Hormones and the pilosebaceous unit
Open accessAbstract
Hormones can exert their actions through endocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine, autocrine and intracrine pathways. The skin, especially the pilosebaceous unit, can be regarded as an endocrine organ meanwhile a target of hormones, because it synthesizes miscellaneous hormones and expresses diverse hormone receptors. Over the past decade, steroid hormones, phospholipid hormones, retinoids and nuclear receptor ligands as well as the so-called stress hormones have been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in controlling the development of pilosebaceous units, lipogenesis of sebaceous glands and hair cycling. Among them, androgen is most extensively studied and of highest clinical significance. Androgen-mediated dermatoses such as acne, androgenetic alopecia and seborrhea are among the most common skin disorders, with most patients exhibiting normal circulating androgen levels. The "cutaneous hyperandrogenism" is caused by in stiu overexpression of the androgenic enzymes and hyperresponsiveness of androgen receptors. Regulation of cutaneous steroidogenesis is analogous to that in gonads and adrenals. More work is needed to explain the regional difference within and between the androgn-mediated dermatoses. The pilosebaceous unit can act as an ideal model for studies in dermato-endocrinology.
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The severity of hirsutism does not correlate well with circulating androgen concentrations.
“The severity of hirsutism does not correlate well with circulating androgen concentrations [26]”
From The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
The pilosebaceous unit has the necessary tools to use sex steroid precursors for transformation into more potent sex hormones.
“The pilosebaceous unit has all the necessary tools to utilize sex steroid precursors for the transformation to more potent sex hormones [91, 92].”
From Steroidogenesis in the skin: Implications for local immune functions (2013) · cites this paper as [92]
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Itami, S., Sonoda, T., Kurata, S., & Takayasu, S. (1994) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/0923-1811(94)90040-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Frontiers in the (Neuro-)endocrine Controls of Hair Growth
Paus, R. (2007) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings · doi:10.1038/sj.jidsymp.5650050 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chen, W., Tsai, S.-J., Liao, C.-Y., Tsai, R.-Y., Chen, Y.-J., Pan, B.-J., Hung, C.-L., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2006) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700442 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationAdrenomedullin: expression and possible role in human skin and hair growth
Muller, F. B., Müller‐Röver, S., Korge, B. P., Kapas, S., Hinson, J. P., & Philpott, M. P. (2003) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05016.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kitagawa, T., Matsuda, K., Inui, S., Takenaka, H., Katoh, N., Itami, S., Kishimoto, S., & Kawata, M. (2009) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.23.2.9999 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Takeda, H., Katagata, Y., & Kondo, S. (2002) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04854.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Expression of Sex-Determining Genes in the Scalp of Men with Androgenetic Alopecia
Chen, W., Yang, C., Tsai, R., Liao, C.-Y., Yen, Y.-T., Hung, C.-L., Chen, K., Tsai, S., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2007) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000099583 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationLipase expression in human skin
Jiménez‐Acosta, F., Planas, L., & Penneys, N. S. (1990) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/0923-1811(90)90131-v · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mild Cutaneous Manifestation in Two Young Women with Extraordinary Hyperandrogenemia
Chen, W., Chen, G.-Y., Tsai, S., Wang, P., Sheu, H., Shen, Y.-S., & Chen, F. (2004) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000081484 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMisumi, Y., & Akiyoshi, T. (1990) · Cells Tissues Organs · doi:10.1159/000146821 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dermato‐Endocrinology – an exciting area of skin research with promising perspectives
Böhm, M., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2004) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2004.00286.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Dermato-Endocrinology 2009; Vol. 1 Issue 2
- Chen W, Yang C-C, Sheu H-M, Seltmann H, Zouboulis ChC. Expression of PPAR and c/ EBP transcription factors in cultured human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:441-7.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Carmina, E., Dewailly, D., Gambineri, A., Kelestimur, F., Moghetti, P., Pugeat, M., Qiao, J., Wijeyaratne, C. N., Witchel, S. F., et al. (2012) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr042 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Key role of CRF in the skin stress response system
Slominski, A. T., Zmijewski, M. A., Zbytek, B., Tobin, D. J., Theoharides, T. C., & Rivier, J. (2013) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2012-1092 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Steroidogenesis in the skin: Implications for local immune functions
Slominski, A., Zbytek, B., Nikolakis, G., Manna, P. R., Skobowiat, C., Zmijewski, M., Li, W., Janjetovic, Z., Postlethwaite, A., Zouboulis, C. C., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.006 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Self-citationThe skin as an endocrine organ
Zouboulis, C. C. (2009) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.1.5.9499 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationCutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity
Slominski, A. T., Manna, P. R., & Tuckey, R. C. (2014) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.12376 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Skin steroidogenesis in health and disease
Nikolakis, G., Stratakis, C. A., Kanaki, T., Slominski, A., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2016) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9390-z · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, D., Yang, X., Li, J., Yu, J., & Wu, X. (2019) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14050 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chen, W.-C., & Zouboulis, C. C.
- Affiliations
- Städtisches Klinikum Dessau (DE)
- Venue
- Dermato-Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 81-86
- ISSN
- 1938-1972 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-1980
- PMC
- PMC2835896
- OpenAlex
- W2027424246
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Dermato-Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- pilosebaceous unit, steroid hormones, androgens, hair cycle, retinoids, nuclear receptor ligands, stress hormones, androgen receptor, acne, androgenetic alopecia, seborrhea
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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