The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Defining and Measuring Servant Leadership Behaviour in Organizations
Abstract
abstract This paper examines the development and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of servant leadership behaviour (Servant Leadership Behaviour Scale). Both qualitative and quantitative studies are reported to establish preliminary psychometric properties for the new 35‐item, six‐dimension measure. The resultant servant leadership model is characterized by its service orientation, holistic outlook, and moral‐spiritual emphasis, thereby extending current models of servant leadership and existing works on contemporary leadership approaches. Theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future research directions are discussed in the concluding section of the paper.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“2008 is significant in servant leadership research as it when the Sendjaya, Sarros, and Santora (2008) and the Liden, Wayne, Zhao, and Henderson (2008) measures were published, and we saw the first publications using the Ehrhart's (2004) measure”
From Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for future research (2019) · cites this paper as Sendjaya, Sarros, and Santora (2008)
In the citing paper
“The intercorrelations between the dimensions ranged between .66 and .87, which is a matter of concern for the proposed multi-dimensional structure.”
From The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure (2011) · cites this paper as Sendjaya et al. (2008)
In the citing paper
“Regretfully, their study does not provide information on the solidity of the hypothesized six-dimensional structure. The authors only tested the one-dimensionality of each of the six core dimensions separately.”
From The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure (2011) · cites this paper as Sendjaya et al. (2008)
In the citing paper
“A few years ago, Sendjaya et al. (2008) introduced an instrument consisting of 35 items representing 22 characteristics divided over six scales.”
From The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure (2011) · cites this paper as Sendjaya et al. (2008)
Citations
Cites
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 · Cited by 82,194
Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook
(1994) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80231-2 · Cited by 48,420
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941
Herne, H., Cooley, W. W., & Lohnes, P. R. (1973) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344428 · Cited by 35,801
Einax, J. W., Zwanziger, H. W., & Geiß, S. (1997) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/352760216x.ch5 · Cited by 18,779
(1991) · Cited by 15,554
Longshore, J. M., & Bass, B. M. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258081 · Cited by 12,424
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
Research in Organizational Behavior
Hammer, E. R., Cummings, L. L., & Staw, B. M. (1984) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258300 · Cited by 11,176
Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods
Lotto, L. S., Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1986) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737008003329 · Cited by 10,357
Research works printed but not linked: 27
- Badaracco J. L., 2002, Leading Quietly
- Banks R., 2000, Faith in Leadership
- Blackaby H., 2001, Spiritual Leadership
- Blanchard K. H., 2003, The Servant Leader: Transforming Your Heart, Head, Hands and Habits
- Burns J. M., 1978, Leadership
- De Pree M., 1992, Leadership Jazz
- Ford L., 1991, Transforming Leadership: Jesus' Way of Creating Vision, Shaping Values and Empowering Change
- Getz G. A., 1984, Serving One Another
- Graham J. W., 1993, Commitment and covenantal organization, Journal of Managerial Issues, 5, 483
- Greenleaf R. K., 1977, Servant Leadership
- Hesse H., 1956, Journey to the East
- Jaworski J., 1997, Insights on Servant Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit, and Servant Leadership
- Kurth K., 2003, Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance
- MacCallum R. C., 1995, Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications
- Maddock R. C., 1998, Motivations, Emotions, and Leadership
- Marshall T., 1991, Understanding Leadership: Fresh Perspectives on the Essentials of New Testament Leadership
- Minichiello V., 1995, In‐Depth Interviewing
- Nunnally J. C., 1978, Psychometric Theory
- Palmer P. J., 1998, Insights on Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit, and Servant Leadership
- Pekerti A. A. Sendjaya S.andAyoko O. B.(2007).Follow the Servant Leader: The Mediating Role of Followers’ Affect Experiences in the Link Between Servant Leadership and Organizational Behavior. International Society for Research on Emotions Conference Sunshine Coast QLD.
