective mindsets to more effectively combat COVID‐19 and to better prepare for the next inevitable pandemic.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
TMT suggests that death anxiety increases with the threat source, including COVID-19.
“TMT suggests that death anxiety will increase with the threat source, including that of COVID-19 (Courtney et al., 2020).”
From Understanding terror states of online users in the context of COVID-19: An application of Terror Management Theory (2021) · cites this paper as Courtney et al., 2020
The paper’s opening section says COVID-19 provokes fear, and its opening summary predicts that the pandemic is likely to activate mortality awareness. It qualifies that prediction as varying with situational factors; it does not specifically predict that death anxiety will increase with the threat source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere has been no large-scale test of TMT applicability in the COVID-19 context using available data.
“However, although various conceptual models and discussions based on TMT have been proposed during the COVID-19 era (e.g. see Courtney et al., 2020), there has been no large-scale test of the applicability of TMT in this context using available data.”
From Understanding terror states of online users in the context of COVID-19: An application of Terror Management Theory (2021) · cites this paper as Courtney et al., 2020
Psychological changes can disrupt physical and mental balance and predispose to autoimmune diseases, which can adversely affect cancer treatment, recovery, and social stability.
“Winters (2022) also suggested that psychological changes lead to a disruption of one’s physical and mental balance and predisposition to autoimmune diseases, which can have adverse effects on cancer treatment, recovery, and social stability (Grossman et al., 2018; Courtney et al., 2020).”
From Differences in proximal and intimacy-related defense mechanisms among patients with cancer in different psychological stages of dying (2024) · cites this paper as Courtney et al., 2020
The paper’s discussion of cancer concerns mortality reminders and health behaviours, while its pandemic model concerns psychological responses to COVID-19. Searches for autoimmune disease, disrupted physical and mental balance, and effects on cancer treatment, recovery, or social stability found no passage addressing the claimed chain of effects. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Causes and Consequences of a Need for Self-Esteem: A Terror Management Theory
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986) · Public Self and Private Self · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5_10 · Cited by 2,326 · see citing works
Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations
Arrindell, W. A. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00184-5 · Cited by 1,837 · see citing works
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308 · Cited by 1,412 · see citing works
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.835 · Cited by 1,390 · see citing works
Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism.
Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. S. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.311 · Cited by 1,390 · see citing works
Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories
Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0039729 · Cited by 1,203 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…defences, as defined by the TMHM, mirror behavioural health responses investigated in the context of research on fear appeals (e.g., Hunt & Shehryar, 2011), converging with the TMHM to predict responses to personally relevant, fear-arousing threats (e.g., mortality; see Tannenbaum et al., 2015).”
BackgroundTwo Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research
Burke, B. L., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. H. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309352321 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Taking Stock in Our Progress on Individualism-Collectivism: 100 Years of Solidarity and Community
Earley, P. C., & Gibson, C. B. (1998) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(99)80063-4 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2015) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
I belong, therefore, I exist: ingroup identification, ingroup entitativity, and ingroup bias.
Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Paladino, M.-P., & Sacchi, S. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202282001 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Taking Stock in Our Progress on Individualism-Collectivism: 100 Years of Solidarity and Community
Earley, P. C., & Gibson, C. B. (1998) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639802400302 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Coupled Contagion Dynamics of Fear and Disease: Mathematical and Computational Explorations
Epstein, J. M., Parker, J. I., Cummings, D. A. T., & Hammond, R. A. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003955 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Greenberg, J., Porteus, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672952111010 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Goldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0013326 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationCohen, F., Solomon, S., Maxfield, M., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00765.x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Arndt, J., Schimel, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01972.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationHansen, J., Winzeler, S., & Topolinski, S. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.007 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Adams, J. M. (2020) · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.442 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Perceptions of cancer as a death sentence: Prevalence and consequences
Moser, R. P., Arndt, J., Han, P. K. J., Waters, E. A., Amsellem, M., & Hesse, B. W. (2013) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105313494924 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Kashima, E. S., Halloran, M., Yuki, M., & Kashima, Y. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.07.007 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Arndt, J., Routledge, C., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2006) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/14768320500537662 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationCooper, D., Goldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210370694 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationRighteous violence: killing for God, country, freedom and justice
Pyszczynski, T., Motyl, M. S., & Abdollahi, A. (2009) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434470802482118 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Jonas, E., & Fritsche, I. (2011) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000077 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bessarabova, E., & Massey, Z. B. (2019) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2019.1626992 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The enduring influence of death on health: insights from the terror management health model
Morris, K. L., Goldenberg, J. L., Arndt, J., & McCabe, S. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1458644 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationVail, K. E., Courtney, E., & Arndt, J. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12579 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrating Terror Management Theory into Fear Appeal Research
Hunt, D. M., & Shehryar, O. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00354.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [12]12. Columbia Global Centers (2020). Conservatism and Authoritarianism in Brazil: Histories, Politics, and Cultures. Symposium presented at the Ilias and Unicamp Conference, Columbia University, New York City, USA.
