Cited by 530Personality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Searching for a Vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing Factor 2 Psychopathy, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Borderline Personality Disorder

Miller, Joshua D., Dir, Ally, Gentile, Brittany, Wilson, Lauren, Pryor, Lauren R., Campbell, W. Keith·2010·Journal of Personality

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Paulhus and Williams (2002) identified a "Dark Triad" comprising the following related personality styles: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. The heterogeneity found in narcissism and psychopathy raises the possibility of a second triad made up of emotional vulnerability and dark traits (i.e., the vulnerable dark triad; VDT). Along with vulnerable narcissism and Factor 2 psychopathy, the third member of the hypothesized VDT is borderline personality disorder (BPD). Using a sample of 361 undergraduates, we examine the relations between these constructs and their relations with criterion variables, including personality, environmental etiological factors (e.g., abuse), and current functioning (e.g., psychopathology, affect). The results suggest that the VDT constructs are significantly related to one another and manifest similar nomological networks, particularly vulnerable narcissism and BPD. Although the VDT members are related to negative emotionality and antagonistic interpersonal styles, they are also related to introversion and disinhibition. Ultimately, it seems there is a "dark continuum" of pathological personality traits that differ primarily in relation to negative and positive emotionality and disinhibition.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x

Cites

87 of 87 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476
Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94 · Cited by 8,942
Untitled work
(1993) · Cited by 7,136
The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700048017 · Cited by 6,650
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Cary, G. L. (1994) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1994.48.1.155 · Cited by 6,299
The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6 · Cited by 5,265
The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity
Whiteside, S. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00064-7 · Cited by 4,123
The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994) · doi:10.17077/48vt-m4t2 · Cited by 3,790
An Item-Response Theory Analysis of Self-Report Measures of Adult Attachment
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350 · Cited by 3,385

Show all 85 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Hare, 2003, Manual for the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
Hyler, 1994, PDQ−4+personality questionnaire
Lynam, 2006, Handbook of the psychopathy, 133
Lynam, 2006, The UPPS-P: Assessing five personality pathways to impulsive behavior (technical report)
Oltmanns, 2006, Personality and psychopathology: Building bridges, 71
Widiger, 2006, Handbook of the psychopathy, 156

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 530

A Test of the Construct Validity of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory
Miller, J. D., Gentile, B., & Campbell, W. K. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.742903 · Cited by 63
“Similarly, we expected FFNI grandiose narcissism to be most strongly correlated with externalizing behaviors but to manifest null to small correlations with internalizing symptoms; we hypothesized that the converse would be true for FFNI vulnerable narcissism (e.g., Miller et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Does the Dark Triad Manifest Similarly in men and Women? Measurement Invariance of the Dirty Dozen across sex
Chiorri, C., Garofalo, C., & Velotti, P. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9641-5 · Cited by 66
“…indicated that there is a robust negative association between DT traits and conscientiousness (Furnham et al., 2013, Paulhus & Williams, 2002), which is consistent with the negative associations between DT traits (especially for psychopathy) and dutifulness and deliberation (Miller et al., 2010).”
Result
The relationship of narcissism with tendency to react with anger and hostility: The roles of neuroticism and emotion regulation ability
Czarna, A. Z., Zajenkowski, M., Maciantowicz, O., & Szymaniak, K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00504-6 · Cited by 59
Psychopathic traits and externalizing behaviors: A comparison of self- and informant reports in the statistical prediction of externalizing behaviors.
Jones, S., & Miller, J. D. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025264 · Cited by 58
Differential relations of grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism to emotion dysregulation: Self‐esteem matters
Zhang, H., Luo, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, R., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12191 · Cited by 61
“…Australia, Ltd. Asian Journal of Social Psychology (2017), 20, 232–237 DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12191 bs_bs_bannerAsian Journal of Social Psychology narcissism is related to low happiness, high neuroticism and internalized negative emotions (Atlas & Them, 2008; Krizan & Johar, 2012; Miller et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Addressing Criticisms of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)
Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch13 · Cited by 57
Modernity and narcissistic personality disorder.
