Self‐sacrifice as self‐defence: Mortality salience increases efforts to affirm a symbolic immortal self at the expense of the physical self
Abstract
Abstract The increasing occurrence of suicide bombing attacks highlights a question that has received little direct empirical attention in social psychology. Why are people willing to sacrifice their lives to advance an ideological agenda? The current research suggests that willingness to self‐sacrifice reflects efforts to manage death awareness by investing in a symbolic identity that provides some form of immortality. If willingness to self‐sacrifice is a response to death awareness then increasing the salience of death thoughts should lead to an increase in willingness to self‐sacrifice for a death‐transcending symbolic identity (e.g. one's nation). Further, if self‐sacrifice after mortality salience (MS) is a striving for symbolic immortality then having participants imagine an alternative way to transcend death should moderate this effect. Support for these hypotheses was found as MS increased willingness of British participants to self‐sacrifice for England, but only when an alternative route to symbolic immortality was not provided. Implications are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Mortality salience has increased participants' willingness to martyr themselves for their worldviews.
“For example, MS has increased participants' willingness to martyr themselves for their worldviews [18,19];”
From An Appreciative View of the Brighter Side of Terror Management Processes (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
Cites
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559 · see citing works
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317 · see citing works
The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
Brewer, M. B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291175001 · Cited by 5,107 · see citing works
(2004) · Cited by 1,588 · see citing works
Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities
Campbell, D. T. (2007) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/bs.3830030103 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60016-7 · Cited by 1,505 · see citing works
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308 · Cited by 1,412 · see citing works
Why Do People Need Self-Esteem? A Theoretical and Empirical Review.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.435 · Cited by 1,367 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60328-7 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects.
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Simon, L., & Breus, M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.627 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Individual Self, Relational Self, Collective Self
(2015) · doi:10.4324/9781315783024 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Social Identity Theory's Self-Esteem Hypothesis: A Review and Some Suggestions for Clarification
Rubin, M., & Hewstone, M. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_3 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Affects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangement of the negative affects.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.3.489 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
McGregor, H. A., Lieberman, J. D., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, M., Simon, L., & Pyszczynski, T. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.3.590 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Group Motivation: Social Psychological Perspectives
Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. J. (1993) · Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) · Cited by 521 · see citing works
I belong, therefore, I exist: ingroup identification, ingroup entitativity, and ingroup bias.
Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Paladino, M.-P., & Sacchi, S. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202282001 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Mortality salience, martyrdom, and military might: The Great Satan versus the Axis of Evil
Pyszczynski, T., Abdollahi, A., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., & Weise, D. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205282157 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
The broken connection : on death and the continuity of life
Lifton, R. J. (1979) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 426 · see citing works
McGregor, H. A., Lieberman, J. D., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., Simon, L., & Pyszczynski, T. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.590 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of mortality salience on reckless driving: a test of terror management mechanisms.
Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.35 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Dechesne, M., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Ransom, S., Sheldon, K. M., van Knippenberg, A., & Janssen, J. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.722 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of mortality salience on reckless driving: A test of terror management mechanisms.
Ben-Ari, O. T., Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.1.35 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Schimel, J., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Waxmonsky, J., & Arndt, J. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.905 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0013326 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards a single-process uncertainty-reduction model of social motivation in groups.
Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. J. (1993) · Cited by 285 · see citing works
A Function of Form: Terror Management and Structuring the Social World.
Landau, M. J., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Martens, A., Goldenberg, J. L., & Solomon, S. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.190 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
A time to tan: Proximal and distal effects of mortality salience on sun exposure intentions
Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264056 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationGreenberg, J. L., Simon, L., Harmon-Jones, E., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1995) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420250406 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Schimel, J. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.19 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationFlorian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.725 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Broken Connection: On Death and Continuity of Life
Haldipur, C. V. (1984) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1984.38.4.586 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Arndt, J., Cook, A., & Routledge, C. D. (2004) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationIn case of death, cling to the ingroup
Castano, E. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.211 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Goldenberg, J. L., Arndt, J., Hart, J., & Brown, M. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205277207 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscending oneself through social identification
Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Paladino, M. P. (2004) · Digital Access to Libraries · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vicarious annihilation: The effect of mortality salience on perceptions of hate crimes.
