Executive Functioning as a Predictor of Children's Mathematics Ability: Inhibition, Switching, and Working Memory
Abstract
Children's mathematical skills were considered in relation to executive functions. Using multiple measures--including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), dual-task performance, Stroop task, and counting span-it was found that mathematical ability was significantly correlated with all measures of executive functioning, with the exception of dual-task performance. Furthermore, regression analyses revealed that each executive function measure predicted unique variance in mathematics ability. These results are discussed in terms of a central executive with diverse functions (Shallice & Burgess, 1996) and with recent evidence from Miyake, et al. (2000) showing the unity and diversity among executive functions. It is proposed that the particular difficulties for children of lower mathematical ability are lack of inhibition and poor working memory, which result in problems with switching and evaluation of new strategies for dealing with a particular task. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed, along with suggestions for task changes and longitudinal studies that would clarify theoretical and developmental issues related to executive functioning.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
An early correlational study showed that working memory and flexible shifting of attention independently predict early mathematics achievement over and above reading ability and IQ.
“An early demonstration of this relation was seen in a correlational study in which measures of working memory and the flexible shifting of attention were shown to independently predict early mathematics achievement over and above measures of reading ability and IQ”
From School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as Bull & Scerif 2001
Children's abilities to store and manipulate information in short-term memory are closely associated with scholastic attainments over the school years.
“Children Õ s abilities to store and manipulate information in short-term memory are closely associated with scholastic attainments over the school years.”
From A structural analysis of working memory and related cognitive skills in young children (2004) · cites this paper as Bull & Scerif, 2001
Cites
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622 · see citing works
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860 · see citing works
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336 · see citing works
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory
(2010) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-62209-1 · Cited by 6,035 · see citing works
Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.
MacLeod, C. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · Cited by 5,500 · see citing works
Attention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of Behavior
Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986) · Consciousness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1 · Cited by 4,455 · see citing works
Specific impairments of planning
Shallice, T. (1982) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082 · Cited by 3,741 · see citing works
Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60041-9 · Cited by 3,456 · see citing works
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual – Revised and Expanded
Heaton, R. K., Chelune, C., Talley, J., Kay, G., & Curtiss, G. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,975 · see citing works
(1995) · Cited by 2,809 · see citing works
Exploring the Central Executive
Baddeley, A. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755608 · Cited by 2,390 · see citing works
Development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1998) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01230-3 · Cited by 1,299 · see citing works
Operational efficiency and the growth of short-term memory span
Case, R., Kurland, D. M., & Goldberg, J. S. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(82)90054-6 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Response suppression, initiation and strategy use following frontal lobe lesions
Burgess, P. W., & Shallice, T. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00104-2 · Cited by 854 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…have targeted the constructs hidden underneath the umbrella term “central executive”, using converging research approaches: neurobiological (for a review, see Robbins, 1996), cognitive (Baddeley, 1996), neuropsychological (Burgess & Shallice, 1996), and developmental (Karmiloff-Smith, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodAssessment of children's intelligence and special abilities
Sattler, J. M. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 791 · see citing works
The domain of supervisory processes and temporal organization of behaviour.
Shallice, T., & Burgess, P. (1996) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0124 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Brief Report: Specific Executive Function Profiles in Three Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Ozonoff, S., & Jensen, J. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1023052913110 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2000) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709900158047 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Working Memory Impairments in Children with Specific Arithmetic Learning Difficulties
McLean, J. F., & Hitch, G. J. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1999.2516 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Working memory and executive control
Baddeley, A., & Sala, S. D. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0123 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Dissociating executive functions of the prefrontal cortex.
Robbins, T. W. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0131 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Berman, K. (1995) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00035-2 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
The domain of supervisory processes and the temporal organization of behaviour
Shallice, T., & Burgess, P. W. (1998) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524410.003.0003 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Random Generation and the Executive Control of Working Memory
Baddeley, A., Emslie, H. C., Kolodny, J., & Duncan, J. (1998) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755788 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Dual-task performance in dysexecutive and nondysexecutive patients with a frontal lesion.
Baddeley, A., Sala, S. D., Papagno, C., & Spinnler, H. R. (1997) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.11.2.187 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes
Roberts, R. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1996) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649609540642 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Bull, R., Johnston, R., & Roy, J. (1999) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649909540759 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in Learning and Behavioural Disabilities
Scruggs, T. E. (1999) · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Assessment of working memory in six- and seven-year-old children.
Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.377 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Aging, Inhibition, Working Memory, and Speed
Salthouse, T. A., & Meinz, E. J. (1995) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/50b.6.p297 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
The shape school: Assessing executive function in preschool children
Espy, K. A. (1997) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649709540690 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Arithmetic Disabilities, Specific and Otherwise
Rourke, B. P. (1993) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949302600402 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
A Reevaluation of Working Memory Capacity in Children
Towse, J. N., Hitch, G. J., & Hutton, U. M. Z. (1998) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1998.2574 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Working Memory in Learning Disability Subgroups
Swanson, H. L. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1993.1027 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The central executive: A concept and some misconceptions
BADDELEY, A. (1998) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561779800513x · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The ruff figural fluency test: A normative study with adults
Ruff, R. M., Light, R. H., & Evans, R. W. (1987) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565648709540362 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Increases in Intrusion Errors and Working Memory Deficit of Poor Comprehenders
Béni, R. D., Palladino, P., Pazzaglia, F., & Cornoldi, C. (1998) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755761 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Working Memory in Children with Autism and with Moderate Learning Difficulties
Russell, J., Jarrold, C., & Henry, L. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01459.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Irrelevant Pictures in Visual Working Memory
Quinn, J. G., & McConnell, J. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755613 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Swanson, H. L. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1998.2477 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Less Skilled Readers Have Less Efficient Suppression Mechanisms
Gernsbacher, M. A. (1993) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00567.x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Is there a Relationship between Task Demand and Storage Space in Tests of Working Memory Capacity?
Towse, J. N., & Hitch, G. J. (1995) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749508401379 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Koontz, K. L. (1996) · Mathematical Cognition · doi:10.1080/135467996387525 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Dual‐Task Paradigm: A Means To Examine the Central Executive
Sala, S. D., Baddeley, A., Papagno, C., & Spinnler, H. R. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38137.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Disabilities of Arithmetic and Mathematical Reasoning
Rourke, B. P., & Conway, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949703000103 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Learning disabled readers working memory as a function of processing demands
Swanson, H. L., Ashbaker, M. H., & Lee, C. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1996.0016 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Regional brain activity during tasks devoted to the central executive of working memory
Collette, F., Salmon, É., der Linden, M. V., Chicherio, C., Belleville, S., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., & Franck, G. (1999) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00045-7 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The Role of Working Memory in Language Comprehension
Carpenter, P. A., & Just, M. A. (1988) · doi:10.4324/9780203761618-7 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Stroop and Garner effects in comparative judgment of numerals: The role of attention.
Pansky, A., & Algom, D. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.39 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The domain of supervisory processes and the temporal organisation of behaviour
Shallice, T., & Burgess, P. W. (1998) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Semantic Competition as The Basis of Stroop Interference: Evidence From Color-Word Matching Tasks
Luo, C. R. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00103 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Working Memory and School Achievement in the Ninth Form
Lehto, J. E. (1995) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/0144341950150304 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Comoldi, C., Barbieri, A., Gaiani, C., & Zocchi, S. (1999) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649909540739 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self‐monitoring in poor and good reading comprehenders and their use of strategy
Cataldo, M. G., & Cornoldi, C. (1998) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1998.tb00915.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Profiles of Reading Comprehension Difficulties: An Analysis of Single Cases
Barnes, M. A., & Dennis, M. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203053324-11 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Lorsbach, T. C., Wilson, S., & Reimer, J. F. (1996) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1996.0030 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Visuo-Spatial Short-Term Memory: Visual Working Memory or Visual Buffer?
Logie, R. H. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6407-8_3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Profiles of reading comprehension difficulties: An analysis of single cases.
Cornoldi, C., R, D. B., & PAZZAGLIA, F. (1996) · Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Type of stimulus mediates the relationship between working-memory performance and type of precocity
Dark, V. J., & Benbow, C. P. (1994) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(94)90006-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Young, D. L. (1996) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Knowledge about reading and self-evaluation in reading disabled children
Pazzaglia, F., Cornoldi, C., & Béni, R. D. (1995) · Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stroop and Garner effects in comparative judgment of numerals: The role of attention.