Paris, J. (2012) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0028580 · Cited by 61
“These trait dimensions, also associated with narcissism (Miller et al., 2010), may interfere with adaptive responses to social stressors.”
Background
Do narcissists try to make romantic partners jealous on purpose? An examination of motives for deliberate jealousy-induction among subtypes of narcissism
Tortoriello, G. K., Hart, W., Richardson, K., & Tullett, A. M. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.052 · Cited by 57
Female Narcissism: Assessment, Aetiology, and Behavioural Manifestations
Green, A., MacLean, R., & Charles, K. E. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211027322 · Cited by 60
“Euler et al. (2018) argued that males are more prone to be diagnosed with NPD as a result of their more grandiose appearance of narcissism, whereas a patients’ vulnerable narcissism may be unidentified or misdiagnosed as BPD, especially in females.”
BackgroundInfluential
The association between child maltreatment and pathological narcissism: A three-level meta-analytic review
Gao, S., Yu, D., Assink, M., Chan, K. L., Zhang, L., & Meng, X. (2024) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221147559 · Cited by 54
“It is most similar to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) narcis-sism conceptualization and primarily reflects traits related to grandiosity, entitlements, aggression, and dominance (Miller et al., 2010).”
Method
The Dark Empath: Characterising dark traits in the presence of empathy
Heym, N., Kibowski, F., Bloxsom, C. A. J., Blanchard, A., Harper, A., Wallace, L. M., Firth, J. L., & Sumich, A. L. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110172 · Cited by 67
“In other words, in some subpopulations, dark traits may present with exceedingly high levels of N, in others with very low N (Czibor et al., 2017; Miller et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Narcissism and Brand Name Consumerism
Sedikides, C., Cisek, S. Z., & Hart, C. M. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch34 · Cited by 54
On the Measure and Mismeasure of Narcissism
Wright, A. G. C. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115599054 · Cited by 56
“It follows then that profiles of correlations for measures of narcissistic vulnerability should be similar to those of borderline personality disorder, and this is in precisely what occurs (Miller et al., 2010; Miller, McCain, et al., 2014).”
Distinguishing the Dark Triad: Evidence from the Five-Factor Model and the Hogan Development Survey
Douglas, H., Bore, M. R., & Munro, D. (2012) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2012.33033 · Cited by 53
“Extraversion (E) negatively correlates with Secondary Psychopathy and positively with Narcissism, while Neuroticism is negatively related to Narcissism, and positively to Secondary Psychopathy (Miller et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Relational aggression, big five and hostile attribution bias in adolescents
Kokkinos, C. M., Karagianni, K., & Voulgaridou, I. (2017) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.07.007 · Cited by 62
“Thus, it is suggested that borderline personality disorder includes facets of high N, impulsivity, low C, low A, and interpersonal antagonism (Miller et al., 2010).”
Background
Relationship between the Dark Triad and depressive symptoms
Gómez‐Leal, R., Megías‐Robles, A., Gutiérrez‐Cobo, M. J., Cabello, R., Fernández-Abascal, E. G., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.8120 · Cited by 62
“DT traits (Megías et al., 2018; Miller et al., 2010; Jonason & Kroll, 2015), as well as difficulty in regulating mood and alexithymia associated with psychopathy and Machiavellianism (Miao et al.”
Background
Offensive defenses: The mind beneath the mask of the dark triad traits
Richardson, E. N., & Boag, S. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.039 · Cited by 52
“Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences j ourna l homepage: www.e lsev ie r .com/ locate /pa id function as a mask for feelings of inadequacy (Miller et al., 2010).”
Method
Examining the Relationship Between Personality Traits, Compassion Satisfaction, and Compassion Fatigue Among Police Officers
Papazoglou, K., Koskelainen, M., & Stuewe, N. (2019) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018825190 · Cited by 64
The targets of all treachery: Delusional ideation, paranoia, and the need for uniqueness as mediators between two forms of narcissism and conspiracy beliefs
Kay, C. S. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104128 · Cited by 58
Parenting as a Cause of Narcissism
Horton, R. S. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch16 · Cited by 51
Selfitis Behavior: Assessing the Italian Version of the Selfitis Behavior Scale and Its Mediating Role in the Relationship of Dark Traits with Social Media Addiction
Monacis, L., Griffiths, M. D., Limone, P., Sinatra, M., & Servidio, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165738 · Cited by 50
“Being socially aversive personality traits, Machiavellianism and psychopathy (like narcissism) may be characterized by reward and sensation-seeking [35].”
