The effects on mortality of brief interventions for problem drinking: a meta‐analysis
Open accessAbstract
Aims Brief interventions for problem drinking may result in decreased mortality rates. Long‐term follow‐up studies of brief interventions do not produce a clear answer to the question as to whether these interventions reduce mortality or not. Methods We conducted a meta‐analysis of randomized studies comparing brief interventions with a control group, using the fixed‐effects model. A systematic literature search produced four studies in which the mortality status of subjects was verified at follow‐up. Six more studies reported some deaths at follow‐up but did not verify mortality in death registers, and 22 further studies did not report the mortality status of the included subjects. Findings The pooled relative risk (RR) of dying was 0.47 for the four studies with verified mortality rates (95% CI: 0.25, 0.89). The pooled RR of all 32 studies was comparable (RR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.84), as were the RRs of several other subsamples of studies. The prevented fraction was 0.33 in the studies with verified mortality rates. Conclusions Although the overall death rate was low in the population of problem drinkers, brief interventions do appear to reduce mortality.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Alcohol screening and brief interventions in primary care settings are effective and cost-effective or cost-saving.
“In the past four decades, randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have found alcohol SBI in primary care settings to be effective and cost-effective or cost-saving [6–13].”
From Factors influencing the implementation of screening and brief interventions for alcohol use in primary care practices: a systematic review using the COM-B system and Theoretical Domains Framework (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
The Introduction reports positive short-term effects of screening and brief interventions for problem drinking and says their routine use in primary care is broadly recommended. The paper does not report that they are cost-effective or cost-saving; its meta-analysis examines mortality, not costs. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome studies of brief interventions for problem drinking have reported positive influences on alcohol reduction up to four years later and on mortality.
“Some studies of brief interventions for problem drinking have nonetheless reported positive influences on alcohol reduction up to four years later [67] and on mortality [72].”
From Effectiveness of Guided and Unguided Low-Intensity Internet Interventions for Adult Alcohol Misuse: A Meta-Analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [72]
Adhering to Dutch low-risk drinking limits and consuming less alcohol weekly are linked to reduced morbidity and mortality from problem drinking.
“This is an important finding from a clinical point of view, as drinking within the guidelines and lower weekly consumption imply lower risks for the morbidity and mortality associated with problem drinking [2,4,7].”
From Web‐based self‐help for problem drinkers: a pragmatic randomized trial (2008) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · see citing works
Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review
BIEN, T. H., MILLER, W. R., & TONIGAN, J. S. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00820.x · Cited by 1,577 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Several meta-analyses have shown that the results of these interventions have significant effects on problem drinking in the short term, especially in the group with increased levels of alcohol consumption, but less so in subjects with more severe alcohol problems [1– 5].”
BackgroundMoyer, A., Finney, J. W., Swearingen, C. E., & Vergun, P. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00018.x · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
Marlatt, G. A., Baer, J. S., Kivlahan, D. R., Dimeff, L. A., Larimer, M. E., Quigley, L. A., Somers, J. M., & Williams, E. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.4.604 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of injury recurrence
Gentilello, L. M., Rivara, F. P., Donovan, D. M., Jurkovich, G. J., Daranciang, E., Dunn, C. W., Villaveces, A., Copass, M., & Ries, R. R. (1999) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-199910000-00003 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Wallace, P., Cutler, S., & Haines, A. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6649.663 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Marlatt, G. A., Baer, J. S., Kivlahan, D. R., et al. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.4.604 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials Addressing Brief Interventions in Heavy Alcohol Drinkers
Wilk, A. I., Jensen, N. M., & Havighurst, T. C. (1997) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-006-5063-z · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Brief Physician Advice for Problem Drinkers: Long-Term Efficacy and Benefit-Cost Analysis
Fleming, M. F., Mundt, M. P., French, M. T., Manwell, L. B., Stauffacher, E. A., & Barry, K. L. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02429.x · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Counselling problem drinkers in medical wards: a controlled study.
Chick, J., Lloyd, G., & Crombie, E. (1985) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.290.6473.965 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Babor, T. F., & Higgins-Biddle, J. C. (2000) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9556773.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Brief physician- and nurse practitioner-delivered counseling for high-risk drinkers: does it work?
Ockene, J., Adams, A., Hurley, T., Wheeler, E. V., & Hébert, J. R. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.18.2198 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Patients with Alcohol Problems
O’Connor, P. G., & Schottenfeld, R. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199802263380907 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Effects of brief counselling among male heavy drinkers identified on general hospital wards*
Heather, N., Rollnick, S., Bell, A., & RICHMOND, R. L. (1996) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595239600185641 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Alcohol and mortality: A review
Poikolainen, K. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)00174-o · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Brief physician advice for alcohol problems in older adults: a randomized community-based trial.
