Understanding user responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on Twitter from a terror management theory perspective: Cultural differences among the US, UK and India
Open accessAbstract
This study uses a new approach to understand people's varied responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Heightened media coverage and surging death tolls undoubtedly increase individuals' death-related thoughts. Thus, this study draws on terror management theory to analyze the general public's reactions during which mortality is salient. Twitter data were collected from three countries-the US, the UK, and India. Topic modeling analysis using Latent Dirichlet Allocation identified a total of seven themes reflecting two types of defenses: proximal defenses and distal defenses. Proximal defenses included calls for behavioral changes in response to COVID-19. Distal defenses included searching for meaning, political polarization and government incompetence, racial division, and sharing up-to-date information. During a prolonged crisis, anxiety-buffering systems can be undermined and lead to either maladaptive defenses (i.e., psychological distress) or new forms of defenses (i.e., adjusting to the new normal). The analysis highlights cultural differences in defenses across the three countries. Theoretical and practical implications for public health practitioners and social media platform managers are then discussed.
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Claims the paper makes
22 of 97 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
When social gatherings are prohibited, people are motivated to maintain psychological closeness with friends and family who provide security.
“Furthermore, under circumstances where social gatherings are highly prohibited, people are motivated to maintain psychological proximity with friends and family members who provide them with psychological security (Courtet et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Courtet et al., 2020 source
In “Keep Socially (but Not Physically) Connected and Carry On” (page not provided), the authors call communication with family and friends essential during quarantine and encourage people to stay connected. The paper does not establish that restrictions motivate people to seek psychological proximity or that family and friends provide psychological security. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The outbreak's impact on many life areas increases the need to adjust anxiety-buffering systems to the new environment.
“The impact of the outbreak on various aspects of life increases the need to adjust anxiety-buffering systems to the new environment (Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 2020 source
- Premisecitation
Most prior research used English-language data, which limited its scope to English-speaking people in mainly Western countries.
“Third, most research efforts have been devoted to analyzing English data, thus limiting their scope to English-speaking individuals in predominantly western countries (Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2020 source
The Research Implications section says most research efforts have used English-language data, and Strengths and Limitations says this study’s English-only tweets may limit generalizability. Neither passage establishes that the research was limited to people in predominantly Western countries; the study says it applied no geographical restrictions. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
During the pandemic, distal defenses centered on worldview, self-esteem, and close relationships are mostly how people manage death-related thoughts that are accessible but not currently focal.
“Given the long-term impacts of the pandemic on diverse aspects of human life, distal defenses focusing on maintaining one's cultural worldview, self-esteem, and close relationships are, for the most part, the way people manage death-related thoughts that are readily accessible but not in their current focal attention (Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 2020 source
- Interpretationcitation
In the US, the polarization was further fueled by the upcoming presidential election at the time of data collection.
“This polarization was further fueled by the US presidential election, which was upcoming at the time of data collection for this study (e.g., It's time to vote the Liberal party out!) (see also Allcott et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Allcott et al., 2020 source
The Introduction (page not provided) describes partisan differences in US pandemic messaging and behavior, and the Data > Survey section dates the paper’s survey to April 4–7, 2020. But the paper does not say that the upcoming presidential election further fueled the polarization; searches for election-related terms found no such explanation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Most research on responses to the pandemic has been conducted from an infoveillance perspective, limiting understanding to health-related responses such as origin of virus, preventive measures, and public knowledge.
“most research has been conducted from an infoveillance perspective, thus limiting our understanding to health-related responses, such as the origin of the novel coronavirus, preventive measures, and other public knowledge about the virus (Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2020; Boon-Itt et al., 2020; Chandrasekaran et al., 2020; Xue et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2020 source
The Results (Results of Tweet Analysis; page unavailable) confirm that this infoveillance study examined tweets about the virus’s origin and ways to reduce its spread. They also report economic losses, panic buying, and racism. The paper does not establish that most pandemic-response research used an infoveillance perspective or that such research limits understanding to health-related responses. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Boon-Itt et al., 2020 source
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies an earlier infoveillance study and says previous studies left gaps in understanding COVID-19 themes and public awareness. It does not say that most pandemic-response research used an infoveillance perspective or that understanding was limited specifically to the virus’s origin, preventive measures, and public knowledge. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Chandrasekaran et al., 2020 source
The Introduction (page not given) describes an emerging body of social-media studies of pandemic responses, and the Discussion calls it a growing body of COVID-19 infoveillance research. But the paper does not say that most research on pandemic responses uses this perspective or that it limits understanding to health-related responses. Its Introduction table also lists studies of economic impacts, emotions, and political themes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Recent studies show that prosocial (vs. self-interest) message framing is effective in individualist countries in encouraging preventative behaviors.
“recent studies show that such message framing is effective in individualist countries in encouraging preventative behaviors (Jordan et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Jordan et al., 2020 source
The results passage on Studies 1 and 2 reports that prosocial framing was more effective than self-interested framing at increasing prevention intentions, and the Discussion identifies the United States as a fairly individualist culture (pages not provided). But the Discussion says the experiments mostly measured self-reported intentions, not actual behavior; its evidence for changing behavior is only suggestive. The claim overstates the evidence if “encouraging preventative behaviors” means changing what people did. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Worldview defenses underlie publics' various responses to the pandemic, including negative responses such as hostility toward those with different beliefs.
“Worldview defenses underlie publics' various responses to the pandemic, including negative responses, such as hostility toward those with different beliefs (Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 2020 source
In “Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic as Terror Management Processes” (page unavailable), the paper links pandemic-related death concerns to worldview defense and says they exacerbate political polarization. It describes blame directed at foreigners and protests amid ideological division, but does not clearly establish hostility toward people specifically because they hold different beliefs; the claim also states the proposed mechanism more definitively than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Sharing preventive measures serves to protect against conscious awareness of death and vulnerability.
“serves to protect against conscious awareness of death and vulnerability (Goldenberg & Arndt, 2008; Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Goldenberg & Arndt, 2008 source
- cites Pyszczynski et al., 2020 source
The ‘Different Defenses for Conscious and Unconscious Death-Related Thoughts’ section says that people may respond to conscious thoughts of death by reducing their vulnerability. The ‘Terror Management Health Model’ section describes following infection-prevention guidance as a possible proximal defense, but it does not say that sharing preventive measures serves this function. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
The need to defend one's worldview, facilitated by increased accessibility of death-related thoughts during the pandemic, could have intensified people's reactions to racial injustice.
“the need to defend one's worldview facilitated by the increased accessibility of death-related thoughts during the pandemic could have intensified people's reactions to racial injustice (Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 2020 source
- Findingown data
The distal defense category contained the theme of racial division.
“Distal defenses included searching for meaning, political polarization and government incompetence, racial division, and sharing up-to-date information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The distal defense category contained the theme of political polarization and government incompetence.
“Distal defenses included searching for meaning, political polarization and government incompetence, racial division, and sharing up-to-date information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The study's analysis showed cultural differences in defense strategies among the US, UK, and India.
“The analysis highlights cultural differences in defenses across the three countries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The proximal defense category contained calls for behavioral changes related to COVID-19.
“Proximal defenses included calls for behavioral changes in response to COVID-19.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The distal defense category contained the theme of sharing current information.
“Distal defenses included searching for meaning, political polarization and government incompetence, racial division, and sharing up-to-date information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling of the collected tweets produced seven themes that represented proximal and distal defense types.
“Topic modeling analysis using Latent Dirichlet Allocation identified a total of seven themes reflecting two types of defenses: proximal defenses and distal defenses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The distal defense category contained the theme of searching for meaning.
“Distal defenses included searching for meaning, political polarization and government incompetence, racial division, and sharing up-to-date information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the UK, the fifth theme comprises three main ways users attempted to adjust to the new normal: health, business/economy, and new normal life.
“The fifth theme comprises three main ways users attempted to adjust to the new normal: health, business/economy, and new normal life.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the US, the 'calls for prosocial behavior' topic revealed a need for new leadership during challenging times.
“This topic also revealed the need for a new form of leadership during these challenging times (e.g., Leaders must adapt to the new normal.).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the US, the 'searching for meaning' theme comprises three topics: calls for prosocial behavior, meaning-of-life pursuits, and expressing gratitude.
“The first theme, ‘searching for meaning’, covers three topics: calls for prosocial behavior, meaning-of-life pursuits, and expressing gratitude.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
In the US, the 'responding to stimulus packages' topic shows public concerns about the late stimulus package due to White House officials and Democratic leaders failing to reach a timely deal.
“The second topic, ‘responding to stimulus packages’, demonstrates public concerns about the late stimulus package due to White House officials and Democratic leaders' failure to reach a timely deal (Werner et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Werner et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
In the UK, the 'sharing up-to-date information' theme revealed a single topic 'latest news' where tweets sharing global COVID-19 news, including up-to-date statistics for the US, were found.
“The fourth theme, ‘sharing up-to-date information’, revealed a single topic ‘latest news’ wherein tweets sharing global news about the COVID-19 pandemic, including up-to-date statistics for the US, were found (e.g., [number] new confirmed case(s) in USA totaling [number]. [number] worldwide).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the UK, tweets that exploited COVID-19-related hashtags to advertise new business opportunities were particularly common in the 'new normal life' topic.