Background
Rethinking aversive personality: Decomposing the Dark Triad traits into their common core and unique flavors
Bader, M., Hilbig, B. E., Zettler, I., & Moshagen, M. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12785 · Cited by 50
Do “Dark” Personality Features Buffer Against Adversity? The Associations Between Cumulative Life Stress, the Dark Triad, and Mental Distress
Lyons, M. T., Evans, K., & Helle, S. (2019) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018822383 · Cited by 58
“, Cairncross, Veselka, Schermer, & Vernon, 2013), and positive affect (Miller et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
The dark core of personality and socially aversive psychopathology
Hilbig, B. E., Thielmann, I., Klein, S. A., Moshagen, M., & Zettler, I. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12577 · Cited by 52
“…sizes are also entirely plausible, since borderline comprises primary features such as affective instability and disinhibition (Lynam & Widiger, 2001; Miller et al., 2010; MullinsSweatt & Widiger, 2006), neither of which are theoretically or operationally relevant for D (Moshagen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
A comparison of the nomological networks associated with forced-choice and likert formats of the narcissistic personality inventory.
Miller, J. D., Gentile, B., Carter, N. T., Crowe, M., Hoffman, B. J., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1310731 · Cited by 49
“formats manifested the prototypical pattern of low HonestyHumility and Agreeableness, and high Extraversion seen in previous research (e.g., Lee & Ashton, 2005; Miller et al., 2010)”
ResultSelf-citation
Unmasking Narcissus: A competitive test of existing hypotheses on (agentic, antagonistic, neurotic, and communal) narcissism and (explicit and implicit) self-esteem across 18 samples
Mota, S., Humberg, S., Krause, S., Fatfouta, R., Geukes, K., Schröder–Abé, M., & Back, M. D. (2019) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2019.1620012 · Cited by 54
“For neurotic narcissism, in line with its strong overlap with neuroticism, a strongly negative association to ESE has been found (Di Pierro et al., 2016; Miller et al., 2010; Okada, 2010; Zeigler-Hill, Clark, & Pickard, 2008).”
BackgroundResult
Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism in Borderline Personality Disorder
Euler, S., Stöbi, D., Sowislo, J., Ritzler, F., Huber, C. G., Lang, U. E., Wrege, J., & Walter, M. (2018) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000486601 · Cited by 47
Unmasking gender differences in narcissism within intimate partner violence
Green, A., MacLean, R., & Charles, K. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110247 · Cited by 49
Three faces of Narcissism
Houlcroft, L., Bore, M. R., & Munro, D. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.036 · Cited by 53
“In line with Miller et al. (2010), PNI Grandiose Narcissism and NACE Grandiose Narcissism were more strongly correlated with Primary Psychopathy, whilst PNI Vulnerable Narcissism was more strongly correlated with Secondary Psychopathy.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Profiles and profile comparisons between Dark Triad constructs on self‐presentation tactic usage and tactic beliefs
Hart, W., Tortoriello, G. K., Richardson, K., & Breeden, C. J. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12411 · Cited by 45
Narcissistic traits in young people: understanding the role of parenting and maltreatment
van Schie, C. C., Jarman, H. L., Huxley, E., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2020) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-020-00125-7 · Cited by 42
“However, others have revealed no association with grandiose [28, 29] or vulnerable narcissism [27] or, some have found higher levels of parental care with grandiose narcissism [30].”
Background
Borderline Personality Organization predicts Machiavellian interpersonal tactics
Láng, A. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.022 · Cited by 43
“Several studies have suggested that Machiavellianism and borderline features were linked either at the conceptual level (Jones & Paulhus, 2010; Miller et al., 2010) or empirically in non-clinical samples (Douglas et al., 2012; McHoskey, 2001).”