Fleming, M. F., Manwell, L. B., Barry, K. L., Adams, W. L., & Stauffacher, E. A. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Poikolainen, K. (1999) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0467 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The effect of general practitioners' advice to heavy drinking men
Anderson, P., & SCOTT, E. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01984.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Controlled evaluation of a general practice-based brief intervention for excessive drinking
RICHMOND, R. L., Heather, N., WODAK, A. D., Kehoe, L. A., & Webster, I. W. (1995) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90111915.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Wutzke, S. E., Conigrave, K. M., Saunders, J. B., & Hall, W. D. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00080.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Heather, N., Campion, P. D., Neville, R. G., & Maccabe, D. (1987) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Effectiveness of advice to reduce alcohol consumption in hypertensive patients.
Maheswaran, R., Beevers, M., & Beevers, D. G. (1992) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.19.1.79 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Brief Intervention in a Primary Care Setting for Hazardous Drinkers
Senft, R. A., Polen, M. R., Freeborn, D. K., & Hollis, J. F. (1997) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30143-0 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Brief interventions and alcohol use.
Freemantle, N., Gill, P., Godfrey, C., Long, A., Richards, C., Sheldon, T., Song, F., & Webb, J. (1993) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/qshc.2.4.267 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
SCOTT, E., & ANDERSON, P. (1991) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595239100185371 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Attempted Referral as Intervention for Problem Drinking in the General Hospital
Elvy, G. A., Wells, J. E., & BAIRD, K. A. (1988) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00455.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Avoiding the horrid and beastly sin of drunkenness: Does dissuasion make a difference?
Babor, T. F. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.62.6.1127 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Avoiding the horrid and beastly sin of drunkenness: does dissuasion make a difference?
Babor, T. F. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.6.1127 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Kuchipudi, V, Hobein, K., Flickinger, A., & Iber, F. L. (1990) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1990.51.356 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Andréasson, S. (1998) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb04391.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Alcohol‐related mortality in the United States, 1979–1988
Stinson, F. S., & DeBakey, S. F. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02724.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Nilssen, O. (1991) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(91)90049-a · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Per capita alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality in 14 European countries
Norström, T. (2001) · Addiction · doi:10.1080/09652140020021215 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Antti-Poĭka, I., Karaharju, E., Roine, R. P., & Salaspuro, M. P. (1988) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044772 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
An evaluation of two primary care Interventions for alcohol abuse among Mexican‐American patients
Burge, S. K., Amodei, N., Elkin, B. B., Catala, S., Andrew, S. R., Lane, P. A., & Seale, J. P. (1997) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02891.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
EDITORIAL Alcohol consumption and mortality. What do we know and where should we go?
Rehm, J. (2000) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9579891.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effects of Acute and Chronic Doses of Naltrexone on Ethanol Self-Administration in Rhesus Monkeys
Boyle, A. E., Stewart, R. B., Macenski, M. J., Spiga, R., Johnson, B. A., & Meisch, R. A. (1998) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03661.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
ROMELSJÖ, A. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/028134398750003160 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Prevention of Alcohol-Related Deaths in Middle-Aged Heavy Drinkers
Kristenson, H., Österling, A., Nilsson, J., & Lindgärde, F. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02564.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Treatments in Reducing Alcohol Consumption: A Meta-Analysis
Agosti, V. (1995) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826089509055828 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A study of minimal interventions for problem drinkers in acute care settings
Watson, H. E. (1999) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/s0020-7489(99)00028-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Intervention in alcohol abuse among macrocytic patients in general practice
Seppä, K. (1992) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.3109/02813439209014064 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Per capita alcohol consumption and all‐cause mortality in 14 European countries
Norström, T. (2001) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.96.1s1.1.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
asson, S. A. (1998) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/00000374-199807001-00013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Rothman, K. J. & Greenland, S. (1988) Modern Epidemiol- ogy . Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven.
- Clarke, M. & Oxman, A. D. (1999) Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.0 [updated July 1999]. In: Review Manager (RevMan), Version 4.0. Oxford: The Cochrane Collaboration.