Pansky, A., & Algom, D. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.25.1.39 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 67 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x · Cited by 3,140 · see citing works
“…a study examining mathematics ability in children in the first grade, at age 7 years, independent effects were reported for inhibitory control, attention shifting , and working memory aspects of executive function, with the most robust relation being that for working memory (Bull & Scerif, 2001).”
BackgroundPreschool Program Improves Cognitive Control
Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1151148 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Very Preterm and/or Very Low Birth Weight Children
Aarnoudse-Moens, C. S. H., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., van Goudoever, J. B., & Oosterlaan, J. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2816 · Cited by 1,587 · see citing works
Bull, R., Espy, K. A., & Wiebe, S. A. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640801982312 · Cited by 1,544 · see citing works
“…executive functioning and children’s early emerging and developing mathematical skills across a wide age range (e.g., Bull, Johnston, & Roy, 1999; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Espy, McDiarmid, Cwik, Stalets, Hamby, & Senn, 2004; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000; Gathercole et al., 2004; McLean & Hitch,…”
InfluentialSelf-citationLinks between behavioral regulation and preschoolers’ literacy, vocabulary, and math skills.
McClelland, M. M., Cameron, C. E., Connor, C. M., Farris, C. L., Jewkes, A. M., & Morrison, F. J. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.947 · Cited by 1,561 · see citing works
“…attention, working memory, and inhibitory control are each important for school performance and adaptation (Alexander et al., 1993; Blair, 2002; Bull & Scerif, 2001; McClelland et al., 2006; National Institute of Child Health & Human Development [NICHD] Early Child Care Research Network, 2003).”
BackgroundBernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.x · Cited by 1,388 · see citing works
Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.007 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
“…on inhibition and working memory tasks, in particular, consistently relates to performance in mathematics and reading (Blair & Razza, 2007; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Protopapas, Archonti, & Skaloumbakas, 2007; St. Clair-Thompson & Gathercole, 2006; van der Schoot, Licht, Horsley, & Sergeant,…”
Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment
Alloway, T. P., & Alloway, R. G. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.11.003 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
“Working memory is also linked to math outcomes; low working memory scores are closely related to poor performance on arithmetic word problems (Swanson & Sachse-Lee, 2001) and poor computational skills (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Geary, Hoard, & Hamson, 1999).”
Executive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory
St Clair-Thompson, H. L., & Gathercole, S. E. (2006) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210500162854 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
“The results are consistent with findings of independent contributions of discrete executive functions to children’s attainment in mathematics (Bull & Scerif, 2001) and extend these findings to standardized assessments in English, mathematics, and science.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSchool Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221 · Cited by 1,240 · see citing works
Executive functions after age 5: Changes and correlates.
Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Jones, L. L. (2009) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.002 · Cited by 1,007 · see citing works
“Similarly, Bull and Scerif (2001) found that 7-year-olds with lower math ability showed poorer inhibition (indicated by greater Stroop interference), difficulty switching from a learned strategy to a new strategy (indicated by increased perseverative responses on the WCST; see also Bull, Johnston,…”
BackgroundGathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Knight, C. J., & Stegmann, Z. (2003) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.934 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
“It has also been found that children with poor mathematical abilities show deficits in complex working memory span tasks (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Mayringer & Wimmer, 2000; Siegel & Ryan, 1989).”
BackgroundPonitz, C. C., McClelland, M. M., Matthews, J. S., & Morrison, F. J. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015365 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
“…superiority likely arises because the skills required by tasks like the HTKS (attentional focusing, working memory, and inhibitory control) also help children perform well scholastically and on academic classroom tasks (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Howse, Calkins, et al., 2003; McClelland et al., 2000).”
BackgroundBierman, K. L., Nix, R. L., Greenberg, M. T., Blair, C., & Domitrovich, C. E. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000394 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
“…for early mathematical ability, as several studies have shown predictive relations between working memory, inhibitory control, and attention shifting measures of EF and math skill acquisition in preschool and the early elementary grades (Blair & Razza, 2007; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Espy et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWeiland, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12099 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
“Each is associated with language and math skills among preschool-aged children (Blair & Razza, 2007; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Diamond, Carlson, & Beck, 2005; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000).”
Early gender differences in self-regulation and academic achievement.