Lieberman, J. D., Arndt, J., Personius, J. L., & Cook, A. (2001) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1012738706166 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationJonas, E., & Greenberg, J. (2003) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.178 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dolnik, A. (2003) · Studies in Conflict and Terrorism · doi:10.1080/10576100390145143 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Stenersen, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139871501.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Two Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research
Burke, B. L., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. H. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309352321 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Mind Perception Is the Essence of Morality
Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.651387 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Collective Trauma and the Social Construction of Meaning
Hirschberger, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01441 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
“If the existential anxiety emanating from trauma is a driving force behind the construction of a symbolic continuous collective self, to the extent that individual life is dispensable for the sake of group immortality (Pyszczynski et al., 2006; Routledge and Arndt, 2008), the successful construction of a trans-generat…”
BackgroundA Terror Management Analysis of the Psychological Functions of Religion
Vail, K. E., Rothschild, Z. K., Weise, D. R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309351165 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Jonas, E., McGregor, I., Klackl, J., Agroskin, D., Fritsche, I., Holbrook, C., Nash, K., Proulx, T., & Quirin, M. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800052-6.00004-4 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
The multidimensional existential meaning scale: a tripartite approach to measuring meaning in life
George, L. S., & Park, C. L. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1209546 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
How terrorism news reports increase prejudice against outgroups: A terror management account
Das, E., Bushman, B. J., Bezemer, M. D., Kerkhof, P., & Vermeulen, I. E. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.001 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Routledge, C., Ostafin, B., Juhl, J., Sedikides, C., Cathey, C., & Liao, J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021431 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Death is Good for Life: Considering the Positive Trajectories of Terror Management
Vail, K. E., Juhl, J., Arndt, J., Vess, M., Routledge, C., & Rutjens, B. T. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312440046 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationThe contagion of mortality: A terror management health model for pandemics
Courtney, E. P., Goldenberg, J. L., & Boyd, P. (2020) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12392 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Vail, K. E., Arndt, J., & Abdollahi, A. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212449361 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationMartela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2022.2070528 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Jonas, E., & Fritsche, I. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0033052 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Vess, M., Arndt, J., Cox, C. R., Routledge, C., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015545 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationVail, K. E., Arndt, J., Motyl, M. S., & Pyszczynski, T. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationTopalli, V., Brezina, T., & Bernhardt, M. (2012) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480612463114 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Routledge, C. D., & Arndt, J. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208329629 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationA Little Piece of Me: When Mortality Reminders Lead to Giving to Others
Dunn, L., White, K., & Dahl, D. W. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaa020 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Arndt, J., Cox, C. R., Goldenberg, J. L., Vess, M., Routledge, C., Cooper, D. P., & Cohen, F. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015182 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationArndt, J., & Vess, M. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00079.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Prooijen, J., & Kuijper, S. M. H. C. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109888 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Orehek, E., Sasota, J. A., Kruglanski, A. W., Dechesne, M., & Ridgeway, L. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036675 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Excavating Victim Stories: Making Sense of Agency, Suffering and Redemption
(2019) · The Emerald Handbook of Narrative Criminology · doi:10.1108/978-1-78769-005-920191023 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Consideration of Three Critical Hypotheses
Schimel, J., Hayes, J., & Sharp, M. (2019) · Handbook of Terror Management Theory · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811844-3.00001-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Specificity in the Study of Mixed Emotions: A Theoretical Framework
Oh, V. Y. S., & Tong, E. M. W. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683221083398 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Juhl, J., & Routledge, C. D. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00639.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationPerach, R., & Wisman, A. (2019) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.171 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Identity Salience and its dynamics in Palestinians Adolescents
Kira, I. A., Alawneh, A. W. N., Aboumediane, S., Mohanesh, J., Özkan, B., & Alamia, H. (2011) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2011.28120 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Guthrie, D. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221093613 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Moral‐Existential Account of the Psychological Factors Fostering Intergroup Conflict
Kesebir, P., & Pyszczynski, T. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00397.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Wojtkowiak, J., & Rutjens, B. T. (2011) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2011.557008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chatard, A., Selimbegović, L., Konan, P. N., Arndt, J., Pyszczynski, T., Lorenzi‐Cioldi, F., & der Linden, M. V. (2011) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343310397435 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationWalklate, S., & Mythen, G. (2016) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-016-9324-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Effects of Trait Self-Esteem and Death Cognitions on Worldview Defense and Search for Meaning
Juhl, J., & Routledge, C. (2014) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2012.718038 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationRoutledge, C. D., Juhl, J., Vess, M., Cathey, C. L., & Liao, J. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612459770 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationRoutledge, C., Juhl, J., Abeyta, A., & Roylance, C. (2014) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000172 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationAn existential perspective on violent solutions to ethno–political conflict.