“Tweets that exploited COVID-19-related hashtags to advertise new business opportunities were particularly common in this topic (e.g., As lockdown eases and reopen, we are thinking about the lasting impact of #covid19 on the way we work, shop and behave. Read our predictions).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the UK, the 'searching for meaning' theme includes a single topic 'managing mental health' where users shared mental health tips and offered motivational words.
“The second theme, ‘searching for meaning’, includes a single topic ‘managing mental health’ wherein users shared tips on how to manage mental health (e.g., ways to protect our mental health […]) and offered motivational words to help people get through challenging times (e.g., The pandemic provided us an opportunity to grow).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the UK, users stressed the importance of using a non-government tracking app and social distancing in response to government incompetence.
“For example, users stressed the importance of using a non-government tracking app (e.g., Just reminder: unlike the NHS app, this app is the one that actually works.) and social distancing (e.g., Pubs or schools Time to choose, you can't have both during #coronavirus, especially when you have corrupted and incompetent government.) in response to government incompetence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the US, the 'meaning-of-life pursuits' topic includes users seeking meaning through religious commitment.
“In the second topic ‘meaning-of-life pursuits’, users searched for meaning through their religious commitment (e.g., Your heart may be heavy, but God's love heals all suffering. Amen).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the UK, some tweets contained multiple themes, such as government incompetence along with calls for behavioral changes.
“Furthermore, some tweets were found that contained multiple themes, such as government incompetence (i.e., the third theme from the UK) along with calls for behavioral changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
In India, the third theme contained a single topic 'responding to school operational strategy' which indicated public concern regarding the government's nationwide decisions to hold final examinations despite the surge in coronavirus cases.
“The third theme contained a single topic, ‘responding to school operational strategy’, which indicated public concern regarding the government's nationwide decisions to hold final examinations despite the surge in coronavirus cases (e.g., Is the government jeopardizing students'? #Cancel_Exam 2020) (Shukla, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shukla, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
In the US, the 'up-to-date information on treatments' topic includes users showing interest in the development of treatments and vaccines.
“In the fourth topic, ‘up-to-date information on treatments’, users showed interest in the development of treatments and vaccines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the UK, some users questioned the need to continue Brexit, which would leave the UK more vulnerable to the pandemic-caused economic recession.
“Some questioned the need to continue with the UK's exit of the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit”, which would leave the UK more vulnerable to the economic recession caused by the pandemic (e.g., UK government prioritized Brexit over Covid-19. Irresponsible).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the US, the 'political polarization and government incompetence' theme includes three topics: political polarization, responding to stimulus packages, and responding to government's strategy.
“For the second theme, ‘political polarization and government incompetence’, three topics were identified: political polarization, responding to stimulus packages, and responding to government's strategy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the US, hostility was directed against China, which users often referred to as COVID-19's country of origin.
“In particular, hostility was directed against China, which users often referred to as COVID-19's country of origin (e.g., Eventually, the Wuhan Coronavirus will be called a lab-created bioweapon).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the UK, the 'political polarization and government incompetence' theme includes users assigning blame to the government for incompetent pandemic handling in four areas: stimulus packages, government's strategy, healthcare system, and school operational strategy.
“In the third theme, ‘political polarization and government incompetence’, users assigned blame to the government for its incompetent handling of the pandemic in four main areas: stimulus packages, government's strategy, healthcare system, and school operational strategy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the US, some users supported the BLM movement and called for tolerance in response to racial hostility.
“Some users showed their support for the BLM movement and called for tolerance in response to racial hostility (e.g., I hope on the other side of all what's happening, the world becomes a better place. #coronavirus #BlackLivesMattters #WeAreInThisTogether #GeorgeFloyd).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In India, the second theme 'searching for meaning' includes a single topic 'need for close relationships' where users demonstrated their need for close relationships to manage challenging times.
“In the second theme, searching for meaning, a single topic, ‘need for close relationships’, was outlined, wherein users demonstrated their need for close relationships to manage challenging times.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In India, 4 themes and 15 topics of COVID-19-related tweets were observed.
“Table 3 summarizes the 4 themes and 15 topics of COVID-19-related tweets observed among users in India.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The study found differences among the three countries in five of the seven themes: political polarization and government incompetence, adjusting to the new normal, searching for meaning, calls for behavioral changes, and sharing up-to-date information.
“Differences were found in five out of seven themes—political polarization and government incompetence, adjusting to the new normal, searching for meaning, calls for behavioral changes, and sharing up-to-date information.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
In the US, the 'responding to government's strategy' topic includes users blaming the Governor of Florida for a surge in coronavirus cases in Florida.
“In the third topic, ‘responding to government's strategy’, users blamed the Governor of Florida for a surge in coronavirus cases in Florida, as he did not roll back his reopening strategy because he did not believe it was a major contributor to the spike in cases (Reimann, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Reimann, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
In the UK, 6 themes and 13 topics of COVID-19-related tweets were observed.
“Table 2 summarizes the 6 themes and 13 topics of COVID-19-related tweets observed among users in the UK.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the US, the 'education' topic includes users sharing health tips for campus survival or alternative ways to pursue academic goals.
“In the second topic, ‘education’, users shared health tips on how to survive on campus during the pandemic or alternative ways to pursue academic goals (e.g., Personalized, competency-based schools had more successful transitions to remote learning).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In India, the first five topics largely concerned statistics for particular districts.
“The first five topics—up-to-date statistics 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5—largely concerned statistics for particular districts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the US, 6 themes and 15 topics of COVID-19-related tweets were observed.
“Table 1 summarizes the 6 themes and 15 topics of COVID-19-related tweets observed among users in the US.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In India, the importance of having a collective mindset was emphasized across all three government response topics.
“In particular, the importance of having a collective mindset was emphasized across all three topics (e.g., #IndiaFightsCorona, #TogetherAgainstCovid19).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the US, the 'adjusting to the new normal' theme covers tweets showing users' attempts to adjust in three aspects: legal advice, education, and health.
“The fifth theme, ‘adjusting to the new normal’, covers tweets demonstrating users' attempts to adjust to the new normal in regards to three aspects: legal advice, education, and health.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
In the UK, the 'responding to stimulus packages' topic concerns financial aids provided by the government, with users voicing frustration with the Self-Employment Income Support Scheme for not offering broad enough coverage.
“The first topic, ‘responding to stimulus packages’, concerns financial aids provided by the government. For example, users voiced their frustration with the Self-Employment Income Support Scheme because it did not offer broad enough coverage to apply to them (Agyemang, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Agyemang, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
In India, the first theme covers tweets calling for behavioral changes in response to COVID-19 from government and authority figures, represented in three topics: government response 1, 2, and 3.
“The first theme covers tweets calling for behavioral changes in response to COVID-19 that came from government and authority figures, which are represented in three topics depending on the source of information: government response 1, 2, and 3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the UK, the 'responding to government's strategy' topic demonstrates the growing perception of Johnson and his ministers' incompetence.
“The second topic, ‘responding to government's strategy’, demonstrates the growing perception of Johnson and his ministers' incompetence (e.g., UK government #BorisTheButcher scrapped #pandemic team six months before #COVID19 hit in UK).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In India, tweets that called for prosocial behaviors were also shared in the 'need for close relationships' topic.
“Tweets that called for prosocial behaviors were also shared (e.g., The Slum Poor Children are Suffering from hunger in #Coronavirus Please support us to provide food and milk. The slum poor people and children #need your help for food and milk they are #suffering from hunger).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Psychological distress was exacerbated by the spread of misinformation and social media content showing panic buying and racial division.
“While psychological distress was exacerbated by the spread of misinformation and social media content showing panic buying and racial division”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
A similar pattern of difference was found in themes associated with worldview defenses, particularly political polarization and government incompetence.
“A similar pattern of difference was found in themes associated with worldview defenses, particularly political polarization and government incompetence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
People attempted to adapt to the new normal by searching for information regarding important aspects of their lives.
“people also attempted to adapt to the new normal by searching for information regarding important aspects of their lives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For US users, many responses to the BLM movement were observed.
“For US users, many responses to the BLM movement were observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Hostility toward China was commonly observed in tweets.
“hostility toward China was commonly observed”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among Indian users, the only government-incompetence topic concerned the government's school operational strategy.
“The only topic regarding government incompetence observed among Indian users was about their government's school operational strategy (i.e., the ‘responding to school operational strategy’ topic).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A tendency for Indian users to encourage collective responsibility was also observed in the sharing up-to-date information theme: while UK users shared worldwide statistics, Indian users compared such statistics with India's and used them to encourage a collective mindset.
“A tendency for Indian users to encourage collective responsibility was also observed in the sharing up-to-date information theme. For example, while UK users shared worldwide statistics, Indian users compared such statistics with those of India and used them as motivators to encourage a collective mindset.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Unlike Indian users, both US and UK users actively shared tweets about government incompetence in handling the pandemic in the economy, health, and education.
“Unlike Indian users, both US and UK users were active in sharing tweets demonstrating the government's incompetence in handling the COVID-19 pandemic in matters of the economy, health, and education.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Both tendencies-psychological distress and adjusting to the new normal-were demonstrated by US and UK users.
“Both tendencies were demonstrated by US and UK users.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Cultural differences in both proximal and distal defenses were found.
“Cultural differences in both proximal and distal defenses were found.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Racial hostility was frequently observed in both individualist and collectivist countries in this study.