Matthews, J. S., Ponitz, C., & Morrison, F. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014240 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Preschool executive functioning abilities predict early mathematics achievement
Clark, C. A. C., Pritchard, V. E., & Woodward, L. J. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019672 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Effects of the FITKids Randomized Controlled Trial on Executive Control and Brain Function
Hillman, C. H., Pontifex, M. B., Castelli, D. M., Khan, N. A., Raine, L. B., Scudder, M. R., Drollette, E. S., Moore, R. D., Wu, C.-T., & Kamijo, K. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3219 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Swanson, H. L., & Beebe-Frankenberger, M. (2004) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.3.471 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
“…suggested that specific activities of the central executive related to suppression of irrelevant information and resource monitoring are deficient in children with math and/or reading disabilities (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Chiappe et al., 2000; Passolunghi, Cornoldi, & De Liberto, 1999; Swanson, 1999).”
BackgroundA structural analysis of working memory and related cognitive skills in young children
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., Willis, C., & Adams, A.-M. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2003.10.002 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
“Links have been found between these working memory abilities and attainments in the areas of reading (e.g., De Jong, 1998; Swanson, 1994), mathematics (e.g., Bull & Scerif, 2001; * Corresponding author.”
BackgroundCragg, L., & Gilmore, C. K. (2014) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2013.12.001 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
“…as mathematical word problems, across a range of different age groups (Agostino, Johnson, & Pascual- Leone, 2010; Andersson, 2007, 2008; Berg, 2008; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Campos, Almeida, Ferreira, Martinez, & Ramalho, 2012; Hecht, Close, & Santisi, 2003; Kroesbergen et al., 2009; Lee, Ng, Ng, &…”
Working memory and mathematics in primary school children: A meta-analysis
den Bos, I. F., van der Ven, S. H. G., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Luit, J. E. H. V. (2013) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2013.05.003 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Welsh, J. A., Nix, R. L., Blair, C., Bierman, K. L., & Nelson, K. E. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016738 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
“Bull and Scerif (2001) found that tasks assessing inhibitory control of attention and attention set shifting (in addition to working memory ) made independent contributions to math achievement for first-grade children.”
BackgroundMazzocco, M. M. M., Feigenson, L., & Halberda, J. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01608.x · Cited by 559 · see citing works
“Additional covariates included measures of lexical retrieval speed (Willburger, Fussenegger, Moll, Wood, & Landerl, 2008), visual perceptual skills (Mazzocco, Bhatia, & Lesniak-Karpiak, 2006), memory, working memory, and spatial memory (e.g., Bull & Scerif, 2001).”
Leibovich, T., Katzin, N., Harel, M., & Henik, A. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x16000960 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Brock, L. L., Rimm‐Kaufman, S. E., Nathanson, L., & Grimm, K. J. (2009) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.06.001 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children
Morales, J., Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.002 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
“…2004; Savage, Cornish, Manly, & Hollis, 2006) and later language and math achievement (Barrouillet & Lepine, 2005; Blair & Razza, 2007; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Espy et al., 2004; Gathercole et al., 2004; Passolunghi, Vercelloni, & Schadee, 2007; Swanson & Kim, 2007) depend heavily on working…”
Number development and developmental dyscalculia
von Aster, M., & Shalev, R. S. (2007) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00868.x · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Executive functioning in children, and its relations with reasoning, reading, and arithmetic
van der Sluis, S., de Jong, P. F., & van der Leij, A. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.001 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
The Contribution of Executive Functions to Emergent Mathematic Skills in Preschool Children
Espy, K. A., McDiarmid, M. M., Cwik, M. F., Stalets, M. M., Hamby, A., & Senn, T. E. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2601_6 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
“Several investigators (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000; McLean & Hitch, 1999) have noted the role of WM in mathematics in older school-age children.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Cognitive and Behavioral Characteristics of Children With Low Working Memory
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., Kirkwood, H., & Elliott, J. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01282.x · Cited by 492 · see citing works
“…skills are characteristic of children failing to progress normally in the areas of reading (e.g., De Jong, 1998; Swanson, 1994), mathematics (e.g., Bull & Scerif, 2001; Mayringer & Wimmer, 2000; Passolunghi & Siegel, 2001; Siegel & Ryan, 1989), and language comprehension (e.g., Nation, Adams,…”
BackgroundPredictors of early growth in academic achievement: the head-toes-knees-shoulders task
McClelland, M. M., Cameron, C. E., Duncan, R., Bowles, R. P., Acock, A. C., Miao, A., & Pratt, M. E. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00599 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
“We also expected that the HTKS and measures of EF would be especially predictive of growth in early mathematics skills (Bull and Scerif, 2001; Cameron Ponitz et al., 2009; Bull et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPeng, P., Namkung, J., Barnes, M., & Sun, C. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000079 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Lan, X., Legare, C. H., Ponitz, C. C., Li, S., & Morrison, F. J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.11.001 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
“For example, in a study examining math ability in first graders, independent effects were reported for inhibition, attention shifting, and working memory aspects of EF, with the most robust relation being that for working memory (Bull & Scerif, 2001).”