- [24]24. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. Revised and expanded (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- [49]49. Sole, J. W. (2007). Terror management and pandemic influenza: Social perception and response [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Lakehead University.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Changes in Personal Values in Pandemic Times
Daniel, E., Bardi, A., Fischer, R. D., Benish‐Weisman, M., & Lee, J. A. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211024026 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Fischer, R. D., & Karl, J. A. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211019844 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Tomaszek, K., & Muchacka-Cymerman, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197062 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Scrima, F., Miceli, S., Caci, B., & Cardaci, M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111188 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Dysregulated Interferon Response Underlying Severe COVID-19
Lopez, L., Sang, P. C., Tian, Y., & Sang, Y. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12121433 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Landi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Crocetti, E., Tossani, E., & Grandi, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.067 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Demirtaş-Madran, H. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569528 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Morbid Polarization: Exposure to COVID‐19 and Partisan Disagreement about Pandemic Response
Rodriguez, C. G., Gadarian, S. K., Goodman, S. W., & Pepinsky, T. B. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12810 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Courtney, E. P., Felig, R. N., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12487 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationLandi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Mattioli, E., Crocetti, E., Agostini, A., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sang, E. R., Tian, Y., Miller, L. C., & Sang, Y. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12020154 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sowden, R., Borgstrom, E., & Selman, L. E. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247904 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Immunogenetic Association Underlying Severe COVID-19
McCoy, K., Peterson, A., Tian, Y., & Sang, Y. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8040700 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Koveshnikov, A., Lehtonen, M. J., & Wechtler, H. M. (2022) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2022.102009 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Smith, L. K. M., Ross, H. C., Shouldice, S. A., & Wolfe, S. E. (2022) · WIREs Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.776 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Smith, L. G. E., & Gibson, S. (2020) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12402 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Vaccination anxiety when vaccinations are available: The role of existential concerns
Bodner, E., Bergman, Y. S., Ben‐David, B. M., & Palgi, Y. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3079 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kwon, S., & Park, A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107087 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
An active inference account of protective behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic
Bottemanne, H., & Friston, K. J. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00947-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Sum of Fears in Cancer Patients Inside the Context of the COVID-19
Bandinelli, L. P., Ornell, F. R., DIEMEN, L. V., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.557834 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Li, J., Zhang, R., Wang, L., & Dou, K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02072-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Perceived risk, political polarization, and the willingness to follow COVID-19 mitigation guidelines
Block, R., Burnham, M., Kahn, K., Peng, R. X., Seeman, J., & Seto, C. H.-F. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115091 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cui, Y.-X., Zhou, X., Zu, C., Zhai, H.-K., Bai, B.-R., Xu, Y.-M., & Li, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.601027 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Barnes, S. J. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106967 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“TMT suggests that death anxiety will increase with the threat source, including that of COVID-19 (Courtney et al., 2020).”
BackgroundImmunometabolic Dysregulation at the Intersection of Obesity and COVID-19
Khwatenge, C. N., Pate, M., Miller, L. C., & Sang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.732913 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mishra, A. A., Indwar, R. G., & Samu, S. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-02-2021-4439 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
What makes consumers willing to pay for carbon taxes–A view of terror management theory
Dang, H. P., Rahimah, A., Lin, J. Y.-C., Truong-Dinh, B. Q., Glebanov, P. D., Raza, S. H., Li, N. R., & Cheng, J. M.-S. (2021) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.07.033 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Koopmann, J. M., Liu, Y., Liang, Y., & Liu, S. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000938 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sajid, K. S., Hussain, S., Hussain, R. I., & Mustafa, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.826870 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Sexual Desire: Perceived Fear Is Associated with Enhanced Relationship Functioning
Rodrigues, D. L., & Lehmiller, J. J. (2021) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2021.1966359 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Psychology Students' Perceptions of COVID-19 in a Death Education Course
Testoni, I., Iacona, E., Corso, C., Pompele, S., Corso, L. D., Orkibi, H., & Wieser, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.625756 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Testoni, I., Rossi, E., Pompele, S., Malaguti, I., & Orkibi, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.622174 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Partouche-Sebban, J., Rezaee Vessal, S., Sorio, R., Castellano, S., Khelladi, I., & Orhan, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2021.2012232 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bianco, F., Kosić, A., & Pierro, A. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1900046 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Disruptive Events and Associated Discontinuities: A Macromarketing Prescription
