Parental depression and child outcomes–is marital conflict the missing link?
Open accessAbstract
Background Both maternal and paternal depression during the perinatal period are associated with adverse effects on child outcomes. Attention has started to focus on the mechanisms mediating these relationships. Marital conflict may play a role in this context. Methods In a large cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n= 14 541 pregnancies), we aimed to (i) investigate the relative influences of parental postnatal depression and marital conflict on child outcomes and to attempt to determine the pathway(s) of risk; (ii) investigate the impact of two types of antenatal stress (parental depression and marital conflict) on child outcomes; and (iii) determine the relative contributions of antenatal and postnatal risk. Parents completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a marital conflict scale during the second trimester and at 8 months postnatally. Child outcomes were assessed at 42 months using the Rutter revised pre‐school scales. Results Marital conflict partially mediated the relationship between postnatal depression in both mothers and fathers and child outcomes, and acted as an independent risk for adverse outcomes. Parental depression (maternal and paternal) and marital conflict in the antenatal period were both associated with adverse effects which persisted even when postnatal stresses were taken into account. Conclusions These findings, if replicated, suggest that screening and intervention programmes targeted at parental depression and marital problems should be considered antenatally, as well as postnatally.
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Four papers found no association between paternal depression and offspring externalizing behaviours (age 3.5 to 8 years).
“Additionally, 4 papers (Hanington et al. 2012;Gross et al. 2008;Keller et al. 2009;Shelton & Harold, 2008) found no association between paternal depression and offspring (age range = 3.5 years to 8 years) externalizing behaviours.”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Hanington et al. 2012
Marital conflict increased the impact of fathers' symptoms on offspring outcomes by 17.6%.
“Similarly, Hanington et al. (2012) found that marital conflict increased the impact of fathers' symptoms on offspring outcomes by 17.6%.”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Hanington et al. (2012)
Just five studies refer to power calculations in their papers.
“Just five of the studies refer to power calculations in their papers (Hanington et al. 2012;Keller et al. 2009;Ramchandani et al. 2008b;Ramchandani et al. 2010;Van Den Berg et al. 2009)”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Hanington et al. 2012
In families with depressed parents, marital conflict has been suggested to rise by as much as 50% from the antenatal to the postnatal period, producing a substantial increase in risk for children.
“this conflict has been suggested to increase by up to 50% between the antenatal and postnatal period in families with depressed parents, resulting in a large risk increase for children (Hanington et al. 2012).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Hanington et al. 2012
Paternal depression raises the likelihood of marital conflict.
“For example, the presence of paternal depression increases the risk for marital conflict”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Hanington et al. 2012
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- Authors
- Hanington, L., Heron, J., Stein, A., & Ramchandani, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hanington, L.
- Venue
- Child: Care, Health and Development
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-07-19
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 520-529
- ISSN
- 0305-1862 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2214
- PMC
- PMC3437476
- OpenAlex
- W1606326516
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Child Care Health and Development (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (090139, 092731, 078434/Z/05/Z, 078434)
- University of Bristol
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- parental depression, postpartum depression, marital conflict, child outcomes, prenatal stress, mediation, maternal depression, paternal depression, child behavior problems, prenatal screening, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
- MeSH terms
- Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, England, Family Health, Fathers, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, Child of Impaired Parents, Depression, Postpartum, Family Conflict
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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