Background
Social Factors in the Personality Disorders
Paris, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867542 · Cited by 43
Psychopathy, narcissism, and borderline personality: A critical test of the affective empathy-impairment hypothesis
Lishner, D. A., Hong, P. Y., Jiang, L., Vitacco, M. J., & Neumann, C. S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.036 · Cited by 46
Hatred
Brogaard, B. “. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190084448.001.0001 · Cited by 53
Pathological Narcissism and Depressive Symptoms in Psychiatric Outpatients: Mediating Role of Dysfunctional Attitudes
Marčinko, D., Jakšić, N., Ivezić, E., Skočić, M., Surányi, Z., Lončar, M., Franić, T., & Jakovljević, M. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22033 · Cited by 46
“…self-esteem, and depressive and anxious temperaments, whereas grandiose narcissism is more strongly related to extraversion and indicators of pathological positive emotionality (hyperthymia and exhibitionism; Bresin & Gordon, 2011; Miller et al., 2010a,b; Thomas et al., 2012; Tritt et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResult
Dark traits and suicide: Associations between psychopathy, narcissism, and components of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicide.
Harrop, T. M., Preston, O. C., Khazem, L. R., Anestis, M. D., Junearick, R., Green, B. A., & Anestis, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000300 · Cited by 43
“…traits and PNI-Vulnerability (e.g., dysregulated or negative affect) may drive directionally similar relations to TB, while shared features of interpersonal–affective psychopathic traits and PNIGrandiosity (e.g., glibness, manipulativeness) may be less relevant to the IPTS (Miller et al., 2010).”
Background
The Nexus of the Dark Triad Personality Traits With Cyberbullying, Empathy, and Emotional Intelligence: A Structural-Equation Modeling Approach
Schade, E. C., Voracek, M., & Tran, U. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659282 · Cited by 45
The mediating role of the dark personality triad in the relationship between ostracism and social media addiction in adolescents
Turan, M. E., KARDUZ, F. F. A., Kaya, A., & Yıldırım, M. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-12002-1 · Cited by 46
“Additionally, the traits of narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism have been found to be related to reward-seeking and sensation-seeking (Miller et al., 2010), with the Dark Triad personality predicting social media addiction (Siah et al., 2021).”
Dark and vulnerable personality trait correlates of dimensions of criminal behavior among adult offenders.
Edwards, B. G., Albertson, E., & Verona, E. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000281 · Cited by 39
“Given the variegated nature of psychopathy and narcissism and distinct correlates of their subfacets, Miller et al. (2010) justified a distinction between the DT (interpersonal-affective psychopathic traits, grandiose narcissism) and the Vulnerable Dark Triad (VDT; lifestyle psychopathic traits,…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Spectrum Perspective on Narcissistic Personality
Križan, Z. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_2 · Cited by 42
Psychosocial factors underlying symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in a non-clinical sample of men
Bégin, C., Turcotte, O., & Rodrigue, C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.120 · Cited by 45
“It’s All in Your Head”: Personality Traits and Gaslighting Tactics in Intimate Relationships
March, E., Kay, C. S., Dinić, B. M., Wagstaff, D., Grabovac, B., & Jonason, P. K. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00582-y · Cited by 50
“Similarly, other constructs beyond the Dark Tetrad traits may bear of utility here, such as borderline personality traits (see Miller et al., 2010).”
Background
Antecedents of problematic social media use and cyberbullying among adolescents: attachment, the dark triad and rejection sensitivity
Demircioğlu, Z. İ., & KÖSE, A. G. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04127-2 · Cited by 45
“Sensation seeking was found as a common feature of the DT personality traits (Miller et al., 2010).”
Background
Identifying Two Groups of Entitled Individuals: Cluster Analysis Reveals Emotional Stability and Self-Esteem Distinction
Crowe, M. L., LoPilato, A. C., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2015_29_229 · Cited by 37
“(Miller et al., 2010), and it is therefore possible that the EV cluster’s higher psychopathy scores are due to its association with both Factor 1 and Factor 2 psychopathy whereas the ES cluster is only associated with Factor 1 traits.”