Hyman, M. R., Kostyk, A., & Shabbir, H. A. (2020) · Journal of Macromarketing · doi:10.1177/0276146720979134 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Li, Q., Xiang, G., Song, S., Li, X., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Luo, Y., Xiao, M., & Chen, H. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105660 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dimoff, J. D., Dao, A. N., Mitchell, J., & Olson, A. M. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12585 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Consumer fear and healthy eating during COVID-19 pandemic
Campos, P. D. O., de Mélo, L. B., de Souza, J. S. C., de Santana, P. N., Matte, J., & da Costa, M. F. (2021) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-04-2021-0125 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ratiu, L. C. I., Curșeu, P. L., & Fodor, O. C. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.2007965 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Luo, Y., Guo, R., Huang, C., Xiong, Y., & Zhou, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804635 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The relationship between COVID-19-induced death thoughts and depression during a national lockdown
Fairlamb, S. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211067102 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Big Data Analysis of Terror Management Theory’s Predictions in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Chew, P. K. H. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221092583 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dahlen, M., & Thorbjørnsen, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785224 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yu, H.-H., Hu, R.-P., & Chen, M.-L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116571 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bramanti, S. M., Manippa, V., Babore, A., Dilillo, A., Marcellino, A., Martucci, V., Mallardo, S., Isoldi, S., Bloise, S., Sanseviero, M., et al. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03589-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Smith, L. K. M., & Wolfe, S. E. (2023) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10505 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tian, Y., Khwatenge, C. N., Li, J., Andino, F. D. J., Robert, J., & Sang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.705253 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Relationships Between COVID-19 Anxiety, Ageism, and Ableism
Arcieri, A. A. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211018404 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Charitable Giving in Times of Covid-19: Do Crises Forward the Better or the Worse in Individuals?
Litofcenko, J., Meyer, M., Neumayr, M., & Pennerstorfer, A. (2023) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-023-00558-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Using a cultural and social identity lens to understand pandemic responses in the US and India
Nair, N., & Selvaraj, P. (2021) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/14705958211057363 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Brophy, N. S., Seiter, C. R., & Zhao, X. (2021) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.1998844 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Messner, W. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261858 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lwin, M. O., Yang, S., Sheldenkar, A., Yang, X., & Lee, B. S. F. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100361 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fairlamb, S., Cinnirella, M., & Iahr, I. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12903 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mortality salience in an offline and online setting
Chew, P. K. H., & Yap, B. L. M. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1888826 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hoang, H. T., Nguyen, X. T. K., Huynh, V.-S., Hua, T. D., Tran, H. T. T., & Tran-Chi, V.-L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968902 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kieft, J. (2021) · Ata Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa New Zealand · doi:10.9791/ajpanz.2021.06 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Racat, M., & Lichy, J. (2022) · Knowledge Management Research & Practice · doi:10.1080/14778238.2022.2075807 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shacham, M., Hamama‐Raz, Y., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Levin, Y. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11020403 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Climate change risk and terror management theory
Naidu, P. A., Glendon, A. I., & Hine, T. J. (2022) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2022.2107050 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Association of Restrained Eating and Overeating during COVID-19: A Cross-Lagged Model
Cui, Y., Liu, X., Xiang, G., Li, Q., Xiao, M., & Chen, H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124535 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lu, H., Duan, J., Wu, T., Zhou, B., & Xu, C. (2022) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12527 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The macropsychology of COVID-19: Psychological governance as pandemic response.
McVeigh, J., & MacLachlan, M. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000909 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fairlamb, S., & Courtney, E. P. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2129052 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBağci, S. Ç., Yalcin, F. T., Türnüklü, A., Vezzali, L., Tercan, M., & Yilmaz, A. D. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12616 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ma(r)king The Unthinkable: Cultural and Existential Engagements of Extreme Historical Violence
Varga, B. A., & van Kessel, C. (2021) · Journal of Curriculum Theorizing · doi:10.63997/jct.v36i2.985 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Facing a real threat of death: dynamic changes in death-thought accessibility
Zhou, J., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Liao, B., & Fu, W. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s361432 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brown, M. E., Alliegro, M. C., & Prince, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678231210153 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Marais-Potgieter, A., & Thatcher, A. (2022) · Psychology in society · doi:10.57157/pins2022vol64iss1a5457 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lee, J., Kim, Y., & Kelsey, J. P. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1921906 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yao, Y., Wang, P., Zhao, K., Li, Q., & Li, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02156-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Franchina, V., Bonfanti, R. C., Coco, G. L., & Salerno, L. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10071079 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Terror Management: The Effects of Mortality Salience on Desire for Money Among Singaporeans
Chew, P. K. H., Danni, B., Koh, S. Y., & Tay, G. M. S. (2023) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678231203513 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sarman, A., & Tuncay, S. (2024) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12458 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Do Pandemics Trigger Death Thoughts?
