The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Change Blindness: Theory and Consequences
Abstract
People often fail to notice large changes to visual scenes, a phenomenon now known as change blindness. The extent of change blindness in visual perception suggests limits on our capacity to encode, retain, and compare visual information from one glance to the next; our awareness of our visual surroundings is far more sparse than most people intuitively believe. These failures of awareness and the erroneous intuitions that often accompany them have both theoretical and practical ramifications. This article briefly summarizes the current state of research on change blindness and suggests future directions that promise to improve our understanding of scene perception and visual memory.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness
O'Regan, J. K., & Noë, A. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01000115 · Cited by 3,126
To See or not to See: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes
Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00427.x · Cited by 2,338
Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1997) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(97)01080-2 · Cited by 1,039
Self-citationRensink, R. A. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135125 · Cited by 850
Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction
Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1998) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03208840 · Cited by 733
Self-citationAccurate visual memory for previously attended objects in natural scenes.
Hollingworth, A., & Henderson, J. M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.1.113 · Cited by 607
Failure to detect changes to attended objects in motion pictures
Levin, D. T., & Simons, D. J. (1997) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03214339 · Cited by 522
Self-citationTemporal integration in visual memory.
di Lollo, V. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.109.1.75 · Cited by 403
(1996) · Cited by 394
Change Blindness Blindness: The Metacognitive Error of Overestimating Change-detection Ability
Levin, D. T., Momen, N., Drivdahl, S. B., & Simons, D. J. (2000) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/135062800394865 · Cited by 246
Self-citation
Cited by
Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing
Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J.-P. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.018 · Cited by 2,573
Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy
Dehaene, S., Changeux, J.-P., Naccache, L., Sackur, J., & Sergent, C. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.007 · Cited by 2,067
Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience
Block, N. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07002786 · Cited by 1,146
Image Signature: Highlighting Sparse Salient Regions
Hou, X., Harel, J., & Koch, C. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2011.146 · Cited by 834
Self-Control and Academic Achievement
Duckworth, A. L., Taxer, J. L., Eskreis-Winkler, L., Galla, B. M., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103230 · Cited by 662
Metadata
- Authors
- Simons, D. J., & Ambinder, M. S.
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-48
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2095994132
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 7.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Change Blindness: Theory and Consequences. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00332.x
- The paper
- Simons, D. J., & Ambinder, M. S. (2005). Change Blindness: Theory and Consequences. Current Directions in Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00332.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