- Pollard C. W., 1996, The Soul of the Firm
- Richards L., 2002, Introducing NVivo: A Workshop Handbook
- Sanders O. J., 1994, Spiritual Leadership
- Swindoll C. R., 1981, Improving Your Serve
- Tashakkori A., 1998, Mixed Methodology
- Wilkes C. G., 1998, Jesus on Leadership: Discovering the Secrets of Servant Leadership from the Life of Christ
- Wright W. C., 2000, Relational Leadership: A Biblical Model for Influence and Service
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–761 of 761
Mignenan, V. (2025) · Information systems engineering and management · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77806-3_7
A Context-Specific Coaching Practice: An Introduction to Servant Leadership Coaching
Halawi, Y. S., & van Dierendonck, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69922-1_13
Nedelea, N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32257-0_107-1
Sary, F. P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13701-3.00571-5
Nedelea, N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32257-0_107-2
Development and initial validation of the moral leadership for prospective principal scale (MLPPS)
Dami, Z. A., Wali, C. N., & Ngongo, M. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2025.2530554
A Synthesis of the Christian Foundation and Spiritual Dimension of Servant Leadership
Ukeni, I. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32257-0_246-1
Exploring the Impact of Transformational Leadership on Innovative Behavior in Saudi Universities
Naseib, A. G. A. (2020) · Annals of Organizational Culture Leadership and External Engagement Journal · doi:10.51847/n19h0k7ssk
Sonia, M. (2025) · Eduvest - Journal Of Universal Studies · doi:10.59188/eduvest.v5i8.52088
Key Domains of Healthcare Leadership
(2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2225-4.ch007
Mahon, D. (2025) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-01-2025-0028 · Cited by 1
Eva, N., Fernando, J., & Kaur, S. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83708-948-220251010
Tsarkos, A. (2025) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2025.2573099 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of a Servant Leadership Intervention
Coetzer, M. F., Bussin, M. H. R., & Geldenhuys, M. (2025) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci15110420
“…relationships (Dennis & Bocarnea, 2005; Ehrhart, 2004; Page & Wong, 2000; Sendjaya et al., 2008; Wong & Davey, 2007), and setting a compelling vision (Barbuto & Wheeler, 2006; Dennis & Bocarnea, 2005; Ehrhart, 2004; Hale & Fields, 2007; Laub, 1999; Page & Wong, 2000; Sendjaya et al., 2008).”
Edú-Valsania, S., García-Guiu, C., Bengoa, N. V., Laguía, A., Moriano, J. A., Pacheco, F. J. T., & Dicha, N. M. L. (2025) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.14349/rlp.2025.v57.12
The effect of servant leadership on CSR implementation: A PLS-SEM analysis
Kalsoom, G., & Smaliukienė, R. (2025) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.23(4).2025.23 · Cited by 1
Christie, E. N., & Himchak, M. V. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80592-505-720251005
Lowery, C. L. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80592-505-720251003
Cultivating Connections: Promoting Servant Leadership and Spirituality in Schools
Latunde, Y. C. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80592-505-720251007
Asmaa, F., & Sara, D. (2025) · International Conference on Optimization and Applications (ICOA) · doi:10.1109/icoa66896.2025.11236941
Härtel, C. E. J., Butarbutar, I., Sendjaya, S., Pekerti, A., Hirst, G., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-465-820251019
Self-citationWu, H., Zhou, R., Li, X., Yan, L., & Ma, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1691696
“…transcendent spirituality, which fosters a sense of purpose, guidance, and interpersonal connection; and transformative impact, which emphasizes leaders’ role in the process of supporting others’ personal and professional growth, thereby enabling them to attain their maximum potential (42).”
Žižek, S. Š., Mulej, M., & Ivajnšič, B. (2026) · Palgrave studies in governance, leadership and responsibility · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96887-7_7
The Dog That Barks Loudly. A Critical Perspective on Leadership in OrganizationsPreprint
Bruni, L., & Santori, P. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6035133
The Dog That Barks Loudly. A Critical Perspective on Leadership in OrganizationsPreprint
Bruni, L., & Santori, P. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6035132
Trivedi, K. K., Daharwal, S., & Singh, S. (2026) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-04-2025-0222 · Cited by 1
Jenssen, J. I. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal for Leadership & Theology · doi:10.53311/sjlt.pub2601
Leader-Shaped Spiritual Orientation (LSSO): A Conceptual Theory of Deterministic LeadershipPreprint
Ojha, G. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6151460
Prabatha, D. K., Handoyo, S., Suryanto, S., Triwibowo, Y., Indahsari, S. R., Suhendra, A. A., & Sungkar, F. (2026) · Palgrave studies in governance, leadership and responsibility · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05620-7_3 · Cited by 1
Nedelea, N. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76750-0_107
Synthesis of the Christian Foundation and Spiritual Dimension of Servant Leadership, A
Ukeni, I. G. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76750-0_246
Leader-Shaped Spiritual Orientation (LSSO): A Conceptual Theory of Deterministic LeadershipPreprint
Ojha, G. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6188012
GÜL, E., & Timuroğlu, M. K. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04159-4
“Similarly, servant leaders also perceive leadership as an act of service [2].”
Servant leadership and employee engagement: a systematic review and future research agenda
Feroz, I., Shafi, B., Mushtaq, M., Nazir, N. A., Mohammad, S. S., & Mufti, S. (2026) · Industrial and Commercial Training · doi:10.1108/ict-08-2025-0107 · Cited by 1
Lin, X., Jiao, R., & Li, F. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16030329
“Unlike leadership styles that rely primarily on formal authority, servant leadership supports followers through empowerment, ethical conduct, and an emphasis on community-oriented values (Eva et al., 2019; Sendjaya et al., 2008).”