Background
Students, sex, and psychopathy: Borderline and psychopathy personality traits are differently related to women and men's use of sexual coercion, partner poaching, and promiscuity
Khan, R., Brewer, G., Kim, S., & Centifanti, L. C. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.027 · Cited by 37
“Although BPD has been more strongly associated with secondary, rather than primary, psychopathy (Miller et al., 2010) these relationships vary by sex.”
Background
Pathological Narcissism and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Dawood, S., Schroder, H. S., Donnellan, M. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2017) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_291 · Cited by 42
Social Media Use and Vulnerable Narcissism: The Differential Roles of Oversensitivity and Egocentricity
Fegan, R. B., & Bland, A. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179172 · Cited by 45
“to external feedback [14] and these individuals tend to engage in fewer social interactions compared with grandiose narcissists [5,8,9,15].”
Background
Is narcissistic anger fueled by neuroticism? the relationship between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, neuroticism, and trait anger
Maciantowicz, O., & Zajenkowski, M. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9866-y · Cited by 36
“The two types of narcissism share some basic phenomena, namely the sense of entitlement, disregard for others, and grandiose selfrelevant fantasies (Wink 1991; Miller et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Are Pathological Narcissism and Psychopathy Different Constructs or Different Names for the Same Thing? A Study Based on Italian Nonclinical Adult Participants
Fossati, A., Pincus, A. L., Borroni, S., Munteanu, A. F., & Maffei, C. (2014) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_127 · Cited by 43
Recollections of parenting styles in the development of narcissism: The role of gender
Green, A., MacLean, R., & Charles, K. E. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110246 · Cited by 38
Reduced frontal cortex thickness and cortical volume associated with pathological narcissism
Mao, Y., Sang, N., Wang, Y., Hou, X., Huang, H., Wei, D., Zhang, J., & Qiu, J. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.025 · Cited by 35
Trait-based assessment of borderline personality disorder using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory: Phenotypic and genetic support.
Few, L. R., Miller, J. D., Grant, J. D., Maples, J. L., Trull, T. J., Nelson, E. C., Oltmanns, T. F., Martin, N. G., Lynskey, M. T., & Arpana Agrawal, A. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000142 · Cited by 34
The dark personality and psychopathology: Toward a brighter future.
Thomaes, S. C. E., Brummelman, E., Miller, J. D., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000305 · Cited by 35
“…behaviors such as aggressive, violent, or criminal activity (Chabrol, Van Leeuwen, Rodgers, & 6 Moghrabi, & Bashatah, 2017) to internalizing problems such as depression and phobias (Bloningen, Hicks, Krueger, Patrick, & Iacono, 2005; Jonason, Baughman, Carter, & Parker, 2015; Miller et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
The ups and downs of social life: Within‐person variations in daily status and inclusion differentially predict self‐regard and interpersonal behavior
Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12559 · Cited by 33
“By “narcis-sism,” we here mean its standard form—agentic or grandi-ose narcissism —as opposed to its other postulated forms, such as pathological, vulnerable, or communal narcissism (Miller et al., 2010).”
Taking an elemental approach to the conceptualization and measurement of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy
Kay, C. S., & Arrow, H. (2022) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12662 · Cited by 34
Borderline Personality Disorder and Narcissistic Personality Disorder Diagnoses From the Perspective of the DSM-5 Personality Traits
Fossati, A., Somma, A., Borroni, S., Maffei, C., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000587 · Cited by 33
“…also significantly differentiated BPD participants from participants with no PD diagnosis (this finding was consistent with the study results of Miller et al. (2010a) based on the Five Factor Model of personality), and no significant difference was observed on PID-5 antagonism scale average…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Insta-identity: Dark personality traits as predictors of authentic self-presentation on Instagram
Geary, C., March, E., & Grieve, R. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101669 · Cited by 38
Narcissism and romantic relationships: Understanding the paradox.
Brunell, A. B., & Campbell, W. K. (2011) · Cited by 31
Development and Validation of the Super-Short Form of the Five Factor Machiavellianism Inventory (FFMI-SSF)
Du, T. V., Collison, K. L., Vize, C. E., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.1878525 · Cited by 30
“…narcissism, and Machiavellianism, that are associated with aversive interpersonal functioning, and have been studied across a variety of specialties, including social, I/O, and clinical psychology (e.g., DeShong et al., 2015; Forsyth et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2010; Veselka et al., 2010).”