BackgroundExecutive Functioning and Mathematics Achievement
Bull, R., & Lee, K. (2014) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12059 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Self-citationGilmore, C. K., Attridge, N., Clayton, S., Cragg, L., Johnson, S. J., Marlow, N., Simms, V., & Inglis, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067374 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Ursache, A., Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2011) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00209.x · Cited by 451 · see citing works
“For example, Bull and Scerif (2001) demonstrated that measures of the shifting and working memory aspects of EF were uniquely associated with math achievement at the end of first grade.”
Bagetta (2016) · doi:10.1111/mbe.12100 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Shifting ability predicts math and reading performance in children: a meta-analytical study
Yeniad, N., Malda, M., Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Pieper, S. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.10.004 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
“Clark et al. (2010) for instance found that the Flexible Item Selection Task showed robust correlations with later achievement scores whereas the Shape School-Switch Condition demonstrated no association with achievement in preschool children after controlling for verbal intelligence, working memory and inhibition.”
ResultPontifex, M. B., Saliba, B. J., Raine, L. B., Picchietti, D. L., & Hillman, C. H. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.036 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
“These acute exercise-induced enhancements in response production and neurocognitive function also may have relevance for maximizing scholastic performance in all children, as evidenced by the exerciseinduced improvements in the areas of reading comprehension and arithmetic—subjects that have been found to depend heavi…”
ResultSmedt, B. D., Janssen, R., Bouwens, K., Verschaffel, L., Boets, B., & Ghesquière, P. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.01.004 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Developmental dyscalculia is related to visuo-spatial memory and inhibition impairment
Szűcs, D., Devine, A., Soltész, F., Nobes, A., & Gabriel, F. C. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.007 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
“In addition, tasks with interference suppression demands have been shown to be strongly related to mathematical development (e.g., Bull and Scerif, 2011; Espy et al., 2004; Blair and Razza, 2007; Swanson, 2011; Marzocchi et al., 2002).”
BackgroundJacob, R., & Parkinson, J. (2015) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654314561338 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
“…2004), and numerous studies have documented an association between executive function and achievement in both reading and mathematics (e.g., Alloway, Banner, & Smith, 2010; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Clark, Pritchard, & Woodward, 2010; Espy et al., 2004; Gathercole, Pickering, Knight, & Stegmann, 2004).”
BackgroundCortés Pascual, A., Moyano Muñoz, N., & Quílez Robres, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01582 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Zhou, Q., Chen, S. H., & Main, A. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00176.x · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“…Swanson, & Reiser, 2008), and grade point average (Liew, McTigue, Barrois, & Hughes, 2008; Zhou et al., 2010) EF has been positively related to academic achievement and school readiness (e.g., Blair, 2002; Blair, Granger, & Razza, 2005; Blair & Razza, 2007; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Espy et al., 2004)”
BackgroundInfluentialWorking memory and access to numerical information in children with disability in mathematics
Passolunghi, M. C., & Siegel, L. S. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2004.04.002 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Geary, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e318209edef · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Social and behavioral skills and the gender gap in early educational achievement.
DiPrete, T., & Jennings, J. (2012) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.09.001 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“…of these skills under the categories of cognitive self-regulation, self-discipline, effortful control, or executive function (Blair and Diamond, 2008; Blair and Razza, 2007; Bull and Scerif, 2001; Bull et al., 2008; Duckworth and Seligman, 2005; Duncan et al., 2007; Clair-Thompson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundLongitudinal associations between executive functioning and academic skills across content areas.
Fuhs, M. W., Nesbitt, K. T., Farran, D. C., & Dong, N. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036633 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Smedt, B. D., Verschaffel, L., & Ghesquière, P. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.01.010 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Executive function in early childhood: Longitudinal measurement invariance and developmental change.