“racial hostility was frequently observed in both individualist and collectivist countries in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
US users viewed the novel virus as part of a conspiracy or scam.
“US users in particular employed destructive forms of proximal defenses, such as viewing the novel virus as part of a conspiracy or scam.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Attempts to find meaning through behaviors such as calling for prosocial behavior, religious commitment, and managing mental health were commonly observed in all three countries.
“Such attempts were commonly observed among the three countries in various forms, such as calling for prosocial behavior, searching for meaning through religious commitment, and managing one's mental health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Topics about adjusting to the new normal appeared in the US and UK but not in India.
“Topics related to adjusting to the new normal were found in the US and UK but not in India.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Efforts to fill the information gap to reduce feelings of vulnerability were commonly observed in both individualist and collectivist countries.
“efforts to fill the information gap to reduce the feelings of vulnerability were commonly observed in both individualist and collectivist countries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Distal defenses in the form of committing to close relationships were only demonstrated by Indian users.
“Distal defenses in the form of committing to close relationships were only demonstrated by Indian users.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Cultural differences in distal defenses were observed.
“Second, cultural differences in distal defenses were observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
People are likely to rely more on close relationships, which provide meaning and security in response to death reminders such as COVID-19.
“Furthermore, people are likely to rely more on close relationships, which are another important source of meaning in life that help them feel secure in response to death reminders like COVID-19 (Mikulincer et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mikulincer et al., 2003 source
- Premisecitation
TMT research has tested cross-cultural validity by comparing individualist and collectivist cultures.
“Research on TMT has examined the cross-cultural validity of terror management defenses by comparing the differences between individualist and collectivist cultures (Du et al., 2013; Kashima et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Du et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kashima et al., 2004 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Since the pandemic's effects are global, findings based mostly on individualist-culture data may give a biased picture of public responses.
“The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been felt on a global scale, meaning analyses based on data collected mostly from individualist cultures may lead to biased knowledge of people's responses to the pandemic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A gap remains in understanding why certain pandemic responses occur because prior work lacked theoretical grounding.
“Second, a knowledge gap still exists concerning the motivation behind certain observed responses due to a lack of theoretical underpinning (see also Kar & Dwivedi, 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kar & Dwivedi, 2020 source
- Premisecitation
In situations of high uncertainty and vulnerability, people actively seek current information to fill information gaps and make sense of events.
“In a situation that causes high levels of uncertainty and feelings of vulnerability like the COVID-19 outbreak, people actively search for up-to-date information to fill the information gap and, thus, to make sense of the situation (Fischer-Preßler et al., 2019; Maitlis & Christianson, 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Evidence indicates that cultural differences in the resources used to manage death-related thoughts produce different defense mechanisms.
“Empirical evidence has demonstrated that cultural differences in major resources for managing death-related thoughts lead to different defense mechanisms (Du et al., 2013; Kashima et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Du et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kashima et al., 2004 source
- Premisereasoning
When anxiety-buffering systems are seriously undermined during an outbreak, people may be unable to manage death-related thoughts effectively.
“However, during an outbreak in which people are overwhelmed with threatening information, they may not be able to effectively manage death-related thoughts when anxiety-buffering systems are seriously undermined.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Health-oriented behaviors are expected when conscious death-related thoughts make people feel vulnerable to health risks.
“Such health-oriented behaviors are expected when conscious death-related thoughts make people feel vulnerable to health risks (Goldenberg & Arndt, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goldenberg & Arndt, 2008 source
- Premisenone given
Psychological distress reflects responses from people whose anxiety-buffering systems malfunction because of overwhelming threatening information.
“Finally, the seventh theme, “psychological distress”, indicates responses from people whose anxiety-buffering systems malfunction due to the overwhelming amount of threatening information.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
In the US, some tweets expressed psychological distress (maladaptive defenses) caused by racial division and violence.
“For example, some expressed psychological distress (i.e., the sixth theme from the US), maladaptive defenses, caused by racial division and violence (e.g., The world is crazy now. It is bad enough with the #Coronavirus, but now we have pandemic of violence, protests and craziness! Where can I escape to?).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Self-esteem buffers mortality concerns through the belief that one is a valuable contributor to the world.
“Self-esteem serves as a buffer against mortality concerns based on the belief that one is a valuable contributor to the world (Pyszczynski et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 1999 source
- Interpretationcitation
In collectivist cultures, defenses are expected to focus on interpersonal relationships.
“On the other hand, in collectivist cultures such as India (Kapoor et al., 2003), interdependent self-esteem serves better for anxiety management and thus defenses are expected to be related to interpersonal relationships (Du et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Du et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
In individualist cultures, greater effort will be directed toward restoring self-competence.
“Since people in individualist cultures such as the US and the UK rely on independent self-esteem as buffers against mortality concerns, more efforts will be put into restoring self-competence (Tafarodi & Swann, 1995).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tafarodi & Swann, 1995 source
- Premisecitation
In collectivist cultures like India, interdependent self-esteem is more effective for anxiety management.
“On the other hand, in collectivist cultures such as India (Kapoor et al., 2003), interdependent self-esteem serves better for anxiety management and thus defenses are expected to be related to interpersonal relationships (Du et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Kapoor et al., 2003 source
- cites Du et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
People in individualist cultures like the US and UK use independent self-esteem to buffer mortality concerns.
“Since people in individualist cultures such as the US and the UK rely on independent self-esteem as buffers against mortality concerns, more efforts will be put into restoring self-competence (Tafarodi & Swann, 1995).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tafarodi & Swann, 1995 source
- Interpretationcitation
Given the cultural differences among the US, UK, and India, the defense strategies used in response to pandemic-related death thoughts are likely to differ across these countries.
“Given the cultural differences between the three target countries of this study, the US, UK, and India (Kapoor et al., 2003), there are likely to be differences in defense strategies in response to death-related thoughts derived from the pandemic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kapoor et al., 2003 source
- Rests on an assumption: The COVID-19 pandemic induces death-related thoughts (mortality salience) in the populations studied.
- Premisereasoning
Cultural differences in how self-esteem is construed lead to different defense mechanisms under mortality salience.
“Therefore, cultural differences in the construal of self-esteem lead to different defense mechanisms in response to mortality salience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
In the US, the 'psychological distress' theme comprised the 'media chaos' topic, where users expressed psychological distress caused by a media environment saturated with fake news.
“The sixth theme, ‘psychological distress’, comprised the topic of ‘media chaos’, whereby users expressed psychological distress caused by a media environment saturated with fake news (e.g., This proved to be Fake News. False story. Where's the media on this?).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Maintaining psychological connections with emotional support providers is an important resource for managing death anxiety.
“For example, maintaining psychological connections with those who provide emotional support would be an important resource for managing death anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Consistent with previous laboratory studies, cultural differences in self-esteem that function as anxiety-buffers resulted in different responses to the pandemic.
“We found that, consistent with previous studies conducted in laboratory settings (Du et al., 2013; Kashima et al., 2004), cultural differences in self-esteem that function as anxiety-buffers resulted in different responses to the pandemic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Du et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kashima et al., 2004 source
- Interpretationcitation
Given ever-increasing case and death tolls and enduring media coverage reminding viewers of death and vulnerability, people's anxiety-buffering systems were placed at serious risk of being undermined.
“Given the reporting of ever-increasing case and death tolls alongside the enduring media coverage that constantly reminds viewers of death and vulnerability, people's anxiety-buffering systems were placed at serious risk of being undermined (Yetzer & Pyszczynski, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yetzer & Pyszczynski, 2019 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Those UK behaviors were related to worldview defenses facilitated by government incompetence.
“which were, in part, related to their worldview defenses facilitated by government incompetence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The need to defend one's worldview may lead to hostile attitudes toward governments when incompetent handling is believed to threaten the user's way of life.
“The need to defend one's worldview may lead to hostile attitudes toward governments due to a belief that incompetent handling of the pandemic threatened the user's way of life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Government-initiated campaigns could backfire in individualist cultures due to prevalent negative public attitudes, as seen in reactions to UK and US governments' COVID-19 handling.
“government-initiated campaigns could backfire in individualist cultures due to the public's prevalent negative attitudes, as we can see from reactions to the UK and US governments' COVID-19 handling strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Users in individualist cultures such as the US and UK cope with death-related thoughts based on independent self-esteem, so their efforts were directed at restoring self-competence.
“Since users in individualist cultures such as the US and UK cope with death-related thoughts based on independent self-esteem, efforts were directed at restoring one's self-competence (Du et al., 2013; Tafarodi & Swann, 1995).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Du et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Tafarodi & Swann, 1995 source
- Interpretationcitation
Hostility toward China may have been motivated by people's need to protect their in-group against an out-group they believed to be a major contributor to the pandemic.
“which may have been motivated by people's need to protect their in-group against an out-group (Das et al., 2009; Greenberg et al., 1990) that they believed to be a major contributor to the pandemic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Das et al., 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Greenberg et al., 1990 source
- Premisecitation
While there is considerable TMT literature, most empirical evidence comes from laboratory settings.
“While there is a considerable body of literature on TMT, most empirical evidence is from laboratory settings (e.g., Greenberg et al., 1990; Harmon-Jones et al., 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Worldview defenses are reflected in the political polarization and government incompetence and racial division themes.
“Worldview defenses are reflected in the political polarization and government incompetence and racial division themes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Indian users considered maintaining psychological proximity with significant others as an important source of meaning in life that helped them feel secure during the pandemic.
