Cited by 530Personality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

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Searching for a Vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing Factor 2 Psychopathy, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Borderline Personality Disorder

Miller, Joshua D., Dir, Ally, Gentile, Brittany, Wilson, Lauren, Pryor, Lauren R., Campbell, W. Keith·2010·Journal of Personality

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x

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Abstract

Paulhus and Williams (2002) identified a "Dark Triad" comprising the following related personality styles: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. The heterogeneity found in narcissism and psychopathy raises the possibility of a second triad made up of emotional vulnerability and dark traits (i.e., the vulnerable dark triad; VDT). Along with vulnerable narcissism and Factor 2 psychopathy, the third member of the hypothesized VDT is borderline personality disorder (BPD). Using a sample of 361 undergraduates, we examine the relations between these constructs and their relations with criterion variables, including personality, environmental etiological factors (e.g., abuse), and current functioning (e.g., psychopathology, affect). The results suggest that the VDT constructs are significantly related to one another and manifest similar nomological networks, particularly vulnerable narcissism and BPD. Although the VDT members are related to negative emotionality and antagonistic interpersonal styles, they are also related to introversion and disinhibition. Ultimately, it seems there is a "dark continuum" of pathological personality traits that differ primarily in relation to negative and positive emotionality and disinhibition.

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Davis, M. M., & Howard, M. C. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Psychology · doi:10.33423/jop.v24i4.7404 · Cited by 2
Preschool Big Five Personality Traits Predict Childhood Peer Relationships and BPD but Not MDD in Late Adolescence
Huntington, C., Puricelli, A., Wright, A. J., Gilbert, K., Vogel, A. C., Barch, D. M., Luby, J. L., & Whalen, D. J. (2025) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.70027 · Cited by 3
“…models align with existing literature on how conscientiousness appears to impact peer relationships (Lansford et al. 2014; Assary et al. 2014; Asendorpf and Van Aken 2003) and the development of BPD symptoms (Miller et al. 2010; Saldanha-Silva et al. 2019; Wright et al. 2015; Zanarini et al. 2020).”
Examining the Construct Validity of the Super Brief-Pathological Narcissism Inventory to Assess Narcissistic States in Daily Life
Dowgwillo, E. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2025) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2025.2584681 · Cited by 2
“…cross-sectional research suggests that narcis-sistic vulnerability is positively correlated with shame, hubris, and negative affect, and negatively correlated with self-esteem, authentic pride, and positive affect (Krizan & Johar, 2012; Miller et al., 2010, 2011; Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010).”
Narzissmus oder kein Narzissmus?
Lammers, C. (2019) · PiD - Psychotherapie im Dialog · doi:10.1055/a-0771-7102 · Cited by 2
Emotion Regulation, Dark Triad Personality, Rule-Breaking Behavior and Mental Health Problems in Young Adults: Structural Equation Modelling
Naz, M., Subhan, S., & Saleem, S. (2022) · Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology · doi:10.52053/jpap.v3i4.126 · Cited by 2
How Do Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism Relate to Psychological Symptoms?: The Role of Emotions
Akıncı, İ., & Gençöz, T. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231197167 · Cited by 2
“…that people reporting higher vulnerable narcissistic traits were at a higher risk of developing psychopathological symptoms, ranging from symptoms of depression and anxiety to committing homicide, non-fatal suicide attempts, and mild self-injuries (Miller et al., 2010, 2011; Pincus et al., 2009).”
Yetişkinlerde İlk Nesne İlişkileri ve Reddedilme Duyarlılığı ile Yakın İlişkiler Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
Özlem, S. U. C. U., & FARAJİ, H. (2023) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.1254706 · Cited by 2
Don't tell me what to do! Narcissism and advice taking: A meta-analysis and future research directions
Stöcker, A.-K., & Schütz, A. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112607 · Cited by 2
Adolescent Health and Dark Personalities: The Role of Socioeconomic Status, Sports, and Cyber Experiences
Lee, I., Chang, Y., Lei, Y., & Yoo, T. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21080987 · Cited by 3
“In other words, a lack of empathy, impulsivity, and a disregard for social norms may surface as maladaptive responses to the chronic stressors associated with cyber victimization [21].”
Influential
Dark Triad Traits and Cyberbullying Perpetration: Addressing Current Limitations in Dark Triad Studies