Willoughby, M. T., Family Life Project Investigators, Wirth, R. J., & Blair, C. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025779 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
The Relation Between Space and Math
Mix, K. S., & Cheng, Y.-L. (2012) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394388-0.00006-x · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Working memory training improves reading processes in typically developing children.
Loosli, S. V., Buschkuehl, M., Perrig, W. J., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2012) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.575772 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
“…Kirkwood, & Elliott, 2009; Pickering, 2006; Rapport, Scanlan, & Denney, 1999), as for example, to mathematical skills (e.g., Alloway et al., 2005; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Gathercole, 1999; Mayringer & Wimmer, 2000; McLean & Hitch, 1999; Passolunghi & Siegel, 2001; Siegal & Ryan, 1989), but also to…”
Chaddock, L., Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711000567 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
“…to restructure knowledge and information based on changing situational demands (Diamond, 2006), and there is a lack of consensus regarding the functional role of this cognitive process in academic achievement (Bull & Scerif, 2001; DeStefano & LeFevre, 2004; St. Clair-Thompson & Gathercole, 2006).”
BackgroundMurphy, M. M., Mazzocco, M. M. M., Hanich, L. B., & Early, M. C. (2007) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194070400050901 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Spiegel, J. A., Goodrich, J. M., Morris, B. M., Osborne, C. M., & Lonigan, C. J. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000322 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
“…is concurrently associated with difficulties in reading (e.g., Christopher et al., 2012; de Jong et al., 2009), mathematics (e.g., Andersson, 2008; Bull & Scerif, 2001), and language (e.g., Lonigan et al., 2016; McClelland et al., 2007), and it is longitudinally predictive of academic…”
BackgroundMazzocco, M. M. M., & Myers, G. F. (2003) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-003-0011-7 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
“strength of the correlations between TEMA-2 performance and either rapid naming or DTPV-2 performance was comparable to the correlation reported by Bull and Scerif (2001) between math performance and executive function skills.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMontgomery, J., Magimairaj, B. M., & Finney, M. C. (2010) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2009/09-0028 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
The attentive brain: insights from developmental cognitive neuroscience
Amso, D., & Scerif, G. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4025 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Self-citationRueda, M. R., Checa, P., & Cómbita, L. M. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.004 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
“…efficiency (i.e. smaller conflict scores) show higher levels of competence at school, understanding competence as a combination of school achievement and adequate socio-emotional adjustment in the classroom (Blair and Razza, 2007; Bull and Scerif, 2001; Checa et al., 2008; Rueda et al., 2010).”
Individual Differences in Arithmetic: Implications for Psychology, Neuroscience and Education
Dowker, A. (2012) · Cited by 324 · see citing works
The Development of Executive Function in Childhood
Cragg, L. (2008) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7437.003.0041 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
“The WCST has been used as a measure of set-shifting and executive function in typically developing children (Arffa, Lovell, Podell, & Goldberg, 1998; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Chelune & Baer, 1986; Levin et al., 1991; Somsen, in press; Welsh, Pennington, & Groisser, 1991) and performance is thought to…”
MethodFuhs, M. W., & McNeil, N. M. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12013 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Computer-assisted intervention for children with low numeracy skills
Räsänen, P., Salminen, J. B., Wilson, A. J., Pirjo Aunio, A., & Dehaene, S. (2009) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.09.003 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Verbal ability and executive functioning development in preschoolers at head start.
Fuhs, M. W., & Day, J. D. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021065 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Willoughby, M. T., The Family Life Project Investigators, Blair, C., Wirth, R. J., & Greenberg, M. T. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025361 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
“…appears to be more strongly related to math than reading achievement, which is interesting given the presumed involvement of the prefrontal cortex in both solving math problems and completing inhibitory control tasks (Blair & Razza, 2007; Bull et al., 2008; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Espy et al., 2004).”
Working Memory in the Classroom
Gathercole, S. E., Lamont, E., & Alloway, T. P. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012554465-8/50010-7 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Developmental and Individual Differences in Understanding of Fractions
Siegler, R., & Pyke, A. A. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031200 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“…found to be related to whole number arithmetic; moreover, children with LA tend to exhibit executive functioning deficits relative to typically achieving peers (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Mazzocco & This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.”
BackgroundA Longitudinal Assessment of Executive Function Skills and Their Association with Math Performance
Mazzocco, M. M. M., & Kover, S. T. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040600611346 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“Our findings support that working memory contributes to both concurrent (Bull & Scerif, 2001) and emerging (Espy et al., 2004) mathematics skills.”