Ethical Issues in Higher Education
Cozza, B., Cronqvist, M., & Kamali, H. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83662-372-420261009
EMPLOYEE EXPERIENCES IN A SERVANT-LED ORGANISATION: TREAT OTHERS AS YOU WISH TO BE TREATED
Ragnarsson, S., Kristjánsdóttir, E. S., & Gunnarsdóttir, S. (2026) · Baltic Journal of Economic Studies · doi:10.30525/2256-0742/2026-12-1-362-374
“Although serving others lies at the core of servant leadership (McCallaghan et al., 2020; Sendjaya et al., 2008), the philosophy also encompasses leading through service (Greenleaf, 2008).”
Newman, A., Harvey, W. S., Ganegoda, D. B., et al. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780198937876.003.0006
Dami, Z. A., & Lumintang, S. P. N. I. (2026) · Christian Higher Education · doi:10.1080/15363759.2026.2629840 · Cited by 1
“…of this study are in line with previous research showing that motivation-to-serve influences leaders to serve the needs of their followers (Barbuto & Wheeler, 2006a; Graham, 1991; Kanfer, 1990; Liden et al., 2015; Russell & Stone, 2002; Sendjaya et al., 2008; van Dierendonck & Nuijten, 2011).”
THEORY OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP STYLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH HABIT FORMATIONPreprint
Sun, P. Y. T., Neubert, M. J., & Sendjaya, S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6508299
Self-citationAbumady, M., & Abukari, A. (2026) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12697-9_21
Voice of Vision: Crafting Christian Culture as Symbolic Stories
Snedden, E. H. (2026) · New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1007/s40841-026-00443-4 · Cited by 2
“We are short-sighted, long-sighted, near-sighted, and far-sighted, and as individuals, we see imperfectly, but together, we see clearly. to service (Sendjaya et al., 2008) has been evidenced in School C’s local mission, outreach opportunities, and mission trips within the Pacific region.”
Mignenan, V., & Moussa, M. A. (2026) · Revue Congolaise de Gestion · doi:10.3917/rcg.041.0113
Empowering Educational Ecosystems
Tsarkos, A. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4223-7.ch011
Ogbonnaya, C., & Jbilou, S. (2026) · Dialogic Society Journal · doi:10.66845/dsj.2026.00005
Bayrakcı, A. Y., Karakaya, M. E., Çakır, E., & Eruş, H. E. (2026) · Istanbul Management Journal · doi:10.26650/imj.2026.1780245
Faraz, N. A., & Ahmed, F. (2026) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/15480518261463093
Chassaing-Monjou, C., Cangialosi, N., Pouyaud, J., & Déprez, G. R. M. (2026) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-01-2026-6438
Educational leadership: women student teachers aspiring to be servant leaders in Eswatini
Vilakati-Ndlangamandla, N., & Potokri, O. C. (2026) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2026.2690508
Transforming health systems through women’s leadership: Lessons from South Sudan
Nandudu, S., Renfroe, S. J., Rukab, E. B., & Faramand, T. H. (2026) · SSM - Health Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ssmhs.2026.100273
Kapol, S. R., Parasuraman, B., & Mukhtar, D. (2026) · Advanced International Journal of Business Entrepreneurship and SMEs · doi:10.35631/aijbes.828036
EXPLORING THE LEADERSHIP STYLES AMONG THE MULTI-LEVEL MARKETING (MLM) LEADERS IN MALAYSIA
Kapol, S. R., Parasuraman, B., & Mukhtar, D. (2026) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Practices · doi:10.35631/ijemp.934030
Dong, C., Zheng, Q., & Morehouse, J. (2026) · Journal of Public Relations Research · doi:10.1080/1062726x.2026.2693466
“Servant leadership was measured by five items from Sendjaya et al. (2008).”
The Case for Saintly Leadership
Conger, J. Z., & Society of Catholic Social Scientists (2026) · Catholic Social Science Review · doi:10.5840/cssr2026312
Servant Leadership: An Overview of Main Findings
van Dierendonck, D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197851388.003.0437
Sehm, H. (2026) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.70084
DETERMINANTS OF WORK ENGAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR AMONGST NURSES
Herholdt, K. (2015) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)
Servant Leadership and Redemption: The Missing Attribute
Bucci, J. J., & Lewis, P. (2022) · The Palgrave Handbook of Servant Leadership · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69802-7_91-1
The Emerging Servant Leadership and the False Narrative Among Air Force Chaplains
Dyer, L. (2025) · Αρετή (Arete): Journal of Excellence in Global Leadership · doi:10.59319/arete.v3i1.897
Metadata
- Authors
- Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C., & Santora, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Thomas Edison State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sendjaya, Sen
- ORCID
- Sendjaya, Sen
- Venue
- Journal of Management Studies
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-03
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 402-424
- ISSN
- 0022-2380 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6486
- OpenAlex
- W1527890691
- Semantic Scholar
- 84d311076c7e2f127aa0b0fefa965301790df877
- Cited by
- 844
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 50.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Management Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- servant leadership, psychometric validation, service orientation, holistic leadership
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