- Acuda, W. (1992) Nairobi, Kenya. In: Babor, T. F. & Grant, M., eds. Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol- related Problems. Report on Phase II: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Care , pp. 113-127. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Babor, T. F., Lauerman, R., Kranzler, H., McRee, B., Korner, P. & Wiber, C. (1992) Farmington, USA. In: Babor, T. F. & Grant, M., eds. Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol-related Problems. Report on Phase II: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Care , pp. 191- 209. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Boyadjieva, M. (1992) Bulgaria. In: Babor, T. F. & Grant, M., eds. Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol- related Problems. Report on Phase II: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Care , pp. 91-101. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Ivanets, N. N. (1992) Moscow, USSR. In: Babor, T. F. & Grant, M., eds. Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol-related Problems. Report on Phase II: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Care , pp. 211- 220. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Machona, A. M. (1992) Harare, Zimbabwe. In: Babor, T. F. & Grant, M., eds. Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol-related Problems. Report on Phase II: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Care , pp. 211- 220. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Rollnick, S., Hodgson, R. J. & Snail, S. (1992) Cardiff, United Kingdom. In: Babor, T. F. & Grant, M., eds. Project on Iden- tification and Management of Alcohol-related Problems. Report on Phase II: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Care , pp. 175-190. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Saunders, J. B., Reznik, R. B., Hanratty, S. J., Douglas, A. & Burns, F. H. (1992) Sydney, Australia. In: Babor, T. F. & Grant, M., eds. Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol-related Problems. Report on Phase II: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Care, pp. 73- 90. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Serrano, C. C., Martinez, D. R. D., Mendoza, M. M. R., Sanchez, J. C. & Velazquez, J. V. (1992) Mexico City, Mexico. In: Babor, T. F. & Grant, M., eds. Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol-related Problems. Report on Phase II: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Care, pp. 129-142. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Skutle, A. (1992) Bergen, Norway. In: Babor, T. F. & Grant, M., eds. Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol- related Problems. Report on Phase II: a Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Care, pp. 143-155. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Tomson, Y., Romelsjo, A. & Aberg, H. (1998) Excessive drinking: brief intervention by a primary health care nurse. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 16, 188-192.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Madras, B. K., Compton, W. M., Avula, D., Stegbauer, T., Stein, J. B., & Clark, H. W. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.003 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
The impact of brief alcohol interventions in primary healthcare: a systematic review of reviews
O'Donnell, A., Anderson, P., Newbury-Birch, D., Schulte, B., Schmidt, C., Reimer, J., & Kaner, E. (2014) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt170 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Riper, H., Blankers, M., Hadiwijaya, H., Cunningham, J., Clarke, S., Wiers, R., Ebert, D., & Cuijpers, P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099912 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationWeb‐based self‐help for problem drinkers: a pragmatic randomized trial
Riper, H., Kramer, J., Smit, F., Conijn, B., Schippers, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02063.x · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of E-self-help interventions for curbing adult problem drinking: a meta-analysis
Riper, H., Spek, V., Boon, B., Conijn, B., Kramer, J., Martin-Abello, K., & Smit, F. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1691 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationCurbing Problem Drinking with Personalized-Feedback Interventions
Riper, H., van Straten, A., Keuken, M., Smit, F., Schippers, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.10.016 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationSBIRT for adolescent drug and alcohol use: Current status and future directions
Mitchell, S. G., Gryczynski, J., O'Grady, K. E., & Schwartz, R. P. (2013) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.11.005 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
A randomized trial of brief interventions for problem and pathological gamblers.
Petry, N. M., Weinstock, J., Ledgerwood, D. M., & Morasco, B. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.2.318 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Rosário, F., Santos, M. I., Angus, K., Pas, L., Ribeiro, C., & Fitzgerald, N. (2021) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-020-01073-0 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Action of Brief Alcohol Interventions Remain Largely Unknown – A Narrative Review
Gaume, J., McCambridge, J., Bertholet, N., & Daeppen, J.-B. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00108 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The concept and definition of low intensity cognitive behaviour therapy
Shafran, R., Myles-Hooton, P., Bennett, S., & Öst, L.-G. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103803 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Jenkins, R. J., McAlaney, J., & McCambridge, J. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.09.016 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Fleming, M. F., Balousek, S. L., Grossberg, P. M., Mundt, M. P., Brown, D., Wiegel, J. R., Zakletskaia, L. I., & Saewyc, E. M. (2010) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2010.71.23 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Glass, J. E., Andréasson, S., Bradley, K. A., Finn, S. W., Williams, E. C., Bakshi, A.-S., Gual, A., Heather, N., Sainz, M. T., Benegal, V., et al. (2017) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-017-0079-8 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gryczynski, J., Mitchell, S. G., Peterson, T. R., Gonzales, A., Moseley, A., & Schwartz, R. P. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.012 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Riper, H., Kramer, J., Keuken, M., Smit, F., Schippers, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2008) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1102 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationBrief intervention in substance use disorders
Mattoo, S., Prasad, S., & Ghosh, A. (2018) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.224352 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Brendryen, H., Johansen, A., Nesvåg, S., Kok, G., & Duckert, F. (2013) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.2371 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Currently, there is a need for alcohol interventions [28-30].”
Brendryen, H., Lund, I. O., Johansen, A. B., Riksheim, M., Nesvåg, S., & Duckert, F. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12383 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Rosário, F., Santos, M. I., Angus, K., Pas, L., & Fitzgerald, N. (2018) · Acta Médica Portuguesa · doi:10.20344/amp.9753 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Television-supported self-help for problem drinkers: A randomized pragmatic trial
Kramer, J., Riper, H., Lemmers, L., Conijn, B., van Straten, A., & Smit, F. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.015 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationBinge drinking and cognitive impairment in young people
Thayanukulvat, C., & Harding, T. (2015) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2015.24.7.401 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rosário, F., Vasiljevic, M., Pas, L., Fitzgerald, N., & Ribeiro, C. (2019) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmy062 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., & Lemmers, L.
- Affiliations
- Trimbos Institute (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Cuijpers, Pim
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-06-11
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 839-845
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W2166141088
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Keywords
- brief intervention, problem drinking, alcoholism, mortality, alcohol-related mortality, harm reduction, relative risk of death, prevented fraction
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Cause of Death, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