BackgroundInfluentialHolmes, J., & Adams, J. W. (2006) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410500341056 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“…executive ability (such as operation or listening span) have also been associated with children’s mathematics (e.g., Bull, Johnston, & Roy, 1999; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000a, 2000b; Hitch & McAuley, 1991; Jarvis & Gathercole, 2003; Maybery & Do, 2003; Wilson & Swanson,…”
MethodResultInfluentialKindergarten Predictors of Math Learning Disability
Mazzocco, M. M. M., & Thompson, R. E. (2005) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2005.00129.x · Cited by 301 · see citing works
“For instance, inhibition, task switching, and working memory have been implicated as predictive of concurrent math ability in primary school-age children ( Bull & Scerif, 2001 ); and working memory is deficient in children with MLD (Geary, 2004; Kaufmann, 2002; McLean & Hitch, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe development of executive functions and early mathematics: A dynamic relationship
Van der Ven, S. H. G., Kroesbergen, E. H., Boom, J., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2012) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02035.x · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“…relationships between tasks measuring executive functions and (preparatory) maths skills (e.g., Barouillet & Lépine, 2005; Blair & Razza, 2007; Bull & Scerif, 2001; D’Amico & Guarnera, 2005; Espy et al., 2004; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000; Geary, Hoard, Byrd-Craven, & DeSoto, 2004; Van der…”
Inhibition and shifting in children with learning deficits in arithmetic and reading
van der Sluis, S., de Jong, P. F., & van der Leij, A. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2003.12.002 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Ahmed, S. F., Tang, S., Waters, N. E., & Davis-Kean, P. (2019) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000296 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Representation and working memory in early arithmetic
Rasmussen, C., & Bisanz, J. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2005.01.004 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Arithmetic
Dowker, A. (2005) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203324899 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison in children with and without dyscalculia
Mussolin, C., Mejias, S., & Noël, M. (2010) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.10.006 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“Early research focused on general cognitive functions such as working memory (e.g., Bull & Scerif, 2001), visuospatial attention (Rourke, 1993; Rourke & Conway, 1997), and retrieval of information from long-term memory (Geary, Hamson, & 0010-0277/$ - see front matter 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.…”
BackgroundDirect and indirect influences of executive functions on mathematics achievement
Cragg, L., Keeble, S., Richardson, S., Roome, H. E., & Gilmore, C. K. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.01.014 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
“This is in line with previous research (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Sz}ucs et al., 2013) and provides evidence in support of the proposal that there are multiple domainspecific inhibitory control systems, rather than a single inhibitory system which applies across all domains (Egner, 2008).”
Executive functions as predictors of math learning disabilities
Toll, S. W. M., Van der Ven, S. H. G., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Van Luit, J. E. H. (2011) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219410387302 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“In addition, Bull and Scerif (2001) found a relationship only between mathematics and an inhibition task in which numerical contents were present and no such relationship between mathematics and the regular Stroop task, in which the name of a color is printed in a not-denoted color that has to be…”
Gathercole, S. E., Brown, L., & Pickering, S. J. (2003) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2003.20.3.109 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Kassai, R., Futo, J., Demetrovics, Z., & Takacs, Z. K. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000180 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“Although weak or at most moderate correlations among the components are consistently found in the literature (Bull & Scerif, 2001; Carlson, Moses, & Breton, 2002; Senn, Espy, & Kaufmann, 2004; St. Clair-Thompson & Gathercole, 2006), in most studies those disappear after controlling for age and…”
BackgroundWilloughby, M. T., The Family Life Project Investigators, Blair, C. B., Wirth, R. J., & Greenberg, M. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0018708 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
“…2003; Gerardi-Caulton, 2000), social–emotional development (Carlson, Mandell, & Williams, 2004; Hughes & Ensor, 2007), academic ability (Blair & Razza, 2007; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Diamond, Barnett, Thomas, & Munro, 2007), and general intelligence and verbal ability (Carlson, Moses, & Breton, 2002).”
Working memory deficit in children with mathematical difficulties: A general or specific deficit?