Background
The self-concepts of people with Dark Triad traits tend to be weaker, less clearly defined, and more state-related
Doerfler, S. M., Tajmirriyahi, M., Ickes, W. J., & Jonason, P. K. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110977 · Cited by 33
“Some researchers suggest that this second variant might be more closely related to or isomorphic with Borderline Personality Disorder (Blackburn, 1996), which has consistently been related to a weak and unstable sense of self (Gunderson, Herpertz, Skodol, Torgersen, & Zanarini, 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Dimensions of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being and the Dark Triad of Personality
Kämmerle, M., Unterrainer, ., Dahmen-Wassenberg, P., Fink, A., & Kapfhammer, H. (2014) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000358563 · Cited by 32
The “modest mask”? An investigation of vulnerable narcissists' implicit self-esteem
Brown, A. A., & Brunell, A. B. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.020 · Cited by 29
Psychometric Properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form in a Community Sample with High Rates of Trauma Exposure
Hyatt, C. S., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Crowe, M. L., Sleep, C. E., Carter, S. T., Michopoulos, V., Stevens, J. S., Jovanović, T., Bradley, B., Miller, J. D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2020.1713138 · Cited by 31
Why employee psychopathy leads to counterproductive workplace behaviours : an analysis of the underlying mechanisms
Schilbach, M., Baethge, A., & Rigotti, T. (2020) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2020.1739650 · Cited by 35
General invalidation and trauma-specific invalidation as predictors of personality and subclinical psychopathology
Hong, P. Y., & Lishner, D. A. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.016 · Cited by 35
How Do People With Borderline Personality Disorder Respond to Norm Violations? Impact of Personality Factors on Economic Decision-Making
Wischniewski, J., & Brüne, M. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_036 · Cited by 29
“This interpersonal orientation is partially akin to the recently proposed “vulnerable dark triad” associated with BPD (Miller et al., 2010), comprising narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism.”
Background
Genetic and environmental overlap between borderline personality disorder traits and psychopathy: evidence for promotive effects of factor 2 and protective effects of factor 1
Hunt, E. D., Bornovalova, M. A., & Patrick, C. J. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714002608 · Cited by 31
“Consistent with previous research (Edens et al. 2002; Warren et al. 2003; Miller et al. 2010), results at the phenotypic level indicated that F2 showed positive associations with both measures of BPD tendencies, whereas F1 showed negative associations.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Narcissus locked in the past: vulnerable narcissism and the negative views of the past.
Zajenkowski, M., Rogoza, R., Maciantowicz, O., Witowska, J., & Jonason, P. K. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104123 · Cited by 30
“They also display an array of hostile attitudes (Czarna, Zajenkowski, Maciantowicz, & Szymaniak, 2019; Miller & Campbell, 2008; Miller et al., 2010), often accompanied by the rumination of anger (Krizan & Johar, 2015).”
Background
Childhood Maltreatment and Narcissism: The Mediating Role of Dissociation
Bertele, N., Talmon, A., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520984404 · Cited by 27
“Several studies have suggested that CM is associated with vulnerable narcissism, but effect sizes vary considerably, and it remains unclear whether grandiose narcissism is related to CM at all (e.g., Keene & Epps, 2016; Miller et al., 2010; Schoenleber et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Self-esteem and narcissism: An item response theory analysis of curvilinearity
Crowe, M. L., Sleep, C. E., Carter, N. T., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.016 · Cited by 27
The Indirect Relationships between Psychopathic Traits and Proactive and Reactive Aggression through Empathy and Emotion Dysregulation
Preston, O. C., & Anestis, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09760-z · Cited by 27
“…traits such as Self-Centered Impulsivity appear to be most consistently linked to DERS-assessed emotion dysregulation (e.g., Donahue et al. 2014; Miller et al. 2010), whereas Fearless Dominance traits (Donahue et al. 2014; Long et al. 2014) and possibly Coldheartedness (Long et al. 2014) appear…”
BackgroundInfluential
Antiheroes fueled by injustice: dark personality traits and perceived group relative deprivation in the prediction of violent extremism
Pavlović, T., & Franc, R. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434472.2021.1930100 · Cited by 31
“…positively correlates with other facets of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism (Miller et al., 2011; Pincus et al., 2009; Schoenleber et al., 2015), interpersonal manipulation, and psychopathy (Miller et al., 2010), and is moderately positively correlated with aggression (Pincus et al., 2009).”