Leung, H.-T., Chew, P. K. H., & Caltabiano, N. J. (2024) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678241273422 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Han, X., Xia, Y., Yang, P., Li, D., Ding, X., Zhang, R., & Zhang, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093128 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Study of Children’s Culture across 35 Societies
Messner, W. (2023) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2023.2268274 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Abdul Hadi, A., Andresen, M., Barzantny, C., Bassetto, J., Biswas, T., Bozhinoska Lazarova, M., Dickmann, M., Enser, D., Escobar Borruel, I., Freitas Monteiro, T., et al. (2022) · Personalmanagement und Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie · doi:10.20378/irb-55344 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exploring the Existential Implications of COVID-19 in Health Communication
Harvell-Bowman, L. A. (2023) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642231164052 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Donadelli, F., Luczak–Roesch, M., Fischer, R. D., & Li, N. (2023) · International Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/12294659.2023.2246738 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Chiu, T., & Kogan, A. (2024) · International Journal of Disclosure and Governance · doi:10.1057/s41310-024-00254-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhou, J., Li, M., Dong, J., Shi, H., & Shi, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1329043 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Winters (2022) also suggested that psychological changes lead to a disruption of one’s physical and mental balance and predisposition to autoimmune diseases, which can have adverse effects on cancer treatment, recovery, and social stability (Grossman et al., 2018; Courtney et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPositive Affect Predicted Death Anxiety in Health Workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Ruini, C. (2023) · Psychology & Psychological Research International Journal · doi:10.23880/pprij-16000364 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Motiver la population à se protéger : le cas du premier confinement en France
Laporte, M.-È., & Berger‐Remy, F. (2024) · Revue internationale de Psychosociologie · doi:10.3917/rips1.080.0035 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fear of monkeypox and intention to vaccinate against monkeypox: a network analysis
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Ventura‐León, J., Carbajal‐León, C., Vilca, L. W., Gallegos, M., Delgado-Campusano, M., Noé-Grijalva, M., Toia, Á. M. D. C., Barria‐Asenjo, N. A., Torales, J. C., et al. (2024) · Medicina Clínica y Social · doi:10.52379/mcs.v8i2.403 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pandemics and Resiliency: Psychometrics and Mental Models
Tallapragada, M. (2021) · Risk, systems and decisions · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77344-1_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Knowledge Versus Terror: Knowledge Transfer to Address the Terrorist Threat to the Smart City
Dayan, R. (2024) · Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68542-2_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hollister, J. M., Lee, J., Elkins, A. J., & Latham, D. (2020) · Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science · doi:10.4275/kslis.2020.54.4.317 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Batat, W. (2021) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2022.2046135 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Using narrative 360° video as a tool to promote breast self-examination
Farmer, H., Skoulikari, E. A., Bevan, C., Gray, S. I., Cater, K. F., & Fraser, D. S. (2024) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-023-00918-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quezon Avenue, I. C., Eslit, E. R., & Villanueva, P. A. (2024) · International Journal of Social Science and Human Research · doi:10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i02-32 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs Reveal How Ranavirus Interacts with Amphibian Immune Defense
Yang, A. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering · doi:10.4236/jbise.2024.1710014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Zhu, W., & Fa-wen, H. (2024) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323241280394 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smith, L. K. M., Bergsieker, H. B., & Wolfe, S. E. (2025) · PLOS Water · doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000460 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fear in Public Policy Compliance: Citizens' Response to Crisis‐Induced Policies
Ladi, S., Gardiner, K., Angelou, A., & Panagiotatou, D. (2026) · European Policy Analysis · doi:10.1002/epa2.70039 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kuzhabekova, A. (2023) · Journal of Studies in International Education · doi:10.1177/10283153221150112 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anxiety and Brand Topic Searches During COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Vaccination Behavior
Wang, T. H. (2023) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.12417 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Leung, H.-T., Chew, P. K. H., & Caltabiano, N. J. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05474-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smith, L. K. M., & Wolfe, S. E. (2025) · PsyEcology Bilingual Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1177/21711976241309249 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mahmoodi, H., & Payghambari, S. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3967279 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Courtney, E. P., Goldenberg, J. L., & Boyd, P.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Courtney, Emily P.
- Venue
- British Journal of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-06-17
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 607-617
- ISSN
- 0144-6665 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8309
- PMC
- PMC7323320
- OpenAlex
- W3035864377
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 26.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- terror management theory, COVID-19 pandemic, death awareness, psychological threat, ideological frameworks, symbolic meaning, collective mindset, pandemic preparedness, public health behavior
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Defense Mechanisms, Denial, Psychological, Fear, Health Promotion, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Self Concept, Coronavirus Infections, Risk Reduction Behavior, Health Communication, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