“They considered maintaining psychological proximity with significant others as an important source of meaning in life that helped them feel secure during the pandemic (Mikulincer et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mikulincer et al., 2003 source
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 52
- May combine two claims. 59
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe pandemic-fueled need to defend worldviews intensified reactions to racial inequality, including the Black Lives Matter movement.
“Pyszczynski et al. (2020) argue that, although George Floyd's case was not the first unjust killing of a Black American by the police, the need to defend worldviews fueled by the pandemic intensified people's reactions to racial inequality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 2020 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIncomplete knowledge about coronavirus transmission and treatment makes the virus unpredictable and motivates people to stay updated.
“The unpredictability of the coronavirus due to the lack of complete knowledge on transmission and treatment motivates people to stay updated with the latest information (Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2020; Chandrasekaran et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2020 source
The Discussion’s Principal Findings (page unavailable) say Twitter users may have feared the lack of vaccine and specific antiviral treatments, and may have been interested in notifying others about COVID-19. The paper does not establish that incomplete knowledge of transmission and treatment made the virus unpredictable or motivated people to seek the latest information. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Chandrasekaran et al., 2020 source
The Introduction (page not available) says people commonly share and consume health information on social media, including information about COVID-19. The Results section on treatment sentiments (page not available) also describes users reacting to news about drugs. Neither passage says that incomplete knowledge of transmission and treatment makes the virus unpredictable or motivates people to seek the latest information. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMost earlier social media studies of COVID-19 responses used early-pandemic tweets and an infoveillance approach, which restricted them to health-related responses.
“First, most were based on tweets collected in the early stages of the pandemic, which were analyzed from an infoveillance perspective, thereby limiting their analyses to health-related responses (e.g., Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2020; Boon-Itt et al., 2020; Xue et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2020 source
The Methods > Data Collection section says this infoveillance study analyzed tweets from February 2 to March 15, 2020, supporting its identification as an early-pandemic Twitter study. But Results > Results of Tweet Analysis includes economic losses, travel restrictions, and increased racism, so its analysis was not limited to health-related responses. This paper also cannot establish what most earlier studies did. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Boon-Itt et al., 2020 source
The Introduction and Limitations say this study analyzed early-pandemic tweets and focused on public awareness of COVID-19. But the Introduction describes its approach as sentiment and theme analysis, while the Results also examine news and information-sharing; the paper does not characterize its own analysis as infoveillance restricted to health-related responses. Its Introduction applies the term “infoveillance” to a different study. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Xue et al., 2020 source
The Conclusions (page not provided) say this study analyzed tweets from March 7 to April 21, 2020, and used them for infodemiology. But Comparison With Prior Work (page not provided) identifies topics including lockdown protests, while also noting that earlier Twitter research covered economic impacts and supply chains. The claim that this approach restricted analyses to health-related responses is therefore not supported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPandemic restrictions caused job and income loss, social isolation, and educational and career struggles, which undermined resources for managing death anxiety.
“The restrictions on social activities that were imposed to stop the spread of the virus have led to job and income loss, social isolation, and struggles with pursuing educational and career goals, all of which undermine important resources for managing death anxiety (Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 2020 source
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationDistal defenses were found in the form of worldview defenses, self-esteem striving, and seeking close relationships.
“Distal defenses were found in the form of worldview defenses, self-esteem striving, and the seeking of close relationships (Greenberg et al., 2000; Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationViewing the virus as a conspiracy or scam trivializes its threat and pushes out conscious awareness of vulnerability.
“This trivializes the potential threat of the virus, thus pushing out their conscious awareness of vulnerability (Kelland, 2021; Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Kelland, 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Pyszczynski et al., 2020 source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationSuch undermining can result in either maladaptive defenses (psychological distress) or efforts to restore resources for managing death and vulnerability (adjusting to the new normal).
“Such undermining can result in either maladaptive defenses (i.e., psychological distress) or efforts to restore resources for managing death and vulnerability (i.e., adjusting to the new normal) (Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 2020 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationIn the UK, the 'government response' topic concerns the NHS 'Test and Trace system' designed to track individuals with symptoms or at high risk of infection.
“The first topic, ‘government response’, concerns the National Health Service (NHS)'s ‘Test and Trace system’ which is designed to track individuals with symptoms or at high risk of infection (NHS, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites NHS, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the UK, the 'new normal life' topic concerns long-term changes associated with a post-COVID world.
“The third topic, ‘new normal life’, concerns long-term changes associated with a post-COVID world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the US, the 'health' topic includes tweets sharing links to webinars where experts discussed addressing the healthcare crisis.
“The third topic, ‘health’, denotes tweets that shared links to webinars where experts discussed how to address the healthcare crisis (e.g., digital solutions).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn the US, the 'legal advice' topic includes users discussing common legal issues from the pandemic, such as unpaid wages.
“In the first topic, ‘legal advice’, users discussed common legal issues arising from the pandemic such as unpaid wages.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the US, the 'sharing up-to-date information' theme covers four topics: up-to-date government guidance, up-to-date information on virus, up-to-date statistics, and up-to-date information on treatments.
“The fourth theme, ‘sharing up-to-date information’, covers four topics: up-to-date government guidance, up-to-date information on virus, up-to-date statistics, and up-to-date information on treatments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the US, a few tweets contained multiple themes along with racial division.
“In addition, a few tweets were found that contained multiple themes along with racial division.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationIn India, the 'up-to-date statistics 3' topic was specifically about the state of Maharashtra where Dharavi, Asia's largest slum, is located, and it became a major hotspot that attracted significant attention.
“The third topic, ‘up-to-date statistics 3’, was specifically about the state of Maharashtra where Dharavi, Asia's largest slum, is located. It became a major hotspot that attracted significant attention (e.g., #COVID19 tally in Mumbai's #Dharavi slum rises to [number] with [number] new cases) (Eeshanpriya, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Eeshanpriya, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenIn the US, the 'up-to-date government guidance' topic includes tweets about guidelines issued by individual states.
“The first topic, ‘up-to-date government guidance’, includes tweets regarding guidelines issued by individual states.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationIn the UK, the 'responding to school operational strategy' topic covers public concern about the government's school re-opening plan.
“The fourth topic, ‘responding to school operational strategy’, covers public concern about the government's school re-opening plan (Coughlan, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Coughlan, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn India, the third topic includes some tweets containing multiple themes such as political polarization regarding the government's preventive measures, and most were against the opposition party.
“Furthermore, the third topic includes some tweets containing multiple themes such as political polarization (i.e., the third theme from India) regarding the government's preventive measures, and most were against the opposition party (e.g., It is used to be the Crime Hub of India. #Congress is party always makes political issues. Example They blame government for #coronavirus spread).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the US, the 'racial division' theme includes a single topic 'racial hostility' where both hostility and calls for tolerance for racial injustice were found.
“The third theme, ‘racial division’, includes a single topic ‘racial hostility’ wherein both hostility and calls for tolerance for racial injustice were found.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn India, the 'up-to-date statistics 2' topic included state-level updates for states such as Karnataka, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu.
“The second topic, ‘up-to-date statistics 2’, included state-level updates for states such as Karnataka, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the US, the 'calls for prosocial behavior' topic includes tweets about donating to food banks to ensure reliable food access, especially for children, during the pandemic.
“The first topic, ‘calls for prosocial behavior’, includes tweets such as donating to food banks to ensure people, especially children, have reliable access to food during the pandemic.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the US, news about benefits for unemployed workers was also found.
“News regarding benefits for unemployed workers was also found (e.g., Another 1.5 million filed for unemployment insurance).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the UK, tweets regarding the NHS Test and Trace guidance were shared.
“Tweets regarding its guidance were shared (e.g., If you have been close to someone with #coronavirus, here's how NHS Test and Trace will contact you #TestandTrace).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationIn the UK, the 'encouraging downloads of the tracking app' topic promoted another tracking app developed by researchers from universities and hospitals in partnership with ZOE, a healthcare start-up, for non-profit purposes.
“The second topic, ‘encouraging downloads of the tracking app’, promoted another tracking app developed by researchers from universities and hospitals in partnership with ZOE, a start-up in the healthcare sector, for non-profit purposes (Mayor, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mayor, 2020 source
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationIn the UK, the 'psychological distress' theme includes a single topic 'panic buying' that revealed the extent of psychological distress people felt about those who engaged in panic buying, often called 'covidiots'.
“The sixth theme, ‘psychological distress’, includes a single topic ‘panic buying’ that revealed the extent of psychological distress people felt about those who engaged in panic buying, who were often called ‘covidiots’ (Mahdawi, 2020) (e.g., Of course I am concerned about #covid19 but this stockpiling has got to stop! People who genuinely need them are not going to be able to get them #COVID19UK”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mahdawi, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn India, the fourth theme 'sharing up-to-date information' covers a total of ten topics: five about up-to-date statistics, three about the latest news, and the remaining two covered up-to-date information on treatments and calls for blood donations.
“The fourth theme, sharing up-to-date information, covers a total of ten topics, five of which were about up-to-date statistics and three of which were about the latest news. The remaining two covered up-to-date information on treatments and calls for blood donations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the US, the 'up-to-date information on virus' topic covers information on virus transmission and risk factors.
