Hair follicle pigmentation
Open accessAbstract
Hair shaft melanin components (eu- or/and pheomelanin) are a long-lived record of precise interactions in the hair follicle pigmentary unit, e.g., between follicular melanocytes, keratinocytes, and dermal papilla fibroblasts. Follicular melanogenesis (FM) involves sequentially the melanogenic activity of follicular melanocytes, the transfer of melanin granules into cortical and medulla keratinocytes, and the formation of pigmented hair shafts. This activity is in turn regulated by an array of enzymes, structural and regulatory proteins, transporters, and receptors and their ligands, acting on the developmental stages, cellular, and hair follicle levels. FM is stringently coupled to the anagen stage of the hair cycle, being switched-off in catagen to remain absent through telogen. At the organ level FM is precisely coupled to the life cycle of melanocytes with changes in their compartmental distribution and accelerated melanoblast/melanocyte differentiation with enhanced secretory activity. The melanocyte compartments in the upper hair follicle also provides a reservoir for the repigmentation of epidermis and, for the cyclic formation of new anagen hair bulbs. Melanin synthesis and pigment transfer to bulb keratinocytes are dependent on the availability of melanin precursors, and regulation by signal transduction pathways intrinsic to skin and hair follicle, which are both receptor dependent and independent, act through auto-, para- or intracrine mechanisms and can be modified by hormonal signals. The important regulators are MC1 receptor its and adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, agouti protein ligands (in rodents), c-Kit, and the endothelin receptors with their ligands. Melanin itself has a wide range of bioactivities that extend far beyond its determination of hair color.
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The hair follicle is an immune-privileged organ that can be maintained by POMC-derived peptides including MSH and perhaps cortisol.
“The HF is considered an immune privilege organ that can also be maintained by POMC-derived peptides including melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) [129, 180, 181] and perhaps cortisol [59, 182].”
From Steroidogenesis in the skin: Implications for local immune functions (2013) · cites this paper as [181]
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On the role of skin in the regulation of local and systemic steroidogenic activities
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Hair follicle stem cells: Walking the maze
Tiede, S., Kloepper, J. E., Bodó, E., Tiwari, S., Kruse, C., & Paus, R. (2007) · European Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.006 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
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Melanocortin Receptor Ligands: New Horizons for Skin Biology and Clinical Dermatology
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Melatonin and the hair follicle
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Corticotropin releasing hormone and the skin
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An updated classification of hair follicle morphogenesis
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The biology of human hair greying
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Neuroendocrine System of the Skin
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Decoding the Evolution of Melanin in Vertebrates
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Bin, B., Bhin, J., Yang, S. H., Shin, M., Nam, Y., Choi, D. H., Shin, D. W., Lee, A., Hwang, D., Cho, E., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129273 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Neuro–immuno–endocrinology of the skin: how environment regulates body homeostasis
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Singh, S. K., Kurfurst, R., Nizard, C., Schnebert, S., Perrier, E., & Tobin, D. J. (2010) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.10-159046 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Dissecting the Impact of Chemotherapy on the Human Hair Follicle
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Hassan, M., Ashraf, Z., Abbas, Q., Raza, H., & Seo, S. (2016) · Interdisciplinary Sciences Computational Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12539-016-0171-x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
PMEL Amyloid Fibril Formation: The Bright Steps of Pigmentation
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Inhibition of human hair follicle growth by endo‐and exocannabinoids
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Hormones and the pilosebaceous unit
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Kim, T., Lin, Z., Tidwell, W. J., Li, W., & Slominski, A. T. (2014) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.024 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
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Synthesis and physiological implications of melanic pigments (Review)
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Role of TRPM in melanocytes and melanoma
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The Peripheral Clock Regulates Human Pigmentation
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Aging of the hair follicle pigmentation system
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EdnrB Governs Regenerative Response of Melanocyte Stem Cells by Crosstalk with Wnt Signaling
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Vitiligo and the melanocyte reservoir
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Cytochromes P450 and Skin Cancer: Role of Local Endocrine Pathways
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Pape, E. L., Wakamatsu, K., Ito, S., Wolber, R., & Hearing, V. J. (2008) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00479.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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Fundamental hair follicle biology and fine fibre production in animals
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Premature graying of hair: Review with updates
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From frog integument to human skin: dermatological perspectives from frog skin biology
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Cutaneous Melanoma—A Long Road from Experimental Models to Clinical Outcome: A Review
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Nanomaterials in hair care and treatment
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Melanocyte Receptors: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Relevance
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Profiling the Response of Human Hair Follicles to Ultraviolet Radiation
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Neuroendocrinology of the skin
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microRNAs in the Regulation of Melanogenesis
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Asian Hair: A Review of Structures, Properties, and Distinctive Disorders
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A neuroendocrinological perspective on human hair follicle pigmentation
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Melanocytes, melanocyte stem cells, and melanoma stem cells
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Conditioned media-integrated microneedles for hair regeneration through perifollicular angiogenesis
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Electron paramagnetic resonance as a unique tool for skin and hair research
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Selective Coloration of Melanin Nanospheres through Resonant Mie Scattering
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Quantitative mapping of human hair greying and reversal in relation to life stress
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Revisiting the role of melatonin in human melanocyte physiology: A skin context perspective
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- Authors
- Slominski, A., Wortsman, J., Plonka, P. M., Schallreuter, K. U., Paus, R., & Tobin, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- SIU Medicine (US)
- Jagiellonian University (PL)
- University of Bradford (GB)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Slominski, Andrzej
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-21
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1201498
- OpenAlex
- W2072657606
- Cited by
- 532
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (1R01-AR047079, R01AR047079)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
- Keywords
- hair follicle pigmentation, melanocytes, keratinocytes, dermal papilla, anagen, hair cycle, melanocyte differentiation, MC1 receptor, ACTH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, agouti protein, CD117, endothelin receptors, melanin precursors, signal transduction, hair color
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hair Color, Humans, Melanocytes, Hair Follicle
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