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Affective and anxiety disorders in a German sample of diabetic patients: prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors
Abstract
Aims The aims of this study were to examine (1) the prevalence of clinical and subclinical anxiety and affective disorders in a sample of diabetic patients attending a secondary care clinic in Germany and (2) risk factors associated with the occurrence of these disorders. Methods Four hundred and twenty diabetic patients (36.9% Type 1; 24.7% Type 2; 38.4% Type 2 with insulin) participated in a questionnaire‐based screening survey. Those who screened positive received a diagnostic interview. Results Prevalence of clinical affective disorders was 12.6%, with an additional 18.8% of patients reporting depressive symptoms without fulfilling all criteria for a clinical affective disorder. The prevalence of anxiety disorders was 5.9%, with an additional 19.3% of patients reporting some anxiety symptoms. The comorbidity rate of affective and anxiety disorders was 1.8%, whereas 21.4% of the diabetic patients reported elevated affective as well as anxiety symptomatology. Logistic regression established demographic variables such as age, female gender and living alone as well as diabetes‐specific parameters such as insulin treatment in Type 2 diabetes, hypoglycaemia problems and poor glycaemic control as risk factors for affective disorders. For anxiety symptoms female gender, younger age and Type 2 diabetes were significant independent variables. Conclusion The prevalence of affective disorders in diabetic patients was twofold higher than in the non‐diabetic population, whereas prevalence for anxiety disorders was not increased. Analysis of risk factors can facilitate the identification of patients who are at a greater risk for these disorders.
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“Depression and anxiety symptoms are twice as prevalent among people with type 1 diabetes relative to people without diabetes, negatively impacting quality of life (171-173).”
In the citing paper
“several studies have shown negative associations with HbA1c [7,8]”
From A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with type 2 diabetes (2008) · cites this paper as [8]
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Psychosoziales und Diabetes (Teil 1)
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“, 2003), but there was no significant association in four studies (Fisher et al., 2008; Hall et al., 2009; Bouwman et al., 2010; Hermanns et al., 2005).”
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Huang, C., Hsieh, H., Tu, H., Jiang, H., Wang, P., & Lin, C. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0605 · Cited by 30
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Self-citationPredictive Factors of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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“Alcohol misuse is the most prevalent addiction issue among patients with DM, with a prevalence rate of 50–60% [56–58].”
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“26 Similarly, youth with diabetes are at risk for elevated levels of anxiety.(27) Rates of anxiety symptoms are 20% with higher rates observed in studies that have measured anxiety symptoms using symptoms checklists or questionnaires (e.”
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“In a review of 18 studies, Grigsby, Anderson, Freedland, Clouse, and Lustman [7] found similarly elevated rates of anxiety disorders and symptoms in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes patients, although other research has found elevated anxiety symptoms among Type 2 versus Type 1 patients [8].”
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“However, the prevalence of MDD in the patients with T2DM in the present study was lower than that reported by studies conducted in Western countries (Banerjea et al., 2009; Fisher et al., 2008; Hermanns et al., 2005).”
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“…deterioration that changes familiar dynamics and has been considered a risk factor for poor metabolic control because physical activity is decreased, favouring obesity and potentially causing additional chronic complications (Wilkinson et al. 1988; Hermanns et al. 2005; Lawrence et al. 2006).”
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“Several studies have also reported that the prevalence of anxiety disorders among patients with DM is considerably higher than among the general population.((36,37)) Increase in the prevalence of comorbid anxiety among people with DM could be explained by several factors.”
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“Unsuccessful coping may not only adversely affect cognitive efficiency (e.g., Hislop et al., 2008) but may also represent a risk factor for developing affective symptoms (Hermanns et al., 2005) and for increased sickness absence (Kivimäki et al., 2007).”
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Human Emotions on the Onset of Cardiovascular and Small Vessel Related Diseases
Vlachakis, C., Dragoumani, K., Raftopoulou, S., Mantaiou, M., Papageorgiou, L., Tsaniras, S. C., Megalooikonomou, V., & Vlachakis, D. (2018) · In Vivo · doi:10.21873/invivo.11320 · Cited by 21
Thabrew, H., Stasiak, K., Hetrick, S. E., Wong, S., Huss, J. H., & Merry, S. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012489 · Cited by 18
Increased depression symptom score in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients
Rathmann, W., Kuß, O., Anderson, D., Busch, S., Hahn, M., Engelhard, J., Zou, M., & Kostev, K. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.091 · Cited by 18
Bahrmann, A., Bahrmann, P., Kubiak, T., Kopf, D., Oster, P., Sieber, C. C., & Daniel, W. G. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-011-0269-z · Cited by 17
Self-citationEffects of Physical Activity on Depression in Adults with Diabetes
Kim, D.-J. (2018) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.4.02 · Cited by 16
“Results of studies conducted in the early and mid-2000s, showed that unmarried individuals with diabetes were more depressed than married individuals with diabetes [21,22].”
ResultWhitworth, S. R., Bruce, D. G., STARKSTEIN, S. E., Davis, T. M. E., Skinner, T. C., Davis, W. A., & Bucks, R. S. (2020) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14344 · Cited by 13
A szorongás és a diabetes közti kapcsolat
Hargittay, C., Gonda, X., Márkus, B., Sipkovits, Z., Vörös, K., Kalabay, L., Rihmer, Z., & Torzsa, P. (2021) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2021.32169 · Cited by 14
“[15] Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Krichbaum M, et al.”