“The second topic, ‘up-to-date information on virus’, covers information on the transmission of the virus (e.g., Asymptomatic transmission of #COVID19 is rare. #WHO) and its risk factors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn India, the 'up-to-date statistics 4' topic included retweets of positivity rates of testing in various districts including Chennai city.
“In ‘up-to-date statistics 4’, the positivity rates of testing in various districts including Chennai city were retweeted.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenIn the UK, the 'health' topic includes tweets sharing links to webinars or podcast series about health issues such as sleep disorders during the pandemic.
“The first topic, ‘health’, includes tweets that share links to webinars or podcast series about health issues such as sleep disorders during the pandemic.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the UK, the first theme concerns calls for behavioral changes to stop virus spread and includes three topics: government response, encouraging downloads of the tracking app, and promoting social distancing.
“The first theme concerns calls for behavioral changes to stop the spread of the virus and includes three topics: government response, encouraging downloads of the tracking app, and promoting social distancing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationIn India, the third topic, 'government response 3', concerns Prime Minister Modi's address to the nation given at the time of data collection.
“The third topic, ‘government response 3’, is in regard to Prime Minister Modi's address to the nation which was given at the time of data collection of this study (Times of India, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Times of India, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn India, the 'government response 1' topic includes guidelines shared by government bodies such as the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
“The first topic, ‘government response 1’, includes guidelines shared by government bodies such as the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (@MIB_India) and the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (@MoHFW_INDIA).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone givenSeven themes from the TMT framework were consistently applied across the US, UK, and India to understand user responses.
“A total of seven themes, drawn from the TMT framework, were consistently applied to three countries—the US, the UK, and India—to understand users’ responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tweets analyzed reflect genuine psychological responses of users rather than automated or non-representative content.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn India, guidelines issued by the state government make up the second topic, 'government response 2'.
“Guidelines issued by the state government (e.g., Odisha government) make up the second topic, ‘government response 2’.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the UK, the 'business/economy' topic covers users sharing guidance and resources to help businesses manage challenging times.
“The second topic, ‘business/economy’, covers users sharing guidance and resources to help businesses manage challenging times.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenIn the US, the 'up-to-date statistics' topic includes tweets sharing the latest updates on daily cases and death tolls.
“The third topic, ‘up-to-date statistics’, includes tweets sharing the latest updates on daily cases and death tolls.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn India, the 'up-to-date statistics 5' topic included information about sample testing.
“In ‘up-to-date statistics 5’, information about sample testing was shared (e.g., [number] samples have been tested so far).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the US, many businesses exploited COVID-19-related hashtags and the pandemic environment to advertise products, especially digital solutions.
“In addition, many businesses exploited COVID-19-related hashtags and the pandemic environment to advertise products, especially digital solutions (e.g., new #Business solution resources are available from [Blank] to help organizations combat #COVID19).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the US, the 'political polarization' topic deals with tweets showing polarized responses to the Trump administration's COVID-19 handling.
“The first topic, ‘political polarization’, deals with tweets demonstrating users' polarized responses to the Trump administration's handling of the COVID-19 outbreak.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenIn the UK, the 'promoting social distancing' topic includes tweets promoting social distancing initiated by individuals.
“The third topic, ‘promoting social distancing’, includes tweets promoting social distancing initiated by individuals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn India, the 'up-to-date statistics 1' topic covered tweets sharing nationwide updates on confirmed and recovered cases.
“The first topic, ‘up-to-date statistics 1’, covered tweets sharing nationwide updates on confirmed and recovered cases (e.g., #CoronaVirusUpdates India [date] New cases Confirmed [number] Active [number] Recovered [number] Deaths [number]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataIn the US, the 'expressing gratitude' topic includes tweets thanking frontline workers such as healthcare professionals and teachers.
“The third topic, ‘expressing gratitude’, includes tweets that express gratitude for workers on the frontlines such as healthcare professionals and teachers (e.g., Teachers are rising to meet unprecedented challenges during the #COVID19 pandemic. Now more than ever, we need to show our appreciation).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThere were differences in proximal defenses regarding who initiated sharing information about preventive measures: tweets calling for behavioral changes tended to be posted and shared by individuals in individualist cultures such as the US and UK, while such information was posted by the government in collectivist cultures such as India.
“First, there were differences in proximal defenses regarding who initiated sharing information about preventive measures. Tweets that called for behavioral changes tended to be posted and shared by individuals in individualist cultures such as the US and UK, while such information was posted by the government in collectivist cultures such as India.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataUS and UK users tended to blame their governments for incompetent handling of the pandemic in areas such as the economy, health, and education, while no relevant topic on this appeared among Indian users.
“Users in the US and UK showed a tendency to assign blame to governments for their incompetent handling of the pandemic regarding, for example, economic issues, health, and education. On the other hand, no relevant topics were found among users in India.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThis was evident in differences in sharing preventive measures: UK individuals stressed downloading non-government tracking apps and sharing social distancing messages in response to government incompetence, while Indian users retweeted government messages emphasizing collective responsibility.
“This was evident in the differences in sharing preventive measures, in that UK individuals stressed the importance of downloading non-government tracking apps and sharing social distancing messages in response to government incompetence while, in contrast, Indian users retweeted government messages with an emphasis on collective responsibility.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMost Indian users, unlike those in the US and UK, opposed the opposition party and supported the government by retweeting government messages.
“most Indian users, unlike those from the US and UK, were against the opposition party and showed their support for the government by retweeting government messages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataUK users called for tolerance for racial injustice and expressed concern about higher vulnerability of ethnic minority groups (BAME) due to lack of healthcare services and PPE, which they attributed to government incompetence.
“UK users called for tolerance for racial injustice and demonstrated concern about the higher vulnerability of ethnic minority groups (i.e., BAME) due to the lack of healthcare services and PPE, which they believed to be due to government incompetence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn sharing up-to-date information, UK users shared global news based on up-to-date statistics, while Indian users compared India's cases to other countries and often added statements emphasizing collective responsibility.
“While UK users shared global news based on up-to-date statistics (e.g., [number] new confirmed case(s) in USA totaling [number]. Already [number] worldwide), Indian users compared cases in India to those of other countries, typically followed by statements emphasizing collective responsibility for COVID-19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningUK individuals promoted a non-government tracking app as an alternative to the NHS one and actively retweeted social distancing messages.
“UK individuals, in particular, promoted using a non-government tracking app as an alternative to the one developed by the NHS and actively retweeted social distancing messages”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataUK users shared tweets about the NHS symptom tracking app, and other calls for behavioral changes in the UK tended to be initiated by individuals.
“tweets regarding the symptom tracking app developed by the NHS were shared (i.e., the ‘government response’ topic from the UK). Other than that, tweets that called for behavioral changes tend to be initiated by individuals”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn the searching-for-meaning theme, US and UK users pursued meaning at the individual level-US through religious beliefs and UK through managing mental health-while Indian users sought meaning through interpersonal relationships.
“Defenses observed among US and UK users involved the pursuit of meaning in life at the individual level, such as committing to religious beliefs”
- Also stated in: § Cultural differences in terror management responses · hedged
“On the other hand, users in India showed a tendency to search for meaning through interpersonal relationships, as shown in the topic ‘need for close relationships’”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Cultural differences in terror management responses · hedged
May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenIn the UK, preventive-measure sharing was largely initiated by individuals; in India, by government organizations.
“The sharing of preventive measures, which were largely initiated by individuals in the UK and government organizations in India”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThemes related to proximal defenses included calls for behavioral changes, which were commonly observed in all three countries, most notably among UK and Indian users.
“Themes related to proximal defenses included calls for behavioral changes. This theme was commonly observed in all three countries, most notably among UK and Indian users.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe study found two types of defense strategies, proximal and distal, from tweets in the three countries, consistent with previous TMT research.
“this study found two types of defense strategies, proximal defenses and distal defenses, from tweets in the three target countries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationPeople expressed gratitude to frontline workers and showed aggression toward those who stockpiled by calling them 'covidiots'.
“people expressed gratitude to frontline workers (i.e., the ‘expressing gratitude’ topic in searching for meaning) and, at the same time, showed aggression toward those who stockpiled by calling them ‘covidiots’”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAlthough the distinct topic 'racial hostility' in racial division was found only among US users, related tweets were also observed among UK and Indian users along with other themes.
“Although the distinct topic ‘racial hostility’ in racial division was found only among US users, related tweets were also observed among UK and Indian users along with other themes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIndian users actively retweeted government guidelines and preventive measures with hashtags emphasizing collective responsibility, while such behavior was not observed among US and UK users.
“users in India were active in retweeting guidelines and preventive measures from government bodies with hashtags emphasizing collective responsibility (e.g., #IndiaFightsCorona) (i.e., the ‘government response’ topic from India), while such behaviors were not observed among users from the US and UK.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataUS individuals voluntarily shared tweets calling for behavioral changes, but these did not form a distinct topic.
“individuals from the US also voluntarily shared tweets calling for behavioral changes but such tweets were not enough to make up a distinct topic.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataUS users sought information on legal issues, education, and health; UK users shared information on health, business and the economy, and post-COVID predictions; these topics were absent among Indian users.
“US users were active in searching for information in terms of legal issues, education, and health. In a similar vein, UK users shared information in regards to health, business and the economy, and general predictions about the post-COVID-19 world. However, these topics were not observed among users from India.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataUS users also showed calls for behavioral changes, but not enough to form a distinct topic.