Tang, K. T. Y., Mungall, L. R., Blais, J., & Pruysers, S. (2025) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2025.2468263 · Cited by 2
“Since its inception (Paulhus and Williams 2002) Dark Triad research has focused mostly on the grandiose aspects of narcissism (Miller et al. 2010).”
Elucidating the Dark Side of Personality
Grønnerød, C., Øwre, L. K. D., Gustavson, K., & Moshagen, M. (2025) · Psychological Test Adaptation and Development · doi:10.1027/2698-1866/a000096 · Cited by 2
Grandiose Narcissism: Traits, Origins, and Implications
Lazarević, L. B. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1011801 · Cited by 2
Estrutura Fatorial da Versão Portuguesa da Escala de Narcisismo Hipersensível
Pereira, C. C. D. B., & Paixão, R. A. P. (2019) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep53.4.02 · Cited by 2
An Economic Analysis of Crime Costs Associated with Psychopathic Personality Disorder and Violence Risk
Gatner, D. T., Douglas, K. S., Almond, M. F. E., Hart, S. D., & Kropp, P. R. (2022) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548221140366 · Cited by 3
“…intraindividual co-occurrence of personality disorders (Hopwood et al., 2018; Mullins-Sweatt, 2013; Widiger et al., 2009) and the conceptual and empirical overlap between BPD and PPD (e.g., Miller et al., 2010; Pauli et al., 2018), one might expect an established body of PPD COI research.”
Background
Reflections on the Personality and Psychopathology Interface in Honor of Scott O. Lilienfeld: Toward Illuminating the Nature of the Processes Underlying Personality Disturbances
Lenzenweger, M. F., Patrick, C. J., Watts, A. L., Latzman, R. D., & Depue, R. A. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221125684 · Cited by 4
“Vulnerable narcissism displays a near mirror image of these associations and is further associated with childhood abuse, nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, and internalizing psychopathology (Miller et al., 2010; Pincus et al., 2009; Russ et al., 2008).”
Background
Narcissism in Romantic Relationships: Using Communal Activation to Promote Relationship Enhancing Attitudes
Biesen, J. N., & Smith, D. A. (2023) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2023.2255925 · Cited by 4
“To clarify the nature of VN and GN, Miller and colleagues (Miller, Dir, et al., 2010; Miller, Gentile, et al., 2013; Miller, Widiger, et al., 2010, 2014; Miller et al., 2011, 2012; Miller & Campbell, 2008; Miller & Maples, 2011) conducted a series of studies and concluded that other than antagonism…”
BackgroundResult
Early family experiences, narcissistic traits and adjustment in emerging adulthood
Hanzec, I., Malivuk, K. V., & Wertag, A. (2019) · Psiholoska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/psistra22-18927 · Cited by 3
“…is focused mostly on negative experiences, parental coldness and neglect, which are more related to vulnerable than to grandiose narcissism (e.g. Otway & Vignoles, 2006), with some studies showing that such early negative experiences are unrelated to grandiose narcissism (e.g. Miller et al., 2010).”
Psychopathy and Mood Disorders
Dargis, M. A. (2022) · Dangerous behavior in clinical and forensic psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83156-1_8 · Cited by 2
The dark tetrad and depressive symptoms : exploring the role of rumination
Tracy, R. (2017) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23205305 · Cited by 3
Correlates of Measures of Adaptive and Pathological Narcissism
Paulsen, J. A. (2018) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 2
Antisocial Personality Traits
Kavanagh, P. S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_2299-1 · Cited by 2
Personality Disorders: Current Scientific Status and Ongoing ControversiesPreprint
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Latzman, R. D. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2u9wg · Cited by 2

Authors: Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K.
Affiliations: University of Georgia (US)
Corresponding author: Miller, Joshua D.
ORCID: Miller, Joshua D.
Gentile, Brittany
Wilson, Lauren
Campbell, W. Keith
Venue: Journal of Personality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-09-01
Volume: 78
Issue: 5
Pages: 1529-1564
ISSN: 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x
OpenAlex: W1566765103
Cited by: 530
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 22.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 1826 d)
Locations: Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords: vulnerable narcissism, borderline personality disorder, dark personality traits, negative affectivity, disinhibition, introversion, antagonism, abuse, psychopathology, affect, nomological network
MeSH terms: Adult, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Machiavellianism, Male, Narcissism, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Desirability, Students, Temperament, Young Adult

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Searching for a Vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing Factor 2 Psychopathy, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Borderline Personality Disorder

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