BackgroundPsychological Burden of Diabetes and What It Means to People with Diabetes
Barnard, K. D., Lloyd, C. E., & Holt, R. I. G. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-573-6_1 · Cited by 14
Chew, B., Vos, R. C., Ghazali, S. S., Shamsuddin, N. H., Fernandez, A., Mukhtar, F., Ismail, M., Ahad, A. M., Sundram, N. N., Ali, S. Z. M., et al. (2017) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-017-0172-8 · Cited by 15
“Studies in the United States (US) [8] and Germany [9] showed T2DM patients displaying one to twofold higher rates of affective disorders such as major depression, general anxiety, panic disorder and dysthymia compared to healthy adults, with the prevalence of depressive symptoms and distress 60–73% higher than the oth…”
BackgroundThe Epidemiology of Depression and Diabetes
Lloyd, C. E., Hermanns, N., Nouwen, A., Pouwer, F., Underwood, L., & Winkley, K. (2010) · Depression and Diabetes · doi:10.1002/9780470667309.ch1 · Cited by 23
Self-citationChernyak, N., Petrak, F., Plack, K., Hautzinger, M., Müller, M. J., Giani, G., & Icks, A. (2009) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-9-25 · Cited by 13
“This applies in particular to patients with diabetes, since depression has been shown to be more prevalent among these patients as compared to those without diabetes [ 3- 5 ]. Major depression and elevated depression symptoms were present, respectively, in 11 and 31% of individuals with diabetes according to a meta-an…”
ResultYücel, Ş. Ç., Güler, E. K., & Ak, İ. (2014) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-014-0206-y · Cited by 14
Mast, R., Rauh, S. P., Groeneveld, L., Koopman, A. D. M., Beulens, J. W. J., Jansen, A. P. D., Bremmer, M. A., van der Heijden, A. A. W. A., Elders, P. J. M., Dekker, J. M., et al. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/5134602 · Cited by 13
“This is in accordance with other literatures on the association between depression and T2DM [27] in that it may reflect disease progression.”
Problemspezifische Patientenschulung
Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., & Krichbaum, M. (2008) · Der Diabetologe · doi:10.1007/s11428-008-0243-6 · Cited by 13
Self-citationDalsgaard, E., Graversen, S. B., Bjerg, L., Sandbæk, A., & Laurberg, T. (2024) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.15463 · Cited by 12
Denche-Zamorano, Á. M., Pérez‐Gómez, J., My works are correct, B. M. I. A. A. I. S. R. L. M. T. I. D. A.-M., Oliveira, R. F. S., Adsuar, J. C., & Brito, J. P. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042857 · Cited by 12
Assessment of depression and death anxiety level in diabetic patients in Eskisehir, Turkey
Doğan, R., Arslantaş, D., & Ünsal, A. (2015) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-014-0254-3 · Cited by 12
“Although there are some previous studies reporting a decreasing level of anxiety with increasing educational level [36, 37], several researchers found no relationship [38].”
ResultGlycemic Outcome Not Predicted by Baseline Psychological Measures in a Diabetes Management Program
Graco, M., Hutchinson, A. F., Barker, A. L., Lawlor, V., Wong, R., & Fourlanos, S. (2012) · Population Health Management · doi:10.1089/pop.2011.0043 · Cited by 12
“,7–11 There are several potential explanations for these findings.”
A Study on Depression among Patient with Type 2 DiabetesMellitus in North-Eastcoast Malaysia
Mohamed, R., Kadir, A. A., & Yaacob, L. H. (2012) · International journal of collaborative research on internal medicine & public health · Cited by 12
Tu, H., Hsieh, H., Liu, T., Jiang, H., Wang, P., & Huang, C. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.11.007 · Cited by 11
Pieper, L., Dirmaier, J., Klotsche, J., Thurau, C., Pittrow, D., Lehnert, H., März, W., Koch, U., & Wïttchen, H. (2010) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-010-1181-1 · Cited by 11
“Als diabetesabhängige Faktoren wurden Folgekomplikationen, Insulintherapie, Hypoglykämien und ein hoher HbA1c bestätigt [14, 19].”
BackgroundPredictors of early discontinuation of basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes in primary care
Kostev, K., Dippel, F. W., & Rathmann, W. (2015) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2015.08.001 · Cited by 10
The Association between Preoperative Parental Anxiety and Emergence Agitation in Preschoolers
Erkılıç, E., Kesimci, E., Döğer, C., Gümüş, T., & Kanbak, O. (2017) · Open Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.4236/ojepi.2017.71003 · Cited by 10
“Although no cut-off indicating clinically significant levels of anxiety is established in the technical or administrative materials for the STAI, cut-offs of 40 and 45 were used in prior studies [9] [10] [11] [12].”
MethodHermanns, N., Ehrmann, D., Finke-Gröne, K., Roos, T., Freckmann, G., & Kulzer, B. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221148756 · Cited by 9
“10-16 Digital applications such as insulin titration apps may have the potential to overcome these barriers.”
Self-citationSerotonin - Neurotransmitter and Hormone of Brain, Bowels and Blood
Fatima-Shad, K. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1000435 · Cited by 11
Hargittay, C., Eőry, A., Márkus, B., Mohos, A., Ferenci, T., Vörös, K., Rihmer, Z., Gonda, X., & Torzsa, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.944047 · Cited by 10
Factors associated with anxiety in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Pakistan
Nawaz, M. S., Shah, K. U., Rashid, H., Mahmood, S., Bukhsh, A., Rehman, I. U., Ali, S., & Khan, T. M. (2017) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-017-0591-0 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Hermanns, N., Kulzer, B., Krichbaum, M., Kubiak, T., & Haak, T.
- Affiliations
- German Diabetes Center Mergentheim (DE)
- University of Bamberg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hermanns, N.
- Venue
- Diabetic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-02-16
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 293-300
- ISSN
- 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5491
- OpenAlex
- W2103920393
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, comorbidities, prevalence, risk factors, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin therapy, hypoglycemia, glycemic control, subclinical symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Mood Disorders
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