“Such behavior was also observed among US users but was not enough to be a topic of their own.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe terror management health model proposes that conscious death awareness can lead to health-oriented behavior or to denial and avoidance, both of which aim to remove death thoughts from focal attention.
“The terror management health model, which applies TMT to health-related judgments and behaviors, suggests that conscious awareness of death can promote health-oriented behaviors or denial and avoidance, both of which aim to remove thoughts of death from one's focal attention (Goldenberg & Arndt, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goldenberg & Arndt, 2008 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen collective mortality is salient, people tend to search for meaning and connect with others to build solidarity, a pattern often seen in online discourse after traumatic events.
“When faced with salient collective mortality, people have a tendency to search for meaning behind it and connect with others to build solidarity, which is frequently observed in online discourses after traumatic events (Fischer-Preßler et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fischer-Preßler et al., 2019 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationTMT offers a framework for explaining how people handle anxiety caused by awareness of death's inevitability.
“TMT provides a theoretical framework to explain how people cope with anxiety resulting from the awareness that death is inevitable (Pyszczynski et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 1999 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTMT holds that death-related thoughts are managed by two defense types: proximal defenses for conscious death concerns and distal defenses when such thoughts are not focal.
“According to TMT, death-related thoughts can be managed by employing two types of defense strategies: proximal defenses, which are activated against conscious awareness of death-related concerns, and distal defenses, which are activated when these thoughts are not one's focal concern (Greenberg et al., 2000; Pyszczynski et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPublic distrust of government tends to increase with policy mistakes, making the situation more chaotic.
“In particular, public distrust of the government tends to grow with policy mistakes, which makes the situation even more chaotic (Cairney & Wellstead, 2021).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cairney & Wellstead, 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationDistal defenses handle death-related anxiety indirectly and symbolically by letting people view themselves as valuable contributors to a meaningful world.
“Distal defenses, unlike proximal threat-focused defenses, deal with death-related anxiety in an indirect, symbolic manner by enabling people to construe themselves as valuable contributors to a meaningful world.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTwitter's affordances allow large-scale real-time information exchange and collective sense-making through shared hashtags.
“Twitter has unique affordances that enable real-time information exchange on a large scale and collective sense-making based on shared sets of hashtags (Chang, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chang, 2010 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisereasoningPeople may adopt preventive measures to manage conscious awareness of their vulnerability, which is a proximal defense.
“For example, people may actively seek preventive measures to manage the conscious awareness of their vulnerability (i.e., proximal defense).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationProximal defenses are threat-focused and push conscious death-related thoughts out of awareness, either through adaptive problem-solving or through distortions such as denying vulnerability and biased processing of threatening information.
“Proximal defenses are threat-focused and function to push these thoughts out of consciousness, either by addressing them in adaptive ways or engaging in cognitive distortions. These entail either rational problem-solving responses that reduce actual risk or defensive responses such as the denial of vulnerability and biased processing of personally relevant threatening information (Croyle et al., 1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDistal defenses encourage behaviors that seem unrelated to mortality awareness but buffer anxiety, including defending one's worldview, boosting self-esteem, and committing to close relationships.
“Thus, these promote behaviors that seemingly bear no logical relationship with mortality awareness but serve anxiety-buffering functions, such as defenses of one's worldview, actions that boost self-esteem, and commitments to close relationships (Pyszczynski et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pyszczynski et al., 1999 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTwitter serves as a powerful communication tool in crisis situations.
“Thus, Twitter is a powerful communication tool during crisis situations (Fischer-Preßler et al., 2019; Mendoza et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationWhen a crisis lasts a long time, anxiety-buffering systems can break down, producing either maladaptive defenses such as psychological distress or new defenses such as adjusting to a new normal.
“During a prolonged crisis, anxiety-buffering systems can be undermined and lead to either maladaptive defenses (i.e., psychological distress) or new forms of defenses (i.e., adjusting to the new normal).”
- Also stated in: § Terror management theory and the COVID-19 pandemic · plain
“This can lead to either maladaptive defenses in the form of psychological distress (Yetzer & Pyszczynski, 2019) or searching for new sources of meaning in life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yetzer & Pyszczynski, 2019 source
- Also stated in: § Terror management theory and the COVID-19 pandemic · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDefending one's worldview during the pandemic contributed to a political divide, with conservatives favoring conservative governments' handling and relaxed distancing, and liberals favoring stricter restrictions.
“The tendency to defend one's worldview results in a political divide, with conservatives endorsing conservative governments' (e.g., the Trump administration) handlings of the COVID-19 crisis and relaxed social distancing guidelines and liberals endorsing tighter restrictions (Deane et al., 2021; Perrett, 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Deane et al., 2021
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Perrett, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenCross-cultural differences in terror management defenses have mostly been found in laboratory settings and need testing in real-life situations like the COVID-19 outbreak.
“However, these cross-cultural differences have been mostly observed in laboratory settings and require further examination under real-life circumstances such as the COVID-19 outbreak.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe US and UK are considered individualist cultures, while India is considered a collectivist culture.
“People in the US and UK are considered to belong to individualist cultures, while those in India belong to collectivist cultures (Kapoor et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kapoor et al., 2003 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenRising case and death counts and media coverage of the coronavirus's lethality heighten the salience of death concerns.
“The ever-increasing case and death toll statistics, coupled with media coverage highlighting the lethality of the novel coronavirus, increase the salience of concerns about death.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe inter-coder reliability for grouping topics into themes was 0.93 for the US, 0.92 for the UK, and 0.87 for India.
“inter-coder reliabilities of 0.93 for the US, 0.92 for the UK, and 0.87 for India were observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe initial inter-coder reliability for topic labels was 0.80 for the US, 0.85 for the UK, and 0.87 for India.
“The initial inter-coder reliabilities of 0.80 for the US, 0.85 for the UK, and 0.87 for India were obtained for topic labels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe research team resolved all discrepancies in topic and theme labels through discussion.
“The research team discussed the remaining discrepancies until all conflicts regarding topic and theme labels were resolved.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThese modes of self-esteem are called independent and interdependent self-esteem.
“These different modes of self-esteem are defined as independent and interdependent self-esteem, respectively (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Oyserman et al., 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationInterdependent self-esteem is more effective at buffering anxiety in collectivist cultures (e.g., China) than independent self-esteem, which is more effective in individualist cultures (e.g., Austria).
“empirically showed that interdependent self-esteem serves anxiety-buffering functions more effectively in collectivist cultures (e.g., China) than independent self-esteem, which functions more effectively in individualist cultures (e.g., Austria).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn individualist cultures, self-esteem is based on personal attributes such as competence; in collectivist cultures, it is based on fulfilling social roles and maintaining harmony.
“Self-esteem in individualist cultures is derived from perceptions of oneself based on personal attributes, such as competence, while self-esteem in collectivist cultures is defined in terms of one's ability to fulfill social roles and maintain harmony with others.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningAdapting to changes in education, business, and health can help maintain self-esteem and restore resources for managing death-related thoughts.
“That is, people's efforts to adapt to changes in important aspects of their lives, such as education, business, and health, can help maintain their self-esteem during this uncertain time and thus restore major resources for managing death-related thoughts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCultural differences in self-esteem arise from different aspects of self-concept, personal versus social, and lead to different views of what makes a valuable person.
“However, cultural differences in self-esteem derived from different aspects of the self-concept (i.e., personal and social self) (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) lead to different views of what constitutes a valuable person (Du et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Markus & Kitayama, 1991 source
- cites Du et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationPeople in individualist cultures are motivated to protect their self-competence against government incompetence, which they perceive as threatening their way of life, while those in collectivist cultures are based on interdependent self-esteem and tend to support their government as an important part of their social identity.
“People in individualist cultures are motivated to protect their self-competence against the government's incompetence, which they perceive as threatening their way of life, while those in collectivist cultures are based on interdependent self-esteem and thus tend to show support for their government which is an important part of their social identity (Feather, 1994).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Feather, 1994 source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThese reactions can be considered worldview defenses, as previous studies show mortality salience leads to more favorable evaluations of those who meet moral standards and harsher evaluations of moral transgressors.
“This can be considered a form of worldview defenses, as previous studies demonstrate that mortality salience leads to more favorable evaluations of those who live up to the moral standards and hasher evaluations of moral transgressors (Florian & Mikulincer, 1997; Pyszczynski et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrevious studies have documented adoption of different defenses due to cultural differences in self-esteem, but existing evidence is from laboratory settings.
“While previous studies have documented the adoption of different defenses due to cultural differences in self-esteem, existing evidence is from laboratory settings (Du et al., 2013; Kashima et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Du et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kashima et al., 2004 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningA media environment rife with misinformation can mislead the public, encouraging harmful decisions that ultimately cause psychological distress.
“a media environment rife with misinformation can mislead the public, encouraging people to make harmful decisions that ultimately cause psychological distress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThemes related to self-esteem striving included searching for meaning and sharing up-to-date information.
“Themes related to self-esteem striving included searching for meaning as well as sharing up-to-date information.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationAnother way to strive for self-esteem is staying updated with latest information; filling the information gap reduces uncertainty and vulnerability and helps maintain self-esteem.
“Another way to strive for self-esteem is through staying updated with the latest information. Efforts to fill the information gap about the novel coronavirus and thus reduce feelings of uncertainty and vulnerability can help people maintain self-esteem to manage challenging times (Fischer-Preßler et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fischer-Preßler et al., 2019 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA growing but limited body of research has examined TMT validity in real-life threatening situations such as terrorist attacks through qualitative studies and social media data analysis.
“a growing—albeit limited—body of research has emerged to examine the validity of TMT in real-life threatening situations, such as terrorist attacks, by conducting qualitative studies (Yum & Schenck-Hamlin, 2005) and analyzing social media data (Fischer-Preßler et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe authors were not always able to determine appropriate topics for a group of key terms identified using LDA due to inability to coherently connect terms; they ended up with 13 topics for the UK despite the computational model generating 15 topics.
“we were not always able to determine appropriate topics for a group of key terms identified using LDA, due to an inability to coherently connect the terms. More specifically, we ended up with 13 topics for the UK, despite our computational model generating 15 topics.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSelf-esteem is an important resource against anxiety and enables individuals to cope with difficult times by searching for meaning in life in their own way.
“Self-esteem is an important resource against anxiety and enables individuals to cope with difficult times by searching for meaning in life in their own way (Harmon-Jones et al., 1997; Pyszczynski et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationSelf-esteem functions as an anxiety buffer, and users attempted to maintain it by engaging in meaning-giving behaviors.
“As self-esteem plays a vital role as an anxiety buffer (Harmon-Jones et al., 1997), users attempted to maintain it by engaging in behaviors that imbued their lives with a sense of meaning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Harmon-Jones et al., 1997 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenConstant exposure to threatening information can undermine people's ability to cope with death-related anxiety and lead to psychological distress.
“Constant exposure to threatening information can undermine people's ability to cope with death-related anxiety and lead to psychological distress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationSince interdependent self-esteem is a more pertinent buffer against mortality salience in collectivist cultures, responses showing the need for close relationships were more commonly found among users in India.
“since interdependent self-esteem is a more pertinent buffer against mortality salience in collectivist cultures (Du et al., 2013), responses that showed the need for close relationships were more commonly found among users in India (i.e., searching for meaning).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Du et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe dataset covers a 5-month period, which is long enough to understand various defense strategies, but represents the early stage of the pandemic.
“although the dataset covers a 5-month period, which is a long enough timeframe to understand people's various defense strategies, dataset represents the early stage of the pandemic.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationYoung adults make up the biggest user demographic, although Twitter is more widely used by diverse user groups compared to other social media platforms.
“young adults make up the biggest user demographic, although Twitter is more widely used by diverse user groups compared to other social media platforms (Perrin & Anderson, 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Perrin & Anderson, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningThe data may be subject to self-selection bias because not everyone uses Twitter.
“the data may be subjective to self-selection bias, since not everyone uses Twitter.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Twitter posts from users in the three countries are valid indicators of the general public's psychological responses to the pandemic.
“Twitter data were collected from three countries—the US, the UK, and India.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The COVID-19 pandemic induces death-related thoughts (mortality salience) in the populations studied.
“there are likely to be differences in defense strategies in response to death-related thoughts derived from the pandemic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Twitter users' profile locations accurately indicate their country of residence (US, UK, India).
“We then further processed the user profiles of these tweets to extract user location according to their profile and identified tweets from India (num. of tweets: 180,017; num. of users: 66,774), the UK (num. of tweets: 226,011; num. of users: 95,372), and the US (num. of tweets: 647,873; num. of users: 265,283)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The tweets analyzed reflect genuine psychological responses of users rather than automated or non-representative content.
“A total of seven themes, drawn from the TMT framework, were consistently applied to three countries—the US, the UK, and India—to understand users’ responses.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The COVID-19 pandemic and its sequelae are impacting views of mortality in ways we are only beginning to ascertain.
“Although the data collected here predate the global COVID-19 pandemic by several years, this epoch, its sequelae, and subsequent upheaval are impacting views of mortality in ways we are only beginning to ascertain [133–135] .”
From Not so terrifying after all? A set of failed replications of the mortality salience effects of Terror Management Theory (2023) · cites this paper as [134]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Indian government-criticism topic is both absent and present
MinorThe comparison says no relevant topic was found among Indian users, but the same paragraph identifies an Indian topic criticizing the government's school policy.
“On the other hand, no relevant topics were found among users in India.”
“The only topic regarding government incompetence observed among Indian users was about their government's school operational strategy (i.e., the ‘responding to school operational strategy’ topic).”
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InfluentialArndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Simon, L. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.5 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Twitter discussions and emotions about the COVID-19 pandemic: Machine learning approach
Xue, J., Chen, J., Hu, R., Chen, C., Zheng, C., Su, Y., & Zhu, T. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20550 · Cited by 369 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Since the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been a growing number of studies that explore public responses to the pandemic using social media data (Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2020; Ahmed et al., 2020; Boon-Itt et al., 2020; Chandrasekaran et al., 2020; Xue et al., 2020).”
InfluentialThe impact of mortality salience on reckless driving: A test of terror management mechanisms.
Ben-Ari, O. T., Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.1.35 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Jordan, J. J., Yoeli, E., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97617-5 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Jordan, J., Yoeli, E., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yuq7x · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Goldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0013326 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
How terrorism news reports increase prejudice against outgroups: A terror management account
Das, E., Bushman, B. J., Bezemer, M. D., Kerkhof, P., & Vermeulen, I. E. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.001 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
World leaders' usage of twitter in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A content analysis
Rufai, S. R., & Bunce, C. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa049 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Theory building with big data-driven research–Moving away from the “What” towards the “Why”
Kar, A. K., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102205 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200261009 · Cited by 276 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Distal defenses were found in the form of worldview defenses, selfesteem striving, and the seeking of close relationships (Greenberg et al., 2000; Pyszczynski et al., 2020).”
A new perspective on Twitter hashtag use: Diffusion of innovation theory
Chang, H. (2010) · Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/meet.14504701295 · Cited by 264 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Among various social networking sites, Twitter has unique affordances that enable real-time information exchange on a large scale and collective sense-making based on shared sets of hashtags (Chang, 2010).”
NLTK: The Natural Language Toolkit
Bird, S., & Loper, E. (2002) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.369 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Florián, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.2.369 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
COVID-19: effective policymaking depends on trust in experts, politicians, and the public
Cairney, P., & Wellstead, A. (2020) · Policy Design and Practice · doi:10.1080/25741292.2020.1837466 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Topics, trends, and sentiments of tweets about the COVID-19 pandemic: Temporal infoveillance study
Chandrasekaran, R., Mehta, V., Valkunde, T., & Moustakas, E. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/22624 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
When Death is Good for Life: Considering the Positive Trajectories of Terror Management
Vail, K. E., Juhl, J., Arndt, J., Vess, M., Routledge, C., & Rutjens, B. T. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312440046 · Cited by 210 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Ways to achieve this would be by adapting to the new normal in important across multiple aspects of life (Pyszczynski et al., 2020) or managing one’s individual mental health (Vail, 2012).”
Death Goes to the Polls: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Effects on Political Attitudes
Burke, B. L., Kosloff, S., & Landau, M. J. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12005 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Text mining for information systems researchers: An annotated topic modeling tutorial
University of Liechtenstein, Debortoli, S., Müller, O., IT University of Copenhagen, Junglas, I., Florida State University, vom Brocke, J., & University of Liechtenstein (2016) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.03907 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Kapoor, S., Hughes, P. C., Baldwin, J. R., & Blue, J. (2003) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2003.08.002 · Cited by 183 · cited 5× · see citing works
“On the other hand, in collectivist cultures such as India (Kapoor et al., 2003), interdependent self-esteem serves better for anxiety management and thus defenses are expected to be related to interpersonal relationships (Du et al.”
InfluentialArndt, J., Schimel, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01972.x · Cited by 172 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2004), such as self-serving attributions (Mikulincer & Florian, 2002), demonstrating skills and competencies for which one finds importance as a source of self-esteem (Arndt et al., 2003; Ben-Ari et al., 1999), donating to charities (Jonas et al.”
Keep Socially (but Not Physically) Connected and Carry on: Preventing Suicide in the Age of COVID-19
Courtet, P., Olié, E., Debien, C., & Vaiva, G. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.20com13370 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The self-protective altruist: Terror management and the ambivalent nature of prosocial behavior
Hirschberger, G., Ein-Dor, T., & Almakias, S. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207313933 · Cited by 148 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 1997), this study considers people’s tendency to strive for self-esteem by enacting behaviors that encourage a sense of purpose, such as engaging in prosocial behaviors (Hirschberger et al., 2008), expressing gratitude (Fischer-Preßler et al.”
(1999) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Jurgens, M., & Helsloot, I. (2018) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12212 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Fischer-Preßler, D., Schwemmer, C., & Fischbach, K. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.012 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The contagion of mortality: A terror management health model for pandemics
Courtney, E. P., Goldenberg, J. L., & Boyd, P. (2020) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12392 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (2002) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2404_2 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Kashima, E. S., Halloran, M., Yuki, M., & Kashima, Y. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.07.007 · Cited by 104 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Research on TMT has examined the crosscultural validity of terror management defenses by comparing the differences between individualist and collectivist cultures (Du et al., 2013; Kashima et al., 2004).”
