Canine ocular onchocerciasis in the United States: two new cases and a review of the literature
Abstract
Since 1991, 53 cases of canine ocular onchocerciasis have been reported in the literature worldwide, 43 of these were from Greece, five from Hungary, and five from the western United States. Information on the histopathologic features of canine ocular onchocerciasis is limited. We describe the histopathologic features of canine ocular onchocerciasis in two dogs from California that presented clinically with firm episcleral nodules and uveitis unilaterally. Pertinent literature and pathogenesis are reviewed; recognizable clinical features and treatment are discussed. The cases presented were diagnosed via histopathology of the enucleated globes and episcleral granulomas at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW). Positive identification of adult Onchocerca within episcleral granulomas was made based on light‐microscopy features. Histopathologic examination of both globes revealed episcleral parasites surrounded by granulomas containing few to moderate numbers of eosinophils. Other sequelae, in both cases, included lymphoplasmacytic uveitis, preiridal fibrovascular membranes, peripheral anterior synechiae, retinal degeneration, and optic nerve head cupping. Both male and female worms were present, as were in utero microfilariae in both cases. Worms in both cases were tentatively identified as Onchocerca lienalis. Ocular onchocerciasis should be a differential consideration in cases of canine conjunctival nodules or periorbital swelling, particularly in dogs from the western United States.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Onchocerca lupi causes canine and human infestation in Europe and overseas.
“The recent finding of Onchocerca lupi causing canine and human infestation in Europe and overseas renders the picture of VBH even more complicated.”
From Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe (2013) · cites this paper as [30]
Cites
Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2016-0-02298-2 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Casiraghi, M., Anderson, T., Bandi, C., Bazzocchi, C., & Genchi, C. (2001) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182000007149 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Bandi, C., Trees, A. J., & Brattig, N. W. (2001) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00432-0 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Langworthy, N. G., Renz, A., Ute Mackenstedt, A., Henkle–Dührsen, K., Bronsvoort, M., Tanya, V. N., Donnelly, M. J., & Trees, A. J. (2000) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1110 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Hoerauf, A. M., Mand, S., Volkmann, L., Büttner, M., Marfo‐Debrekyei, Y., Taylor, M. J., Adjei, O., & Büttner, D. W. (2003) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00026-1 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Lyons, Ε. T., Swerczek, T. W., Tolliver, S. C., et al. (2000) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00266-1 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Subconjunctival filariasis due to<i>Onchocerca</i>sp. in dogs: report of 23 cases in Greece
Komnenou, A., Eberhard, M. L., Kaldrymidou, E., Tsalie, E., & Dessiris, A. (2002) · Veterinary Ophthalmology · doi:10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00235.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of endosymbioticWolbachiabacteria in filarial disease
Hise, A. G., Gillette‐Ferguson, I., & Pearlman, E. M. (2004) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00350.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ocular Onchocerca infections in two dogs in western United States
Eberhard, M. L., Ortega, Y., Dial, S., Schiller, C. A., Sears, A. W., & Greiner, E. (2000) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00252-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationPerry, A. W., Hertling, R., & Kennedy, M. J. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Canine ocular onchocercosis in Hungary
Széll, Z., Erdélyi, I., Sréter, T., Albert, M., & Varga, I. (2001) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00397-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Onchocerciasis in a California Dog
Orihel, T. C., Ash, L. R., Holshuh, H. J., & Santenelli, S. (1991) · The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1991.44.513 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Equine ocular onchocerciasis: Histopathologic study
Schmidt, G., Krehbiel, J. D., Coley, S. C., et al. (1982) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.1982.43.08.1371 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Morphologic and genetic characterization of Onchocerca lupi infecting dogs
Egyed, Z., Sréter, T., Széll, Z., Beszteri, B., Oravecz, O., Márialigeti, K., & Varga, I. (2001) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00541-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gardiner, C. H., Dick, E. J., Meininger, A. C., Lozano-Alarcón, F., & Jackson, P. (1993) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1993.203.06.0828 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Immunity to Onchocerca spp. in animal hosts
Abraham, D., Lucius, R., & Trees, A. J. (2002) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02245-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lia, R. P., Traversa, D., Agostini, A., & Otranto, D. (2004) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.154.5.143 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Komnenou, A. T. (2003) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.09.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ocular onchocercosis in dogs: aberrant infection in an accidental host or lupi onchocercosis?
Széll, Z., Sréter, T., Erdélyi, I., & Varga, I. (2001) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00507-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Angiostrongylus vasorum in the anterior chamber of a dog's eye
King, M. C. A., Grose, R. M. R., & Startup, G. (1994) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1994.tb03297.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Orbital cellulitis associated withToxocara canisin a dog
Laus, J. L., Canola, J. C., Mamede, F. V., et al. (2003) · Veterinary Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2003.00304.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ocular onchocercosis in dogs: a review
Sréter, T., Széll, Z., Egyed, Z., & Varga, I. (2002) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.151.6.176 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
McKechnie, N. M., Gürr, W., & Braun, G. (1997) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/514130 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Berger, R. B., Blackwell, N. M., Lass, J. H., et al. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Multifocal Retinitis in New Zealand Sheep Dogs
Hughes, P. L., Dubielzig, R. R., & Kazacos, K. R. (1987) · Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.1177/030098588702400105 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationAttenburrow, D. P., Donnelly, J., & Soulsby, E. J. L. (1983) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb04559.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Intraocular Larva Migrans in Dogs
Rubin, L. F., & Saunders, L. Z. (1965) · Pathologia veterinaria · doi:10.1177/030098586500200604 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Canine ocular thelaziosis in Europe.
Chermette, R., Guillot, J., & Bussiéras, J. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hr44 Secreted with Exosomes: Loss from Ciliary Epithelium in Response to Inflammation
McKechnie, N. M., Copland, D. A., & Braun, G. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0765 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Thelaziasis in cats and dogs-a case report.
Se, K., Bailey, R. B., & Bailey, D. E. (1961) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cuterebra infestation of the conjunctiva in a puppy.
Rosenthal, J. J. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Order Spirurida - suborder Spirurina.
Anderson, R. C. (1999) · CABI Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1079/9780851994215.0383 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Canine thelaziasis in Arizona.
Schauffler, A. F. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Canine ocular adnexa invasion by carpet beetle.
Brennan, J. J. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Otranto, D., Brianti, E., Latrofa, M. S., Annoscia, G., Weigl, S., Lia, R. P., Gaglio, G., Napoli, E., Giannetto, S., Papadopoulos, E., et al. (2012) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-1 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe
Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F., Brianti, E., Traversa, D., Petrić, D., Genchi, C., & Capelli, G. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-16 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: emerging scenarios and new perspectives
Colwell, D. D., Dantas-Torres, F., & Otranto, D. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.012 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye
Otranto, D., & Eberhard, M. L. (2011) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-41 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst Evidence of Human Zoonotic Infection by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae)
Otranto, D., Sakru, N., Testini, G., Gürlü, V. P., Yakar, K., Lia, R. P., Dantas-Torres, F., & Bain, O. (2011) · The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0465 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Onchocercosis: A newly recognized disease in dogs
Sréter, T., & Széll, Z. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.008 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
<i>Onchocerca lupi</i>causing ocular disease in two cats
Labelle, A. L., Daniels, J. B., Dix, M., & Labelle, P. (2011) · Veterinary Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00911.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Human ocular filariasis: further evidence on the zoonotic role of Onchocerca lupi
Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F., Cebeci, Z., Yeniad, B., Buyukbabani, N., Boral, O. B., Gustinelli, A., Mounir, T., Mutafchiev, Y., & Bain, O. (2012) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-84 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sréter-Lancz, Z., Széll, Z., & Sréter, T. (2007) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.021 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zarfoss, M. K., Dubielzig, R. R., Eberhard, M. L., & Schmidt, K. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dubielzig, Richard R.
- Venue
- Veterinary Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-57
- ISSN
- 1463-5216 (ISSN-L)
- 1463-5224
- OpenAlex
- W1996116443
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Infections and Treatments
- Keywords
- Onchocerca lienalis, Onchocerca volvulus, uveitis, conjunctival nodules, histopathology, microfilariae, retinal degeneration, optic nerve head cupping, differential diagnosis, dogs
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diagnosis, Differential, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Male, Onchocerca, Onchocerciasis, Ocular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