Hirschberger, G., & Pyszczynski, T. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12346-016 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cox, C. R., Darrell, A., & Arrowood, R. B. (2019) · Handbook of Terror Management Theory · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811844-3.00004-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Employees’ Death Awareness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model
Jacobsen, A., & Beehr, T. A. (2021) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-021-09772-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mortality threat mitigates interpersonal competition: an EEG-based hyperscanning study
Zhou, X., Pan, Y., Zhang, R., Bei, L., & Li, X. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab033 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Caspi-Berkowitz, N., Mikulincer, M., Hirschberger, G., Ein‐Dor, T., & Shaver, P. R. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000172 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
An Appreciative View of the Brighter Side of Terror Management Processes
Vail, III, & Juhl, J. (2015) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci4041020 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“For example, MS has increased participants’ willingness to martyr themselves for their worldviews [18,19]; increased fundamentalists’ willingness to refuse modern medical treatment in favor of religious treatments [20]; and reduced beach-goers willingness to protect themselves from harmful sun exposure [14].”
BackgroundVergani, M., O'Brien, K. S., Lentini, P., & Barton, G. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12488 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Whither Criminology: Its Global Futures?
Walklate, S. (2016) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-015-9223-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Specific and Individuated Death Reflection Fosters Identity Integration
Blackie, L. E. R., Cozzolino, P. J., & Sedikides, C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154873 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The role of mortality awareness in heroic enactment
McCabe, S., Carpenter, R. W., & Arndt, J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.08.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationRoutledge, C. D., Juhl, J., & Vess, M. (2010) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2010.495667 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe desire to be remembered: A review and analysis of legacy motivations and behaviors
Waggoner, B., Bering, J. M., & Halberstadt, J. B. (2022) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.101005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Eliciting Mortality Salience in Dark Tourism and its Influence
Kai, B., & Chen, R. (2024) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231223659 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Why Does Ingroup Identification Shield People from Death Anxiety?
Herrera, M., & Sani, F. (2012) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000128 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Williams, M. (2016) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434472.2016.1186718 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Karami, R., & Keshavarz, M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05167-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Torres, C. E. C., & del Campo‐Ríos, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22699 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Work, love, and death‐thought accessibility: A terror management investigation
McCabe, S., & Daly, M. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12258 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Scott, A., Schimel, J., & Sharp, M. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000262 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Solomon, S., & Thompson, S. (2019) · Handbook of Terror Management Theory · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811844-3.00012-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Les nouveaux martyrs : l'agonie de l'identité
Barzin, N. (2011) · Topique · doi:10.3917/top.113.0161 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The role of mortality awareness in hero identification
McCabe, S., Carpenter, R. W., & Arndt, J. (2016) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2016.1206033 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationRoutledge, C. D., Roylance, C., & Abeyta, A. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41397-6_17 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Sacrifice for a Cause: A Review and an Integrative Model
Bélanger, J. J., Schumpe, B. M., Menon, B., Ng, J., & Nociti, N. (2018) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781526470317.n25 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
People act extremely toward their amorous partner when they feel insignificant
Contu, F., Ellenberg, M. D., Kruglanski, A. W., & Pierro, A. (2023) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12506 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
More Than Meets the Eye: There's More to Meaning Maintenance Than Violated Expectations
Routledge, C. D., & Vess, M. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.721078 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Hospice as a Learning Environment: A Follow-Up Study with a Palliative Care Team
Testoni, I., Sblano, F. V., Palazzo, L., Pompele, S., & Wieser, M. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207460 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Means substitutability in personal significance restoration
Contu, F., Ellenberg, M. D., Kruglanski, A. W., & Pierro, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193336 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Decision processes of a suicide bomber—the economics and psychology of attacking and defecting
Pittel, K., & Rübbelke, D. (2011) · Defence and Peace Economics · doi:10.1080/10242694.2011.585817 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Meaning and Automatic Stereotyping: Advancing an Agenda for Research
Flórez, I. A., Schulenberg, S. E., & Stewart, T. L. (2016) · Logotherapy and existential analysis: proceedings of the Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29424-7_11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Conceptualizing Death in a Worldview Consistent, Meaningful Way and Its Effects on Worldview Defense
Rogers, R. (2011) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2011.535379 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Xie, Q., Yan, Y., Lai, J., & Wei, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1455818 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“You kill or you die, or you die and you kill”: Meaning and Violence in AMC 's The Walking Dead
Tenga, A., & Bassett, J. F. (2016) · The Journal of Popular Culture · doi:10.1111/jpcu.12488 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Which Cognitive Biases can Exacerbate our Workload?
Moss, S. A., Wilson, S. G., & Davis, J. M. (2016) · Australasian Journal of Organisational Psychology · doi:10.1017/orp.2016.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Life-after-death beliefs and self motivations
Echabe, A. E., & Perez, S. (2016) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1181601 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hess, F. M., & Fritsche, I. (2023) · Politik und Religion · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-40559-5_4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sozialpsychologie der menschlichen Existenz: Positive Psychologie und Psychologie der Religion
Fischer, P., Asal, K., & Krueger, J. (2013) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30272-5_10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, P., Shang, Y., & Bai, Z. (2026) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-04-2025-0261 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pandemics and Resiliency: Psychometrics and Mental Models
Tallapragada, M. (2021) · Risk, systems and decisions · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77344-1_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The End is Near: Mortality Salience in Apocalyptic Films
Lieberman, J. D., & Fergus, M. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137276896_3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
In the Valley of the Shadow of Death: Insecurity and Miraculous Experiences
Eschler, E. (2020) · Review of religious research · doi:10.1007/s13644-020-00419-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sozialpsychologie der menschlichen Existenz: Positive Psychologie und Psychologie der Religion
Fischer, P. A., Jander, K., & Krueger, J. I. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56739-5_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Orford, J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197676752.001.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Motyl, M. S., & Pyszczynski, T. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Conrad, B. (2009) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Role of Death Denial in Culture and Consciousness
Solomon, S. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0434 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Decision Processes of a Suicide Bomber - Integrating Economics and PsychologyPreprint
Pittel, K., & Rübbelke, D. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1347945 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410512-6.00020-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Suicide Terrorism: a Brief Bibliography of Scholarly Resources
Marlatt, G. E. (2015) · Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School)
NATURE OF SUICIDE BOMBERS CHOICE
Asymova, G. (2011)
Mortality Salience and Political Violence
Vergani, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8066-1_7
Vergani, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8066-1_5
Waggoner, B. (2018) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Finding Meaning in Misery: Can Stressful Situations Provide Meaning in Life?
Juhl, J. (2013) · NDSU Repository (North Dakota State University)
Effects of Terrorism News on Prejudiced Attitude: Analyzing Some Case Studies
Sultan, K. (2011) · JISR management and social sciences & economics · doi:10.31384/jisrmsse/2011.09.2.8
Meaning In Life And Automatic Stereotyping: A Study Of College Students
Flórez, I. A. (2015)
(2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102617-5.16001-1
A Goal Systematic Approach to Persuasion
Schumpe, B. M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197687468.003.0009
Orford, J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197676752.003.0007
Orford, J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197676752.002.0005
Orford, J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197676752.002.0004
Orford, J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197676752.003.0008
- Authors
- Routledge, C., & Arndt, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Corresponding author
- Routledge, Clay
- Venue
- European Journal of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-06-05
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 531-541
- ISSN
- 0046-2772 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0992
- OpenAlex
- W1966958066
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- self-sacrifice, mortality salience, death awareness, symbolic immortality, symbolic identity, national identity, suicide bombings, self-defense
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