InfluentialCroyle, R. T., Sun, Y.-C., & Louie, D. H. (1993) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.12.6.503 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Arndt, M., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & al, E. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.1.5 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Handbook of Terror Management Theory
(2019) · doi:10.1016/c2016-0-02231-3 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Croyle, R. T., Sun, Y.-C., & Louie, D. H. (1993) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.12.6.503 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Proceedings of the COLING/ACL on Interactive presentation sessions -
(2006) · doi:10.3115/1225403 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Du, H., Jonas, E., Klackl, J., Agroskin, D., Hui, E. K. P., & Ma, L. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.06.007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Tracking Health Related Discussions on Reddit for Public Health Applications.
Park, A., & Conway, M. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationReactions to 9/11 as a function of terror management and perspective taking
Yum, Y.-O., & Schenck-hamlin, W. (2005) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.145.3.265-286 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Natural Language Processing in Health Care and Biomedicine
Friedman, C., & Elhadad, N. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4474-8_8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Values, national identification and favouritism towards the in‐group
Feather, N. T. (1994) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01042.x · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…against the government’s incompetence, which they perceive as threatening their way of life, while those in collectivist cultures are based on interdependent self-esteem and thus tend to show support for their government which is an important part of their social identity (Feather, 1994).”
Covid-19: Researchers launch app to track spread of symptoms in the UK
Mayor, S. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m1263 · Cited by 48 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The second topic, ‘encouraging downloads of the tracking app’, promoted another tracking app developed by researchers from universities and hospitals in partnership with ZOE, a start-up in the healthcare sector, for non-profit purposes (Mayor, 2020).”
Sowden, R., Borgstrom, E., & Selman, L. E. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247904 · Cited by 41 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This state is often exacerbated by heavy media coverage constantly reminding of death and vulnerability (Pyszczynski et al., 2020; Sowden et al., 2021).”
Terror Management Theory and Psychological Disorder
Yetzer, A. M., & Pyszczynski, T. (2019) · Handbook of Terror Management Theory · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811844-3.00018-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adopting Social Media for Improving Health
Park, A., Bowling, J., Shaw, G., et al. (2019) · North Carolina Medical Journal · doi:10.18043/ncm.80.4.240 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similar computational methods have been used in the healthcare domain to extract information and analyze data (Friedman & Elhadad, 2014; Park et al., 2019; Park & Conway, 2017).”
Self-citationLubliner, D. J. (2015) · Auerbach Publications eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19785 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Preferences, trust, and performance in youth business groups
Holden, S. T., & Tilahun, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257637 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
8 of the 82 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Daboub, R. S. A., Al-Madadha, A., & Al‐Adwan, A. S. (2023) · International Journal of Innovation Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijis.2023.12.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Kwon, S., & Park, A. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107734 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…Segre, & Pol-green, 2011), differences in perception across geographical regions (Hou et al., 2021; Hussain et al., 2021) and cultural backgrounds (Kwon & Park, 2022), spatiotemporal patterns to sentiments (Hu et al., 2021), and public opinions regarding certain health issues (Al-Ramahi,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlGhanboosi, B., Ali, S., & Tarhini, A. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107702 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Treger, S., Benau, E. M., & Timko, C. A. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285267 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Li, M., Hua, Y., Liao, Y., Zhou, L., Li, X., Wang, L., & Yang, J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/39676 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Topics such as “social distancing,” “test results,” “world pandemic,” “COVID-19 news,” and “economic collapse” were both observed in our work and previous studies [32,45-49], which only analyzed tweets during the early stage of the pandemic (mainly from January to August 2020).”
Zhang, W., Wang, R., & Liu, H. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107479 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kumble, S., Diddi, P., & Bien-Aimé, S. (2022) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/21674795221124584 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Finally, tweets that contained less than 5 words were also eliminated as it can be hard for the algorithm to associate short texts with speci fi c topics (Maier et al., 2018) and previous research have also adopted this procedure (e.g., Kwon & Park, 2022).”
Zhou, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1093999 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Most studies of people’s behavioral and psychological reactions to the outbreak of COVID-19 have been based in Western countries where individualism is prevalent, and relatively few studies have been conducted in countries where collectivism and power distance are high (Kwon and Park, 2022).”
BackgroundExploring Hype in Metaverse: Topic Modeling Analysis of Korean Twitter User Data
Sun, S., Kim, J.-H., Jung, H.-S., Kim, M., Zhao, X., & Kamphuis, P. (2023) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems11030164 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Unresolved COVID Controversies: ‘Normal science’ and potential non-scientific influences
Cáceres, C. F. (2022) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2022.2036219 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…on the internet and the role played by social media allow for the dissemination of all kinds of ideas and theories that diverge frommainstream COVID scientific discourse and are very diverse in terms of conceptual framework and evidence base – let alone cultural context (Kwon & Park, 2022).”
BackgroundLu, L., Xu, J., Wei, J., Shults, F. L., & Feng, X. L. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02744-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Park, A. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/15055 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For instance, social media data have been applied in improving public health outcomes [21], conducting disease surveillance [22-24], enhancing personal health care experiences [19,25,26], examining the daily struggles of living with mental health conditions [27], predicting adverse drug reactions [28], and understandi…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCavaliere, D., Fenza, G., Loia, V., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.9781/ijimai.2023.02.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Mukerjee, S., & Qin, H. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0063 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rohn, E. J., Hearn, J. H., Philippus, A. H., & Monden, K. R. (2022) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2022.2129164 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wang, K., Sun, Z., Hou, Y., & Yuan, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1190906 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A temporal dynamics framework and methodology for computationally intensive social media research
Kishore, S., Sundaram, D., & Myers, M. D. (2024) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1177/02683962241283051 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“A group of users can be delineated geographically (Kwon and Park, 2022), through speci fi c parameters (Bachura et al., 2022), or by their interaction with speci fi c discourses (Syed and Silva, 2023; Vaast et al., 2017).”
Su, Q., & Li, F. S. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2025.03.012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sengupta, I., Jain, K., Kar, A. K., & Sharma, I. (2024) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-08-2023-0649 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bălăeţ, M., Kurtin, D. L., Gruia, D. C., Lerede, A., Custovic, D., Trender, W. R., Jolly, A., Hellyer, P. J., & Hampshire, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1183789 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Liu, M. T., & Ma, Y. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104239 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mental health concerns prelude the Great Resignation: Evidence from Social MediaPreprint
del Rio-Chanona, R. M., Carrillo, A. H., Sepahpour‐Fard, M., Sun, L., Topinková, R., & Nedelkoska, L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2482901/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kim, Y., & Oh, K. W. (2025) · Clothing and Textiles Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0887302x251347559 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Self-esteem, the subjective evaluation of one ’ s characteristics and abilities (Rosenberg, 1979), signi fi cantly in fl uences luxury consumption in threatening contexts (Kwon & Park, 2022; Wang et al., 2022).”
Facing the fear: leading global brands’ social media communication in times of crisis
Byun, S., Mann, M., & Ginder, W. (2025) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-08-2024-5375 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tracking the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown policy on public mental health using social mediaPreprint
Li, M., Hua, Y., Liao, Y., Zhou, L., Li, X., Wang, L., & Yang, J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1498436/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Who and why: a study of British distrust in the government and media during the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Bălăeţ, M., Kurtin, D. L., Gruia, D. C., Lerede, A., Custovic, D., Trender, W. R., Jolly, A., Hellyer, P. J., & Hampshire, A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1564442/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
La crise sanitaire comme moment décisif contestataire ?
Tihon, J., & Glowacz, F. (2024) · Criminologie · doi:10.7202/1114794ar · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Public Perception Towards Children's COVID-19 Vaccination with Natural Language ProcessingPreprint
DELİCE, E., Tozan, H., POLATLI, L. Ö., & Karadayı, M. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3088966/v1
Vaccine Sentiment Analysis: A Twitter Study Using NLP and ML Approach
Jaganathan, S. C. B., Sreeram, M., Praharaj, B., Sanjay, R., Roy, S., Kastode, Y. J. S., & Priyadharshini, A. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83790-6_18
Li, C., Jordan, A., Ge, Y., & Park, A. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/51638
“This understanding will help us develop more effective public health strategies and interventions to mitigate negative consequences associated with pandemics in the future [7], particularly concerning obesity and other diet-related health issues.”
Self-citationYodchai, N., Akaraputinat, V., & Chaisurin, P. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251401401
“Individuals who excelled in adapting to and prospering within the cultural environment of ideas, values, rules, and deities were more likely to play a significant role in shaping the continued evolution of the human brain (Kwon & Park, 2022).”
Witkowska, M. , Beneda, M., Formanowicz, M., Leszko, M., Arslan, S., Nikadon, J., Kowalski, J., Erseghe, T., & Suitner, C. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/6485997
“To protect user privacy in our study, we followed the approach of Kwon and Park [57] by refraining from citing actual posts.”
Cheung‐Blunden, V., Rajkumar, S., Hirata, Y., McDonough, C. A., & Liao, C. (2026) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2026.2688329
- Authors
- Kwon, S., & Park, A.
- Affiliations
- Korea University (KR)
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Albert
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 128
- Pages
- 107087
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8558263
- OpenAlex
- W3209112567
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 5.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, terror management theory, death-related thoughts, cultural differences, political polarization, racial division, psychological distress, new normal, social media, public health communication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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