Background
Open Peer Commentary and Authors’ Response
Bleidorn, W., & Hopwood, C. J. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2128 · Cited by 28
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) in Transitional Post-War Croatia: Psychometric and Cultural Considerations
Jakšić, N., Milas, G., Ivezić, E., Wertag, A., Jokić‐Begić, N., & Pincus, A. L. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9425-2 · Cited by 33
Comparing the construct validity of scales derived from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A reply to
Miller, J. D., Maples, J. L., & Campbell, W. K. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.12.004 · Cited by 29
Psychopathic traits, gender, and motivations for sex: Putative paths to sexual coercion
Hoffmann, A. M., & Verona, E. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21841 · Cited by 27
Meet your public relations team: People with dark traits may help you manage your image
Hart, W., Richardson, K., & Tortoriello, G. K. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.019 · Cited by 26
Dark malevolent traits and everyday perceived stress
Kajonius, P., & Björkman, T. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9948-x · Cited by 31
Relationship between narcissism and aggression: A meta-analysis
ZHANG, L., & Zhu, H. (2021) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.01228 · Cited by 28
An experimental investigation of the influence of agentic and communal Facebook use on grandiose narcissism
Horton, R. S., Reid, C. A., Barber, J. M., Miracle, J., & Green, J. D. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.038 · Cited by 26
“Such narcissism is associated with relative psychological health, such as high levels of self-esteem and low levels of depression and anxiety (Sedikides, Rudich, Gregg, Kumashiro, & Rusbult, 2004), but with interpersonal dysfunction in the form of low levels of agreeableness and forgiveness of others, and high levels…”
Background
Adverse childhood experiences and grandiose narcissism – Findings from a population-representative sample
Clemens, V., Fegert, J. M., & Allroggen, M. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105545 · Cited by 25
Rejoinder
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115608943 · Cited by 28
“Wright’s conception of grandiose narcissism is closer to borderline personality disorder (Roche, Pincus, Lukowitsky, Ménard, & Conroy, 2013), whereas ours is closer to (primary) psychopathy (e.g., Miller et al., 2010).”
Background
Shades of narcissistic dishonesty: Grandiose versus vulnerable narcissism and the role of self-conscious emotions
Schröder–Abé, M., & Fatfouta, R. (2018) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2018.06.003 · Cited by 26
How much does that cost? Examining the economic costs of crime in North America attributable to people with psychopathic personality disorder.
Gatner, D. T., Douglas, K. S., Almond, M. F. E., Hart, S. D., & Kropp, P. R. (2022) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000575 · Cited by 33
“, 2009; Widiger & Trull, 2007) and the conceptual and empirical overlap between BPD and PPD (Miller et al., 2010; Pauli et al., 2018; Viljoen et al., 2015), an established body of PPD COI research may be expected.”
Background
Differences between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and bulimic symptoms in young women
Maples, J. L., Collins, B., Miller, J. D., Fischer, S. F., & Seibert, A. (2010) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.10.001 · Cited by 25
Correlates of psychopathic personality traits in community couples
Savard, C., Sabourin, S., & Lussier, Y. A. (2011) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.159 · Cited by 32
Dark personality traits and dark tourism sites: Analysis of review generation and consumption behaviors
Yousaf, S., & Kim, J. M. (2023) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101190 · Cited by 25
Narcissism dimensions differentially moderate selective attention to evaluative stimuli in incarcerated offenders.
Krusemark, E. A., Lee, C. W., & Newman, J. P. (2014) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000087 · Cited by 24
As cold as a fish? Relationships between the Dark Triad personality traits and affective experience during the day: A day reconstruction study
Pilch, I. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229625 · Cited by 25
“For example, disinhibition, vulnerable narcissism and, to a lesser degree, Machiavellianism are associated with higher neuroticism and introversion [45,52,73], which promotes experiencing negative emotions.”