Andersson, U., & Lyxell, B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.10.001 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Foundations of mathematics and literacy: The role of executive functioning components
Purpura, D. J., Schmitt, S. A., & Ganley, C. M. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.08.010 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
The role of the executive functions in school achievement at the end of Grade 1
Monette, S., Bigras, M., & Guay, M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.01.008 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Executive Functions After Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
Levin, H. S., & Hanten, G. R. (2005) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.02.002 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Roles of Attention Shifting and Inhibitory Control in Fourth-Grade Reading Comprehension
Kieffer, M. J., Vukovic, R. K., & Berry, D. J. (2013) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.54 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Arroyo, I., Woolf, B. P., Burelson, W., Muldner, K., Rai, D., & Tai, M. (2014) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-014-0023-y · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“as working memory capacity and executive function (Bull and Scerif 2001).”
Christian, P. S. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1861 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Barr, R., Lauricella, A. R., Zack, E., & Calvert, S. L. (2010) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0038 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“Similarly, Bull and Scerif (2001) found that 7-year-old children with poor mathematics scores had poor inhibition and poor working memory scores.”
BackgroundManganese exposure from drinking water and children's academic achievement
Khan, K., Wasserman, G. A., Liu, X., Ahmed, E., Parvez, F., Slavkovich, V. N., Levy, D., Mey, J. L., van Geen, A., Graziano, J. H., et al. (2011) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.002 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“Our study results are consistent with the literature that showed poor working memory as a predictor of mathematics achievement (Bull and Scerif, 2001; Bull et al., 2008; Geary et al., 2004).”
ResultGathercole, S. E., & Alloway, T. P. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01446.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“…literacy (e.g., De Jong, 1998; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000; Gathercole, Pickering, Knight, & Stegmann, 2004b; Swanson, 1994), mathematics (e.g., Bull & Scerif, 2001; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000; Gathercole et al., 2004b; Mayringer & Wimmer, 2000; Siegel & Ryan, 1989), and language…”
Decision‐making Competence, Executive Functioning, and General Cognitive Abilities
Fabio Del Missier, A., Mäntylä, T., & de Bruin, W. B. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.731 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“…positive relationships of mathematical performance with various cognitive measures of working memory, speed of processing, and EF (see, e.g. Bull & Scerif, 2001; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000; Geary, 2004; Kail & Hall, 1999; Lee, Ng, & Ng, 2009; Lee, Ng, Ng, & Lim, 2004; Lehto, 1995;…”
Jarvis, H. L., & Gathercole, S. E. (2003) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2003.20.3.123 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Johnson, S. J., Dieter Wolke, C., Hennessy, E., & Marlow, N. (2011) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2011.540541 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“…attainment has been associated with attention and executive functions (Assel, Landry, Swank, Smith, & Steelman, 2003; Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Marlow et al., 2007; St Clair-Thompson & Gathercole, 2006), visuospatial skills (Assel et al., 2003; Rickards, Kelly, Doyle, &…”
Imbo, I., & Vandierendonck, A. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.09.001 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“…memory has been studied predominantly by means of correlations between working memory measures (e.g., counting span, Trails task, Stroop task) and simple arithmetic performance (e.g., Bull & Johnston, 1997; Bull et al., 1999; Bull & Scerif, 2001; McLean & Hitch, 1999; Passolunghi & Siegel, 2001).”
InfluentialAlloway, T. P. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.07.002 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“…eVective predictors of performance in many complex cognitive activities including reading (e.g., Swanson, 1994; De Jong, 1998), mathematics (e.g., Bull & Scerif, 2001; Mayringer & Wimmer, 2000; Siegel & Ryan, 1989), and language comprehension (e.g., Nation, Adams, Bowyer-Crane, & Snowling, 1999;…”
BackgroundLearning executive function and early mathematics: Directions of causal relations
Clements, D. H., Sarama, J. H., & Germeroth, C. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.009 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
The concept of inhibition in cognition.
MacLeod, C. M. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11587-001 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Behavioral and Cognitive Aspects of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Prather, P. A., & de Vries, P. J. (2004) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738040190090601 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bull, R., & Scerif, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Venue
- Developmental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 273-293
- ISSN
- 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
- 8756-5641
- OpenAlex
- W2142887785
- Semantic Scholar
- 813c3c045849f82cac2db2f26cee0ca306349f28
- Cited by
- 1,501
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 101 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 13.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nuffield Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- executive function, mathematical ability, children, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, working memory, central executive, dual-task performance, Stroop task, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, strategy evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Mathematics, Memory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