Background
Searching for Machiavelli but finding psychopathy and narcissism.
Persson, B. N. (2019) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000323 · Cited by 28
“The consequences of this heterogeneity have been explored elsewhere (Miller et al., 2010).”
Background
Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms in a Dialectical Behavior Therapy Framework: A Discussion and Case Example
Reed‐Knight, B., & Fischer, S. (2011) · The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch42 · Cited by 23
The Differential Role of Narcissism in the Relations Between Childhood Sexual Abuse, Dissociation, and Self-Harm
Talmon, A., & Ginzburg, K. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518799450 · Cited by 25
Psychopathy and Female Gender: Phenotypic Expression and Comorbidity; A Study Comparing a Sample of Women Hospitalized in Italy's Maximum Security Facility with Women Who were Criminally Sentenced and Imprisoned,
Carabellese, F., Felthous, A. R., Tegola, D. L., Rossetto, I., Montalbò, D., Franconi, F., & Catanesi, R. (2019) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14039 · Cited by 23
“This is confirmed by the symptomatic correlation between the extreme emotional instability of BPD and the expression of typical PCL-R F2 traits (impulsiveness, reactive aggression) (23).”
Background
Exploring the neural correlates of (altered) moral cognition in psychopaths
Lenzen, L. M., Donges, M. R., Eickhoff, S. B., & Poeppl, T. B. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2539 · Cited by 22
“It can equally occur as a comorbidity of borderline or narcissistic personality disorder (Miller et al., 2010; Nioche et al., 2010; Sprague et al., 2012).”
Background
Psychopathic Personality Traits in the Military: An Examination of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scales in a Novel Sample
Anestis, J. C., Green, B. A., Arnau, R. C., & Anestis, M. D. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117719511 · Cited by 25
“…between LSRP-Callous and PNI-Vulnerable makes conceptual sense, given that the construct of vulnerable narcissism is associated with significant emotional dysregulation (e.g., Miller et al., 2010), whereas LSRP-Callous is associated with emotional detachment (e.g., Salekin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResult
The aetiology of non-clinical narcissism: Clarifying the role of adverse childhood experiences and parental overvaluation
Nguyen, K. T., & Shaw, L. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109615 · Cited by 29
Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, identity integration and self-control related to criminal behavior
Bogaerts, S., Garofalo, C., Caluwé, E. D., & Janković, M. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00697-1 · Cited by 27
“Compared to vulnerable narcissism, grandiose narcissism has also been more strongly associated with a wide variety of impulsivity-related externalizing behaviors, such as gambling [23], substance use [24], antisocial behaviors [25], and proactive aggression [26].”
Background
Narcissistic susceptibility to conspiracy beliefs exaggerated by education, reduced by cognitive reflection
Cosgrove, T. J., & Murphy, C. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164725 · Cited by 26
“Vulnerable narcissism shares core characteristics with grandiose narcissism of antagonism and entitlement, however is differentiated by emotional dysregulation, insecurity, low self-esteem, and heightened self-consciousness (Miller et al., 2010; Kay, 2021).”
Background
Longitudinal associations among primary and secondary psychopathic traits, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder features across adolescence.
Vaillancourt, T., & Brittain, H. L. (2019) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000325 · Cited by 25

Authors: Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K.
Affiliations: University of Georgia (US)
Corresponding author: Miller, Joshua D.
ORCID: Miller, Joshua D.
Gentile, Brittany
Wilson, Lauren
Campbell, W. Keith
Venue: Journal of Personality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-09-01
Volume: 78
Issue: 5
Pages: 1529-1564
ISSN: 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x
OpenAlex: W1566765103
Cited by: 530
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 22.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 1826 d)
Locations: Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords: vulnerable narcissism, borderline personality disorder, dark personality traits, negative affectivity, disinhibition, introversion, antagonism, abuse, psychopathology, affect, nomological network
MeSH terms: Adult, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Machiavellianism, Male, Narcissism, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Desirability, Students, Temperament, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Searching for a Vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing Factor 2 Psychopathy, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Borderline Personality Disorder

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks